黄板在梨园蚜虫测报中的应用效果评价

为评价黄色粘虫板在梨园蚜虫测报中的应用效果,分别在大棚和露地栽培的梨园内悬挂黄板,并统计田间新梢蚜虫为害率及黄板上诱集蚜虫的数量。调查发现平均每张黄板上蚜虫诱集量与黄板悬挂期间的平均温度及最高、最低湿度呈显著的负相关。田间新梢蚜虫发生率与黄板上蚜虫诱集量有显著的线性关系,但是黄板诱集蚜虫个别值的预测值不可信,可以利用平均值的预测区间结合田间无翅蚜发生高峰来预测田间蚜虫的发生情况。另外,黄板上诱集到的蚜虫天敌与蚜虫的数量关系密切。     

Effect of the method of capture on the haematology and blood chemistry of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Haematological and plasma biochemical constituents can be affected during capture and handling operations in wildlife. The present study compares the blood constituents of 40 red deer (Cervus elaphus) captured using two different methods: 20 were captured by physical means, using long nets and box traps, and 20 by chemical means, using a mixture of xylazine and ketamine. Significant differences were found in the haemogram: red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and total leukocyte counts were higher in animals captured by physical means. Conversely, the eosinophil count was higher in deer captured using anaesthetic. The plasma activity of alanine amino transferase, and the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, alpha-2 globulins, total proteins, sodium and chloride, were significantly higher in the group captured by physical means. With the exception of the eosinophil count, all the blood constituents which presented higher values were in the group of physically captured deer, and thus it is necessary to take into account the method of capture when interpretation or establishment of reference values is performed.     

Surgical technique for intra-abdominal radiotransmitter placement in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis).

Twenty-two free-ranging North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) from northern and eastern New York were captured and surgically implanted with radiotransmitters as part of a relocation project. The surgical technique involved an incision in the paralumbar fossa and transection through the abdominal musculature to introduce a radiotransmitter into the abdominal cavity. Two complications were encountered. Excessive hemorrhage occurred during one procedure. The otter was treated for blood loss with fluids, and it recovered uneventfully. Surgical incision infection occurred in a second animal. The otter was treated with metronidazole and enrofloxacin, and the wound was cleaned daily with chlorhexidine. The otter recovered uneventfully. Otters were released in western New York state. Postrelease monitoring via radiotelemetry revealed that the otters became established in their new ranges. The intra-abdominal implants did not affect their survival or reproductive potential.     

Acid-base, blood gas, and physiologic parameters during laparoscopy in the head-down position in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

The objective of this project was to evaluate the acid-base, blood gas, and physiologic parameters of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during laparoscopy in the head-down position. Eleven white-tailed does were captured and then immobilized with xylazine (6 mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine (7 mg/kg i.m.). The deer were intubated orotracheally and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The deer were positioned in dorsal recumbency and positive pressure ventilated. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (FE/CO2), and CO2 insufflation pressure were recorded every 5 min. Respiratory parameters, plasma electrolytes, and peak inspiratory pressure were measured immediately before tilting deer in the head-down position (45-55 degrees), 5 min after tilting, and immediately before the end of the procedure (while tilted). Butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg i.m.) was administered at the end of the procedure and yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) administered before release. The deer weighed 52 kg (28-70 kg) [median (minimum-maximum)]. The peak inspiratory pressure in dorsal recumbency while still horizontal was 25 cm H2O (16-28 cm H2O), which increased to 29 cm H2O (18-46 cm H2O) after tilting (P = 0.02). PaO2, PaCO2, FE/CO2, and pH did not change after tilting in the head-down position or after insufflation. HR did not change during the anesthetic period. Mean arterial pressure did not change after tilting or abdominal insufflation, but decreased by the end of the anesthetic period (approximately 1 hr). Time from intubation to extubation was 117 min (72-170 min) (n = 5) and surgery time was 31 min (17-60 min; n = 10). We conclude that captured white-tailed deer have minimal derangements to acid-base, blood gas, or physiologic parameters during laparoscopy in the head-down position with abdominal insufflation, and thus this procedure may be performed safely in ventilated white-tailed deer.     

A Field Test of Six Types of Live-Trap for African Rodents

Six live-trap types were tested in a grassy vlei near Pretoria in an attempt to determine their success in trapping Rhabdomys pumilio, Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, and Otomys irroratus. One trap of each type was set at each of fourteen trapping stations. The effect of trap position on captures was effectively ruled out by changing the arrangement of the traps each week. The frequency of capture of different age and sex classes of the three species is compared.     

Influence of light and darkness on the behaviour of Dermanyssus gallinae on layer farms

The behaviour of Dermanyssus gallinae was investigated on two layer farms where two different light programs were introduced in the 40th week of hen life. In layer house No. 1, light was applied continuously for 16 hours during the day, while layer house No. 2 was subjected to 4 hours of light and 2 hours of darkness applied alternately during the day. To monitor the level of red mite infestation, 30 tube traps were placed in every layer house corridor at a height of 1.5 m above the floor. In the first layer house, 280 Dermanyssus gallinae females, 50 nymph larvae and 198 eggs were found in 100 mg of tube trap material during 16 hours of the light phase, while during the 8-hour darkness phase, 1240 females, 70 nymph larvae and 110 eggs were collected. In the other layer house (with an alternating light phase of 4 hours and a darkness phase of 2 hours per day), 387 Dermanyssus gallinae females, 401 nymph larvae and 1060 eggs were found in trap tubes over the 8-hour dark phase, while 343 females, 202 nymph larvae and 1106 eggs were discovered over the 16-hour light phase.     

Biochemical variables in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) after chemical immobilization in clover traps or via ground-darting

The objective of this prospective observational cohort study in free-ranging female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was to compare the physiologic effects of two methods of anesthetic drug administration: hand-injection in Clover traps and remote injection by dart after ground-stalking. Six trapped and 14 darted female deer were injected with a median (minimum, maximum) of 590 microg/kg butorphanol (401, 1070 microg/kg), plus 235 microg/kg medetomidine (160, 429 microg/kg) intramuscularly. In the trap, the deer struggled when approached and were restrained for injection. Darted deer sprinted away after injection. Once immobilized, deer were transported to a veterinary hospital where blood was collected and vital signs were measured on admission. Admission data from a subset of deer in which measurements were taken within 40 min of trapping (n = 6) or darting (n = 5) were analyzed. After salpingectomy under isoflurane and while still anesthetized, another blood sample was collected from all 20 deer. Body weight and immobilization drug doses were not different between groups. On admission, most deer from both groups were hypoxemic, although the darted deer were significantly more hypoxemic. The median rectal temperature in trapped deer was higher than in darted deer, and temperatures higher than 39 degrees C only occurred in trapped deer. The median heart rate in trapped deer was more than twice that in darted deer. Trapped deer had lower median pH and base excess; in trapped deer, the median plasma lactate concentration was more than fivefold higher than in darted deer. After surgery, the median serum creatine kinase concentration was nearly 10-fold higher in trapped deer, and the median cardiac troponin I concentration was higher in trapped deer but undetectable in 10 of 14 darted deer. The white-tailed deer immobilized by hand-injection in Clover traps experienced more severe physiologic perturbations than deer remotely injected by dart after ground-stalking. These perturbations might be sufficient to cause myocardial damage.     

Field anesthesia of wild arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs in the Swedish lapland using medetomidine-ketamine-atipamezole.

A safe and effective anesthetic regime for use in arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs was developed. During July 1996, six free-ranging 6-8-wk-old cubs were captured near their den in Vindelfjallen Nature Reserve, Sweden. Medetomidine and ketamine HCI, followed by atipamezole, were selected for the anesthetic trial because of the well-documented safety and efficacy of this drug combination in a broad range of species. The dosage regimen used was 50 microg/kg medetomidine combined with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine followed by reversal with 250 microg/kg atipamezole. Induction was rapid, with a mean induction time of 1 min and 32 sec (range: 58-150 sec). The cubs were anesthetized for a mean time of 18 +/- 5 min (range: 13-25 min). Serially recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and pulse oximetry were stable throughout the anesthetic period for all cubs. Anesthetic depth was suitable for safe handling and minor clinical procedures, including venipuncture. Following atipamezole, all cubs were standing within 12 +/- 7 min (range: 5-24 min) and fully recovered at 27 +/- 5 min (range: 19-36 min). This information will be useful for future captive breeding and management programs involving the endangered arctic fox.     

Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular and systemic effects and analgesia during the postoperative period of epidural anesthesia performed with bupivacaine alone or with fentanyl or sufentanil in bitches maintained at a light plane of anesthesia with continuous infusion of propofol. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized masked clinical trial. ANIMALS: 30 female dogs of various breeds. PROCEDURES: Dogs were allocated into 3 groups of 10 each. One group received fentanyl (2 microg/kg [0.91 microg/lb]) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]), 1 group received sufentanil (1 microg/kg) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg), and 1 group received bupivacaine (1 mg/kg). All dogs received acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb]) and continuous infusion of propofol for sedation. The agents were administered into the lumbosacral space and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution to a total volume of 0.36 mL/kg (0.164 mL/lb). Cardiac and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, pH, and blood gases were evaluated. Analgesia, sedation level, serum cortisol concentrations, and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured regularly for 6 hours. RESULTS: No important changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, or sedation variables were observed. Degree of analgesia in the postoperative period was higher in the sufentanil group, although use of fentanyl and bupivacaine also resulted in a sufficient level of analgesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the 3 anesthetic techniques permitted ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia and acceptable neuroendocrine modulation of pain with minimal adverse effects.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of three neck-hold killing traps in occluding carotid arteries in the neck of the brushtail possum

AIMS: To compare the potential humaneness of three types of neck-hold killing traps in terms of the blood vessels that are occluded, and to examine the anatomy of the blood vessels that supply blood to the possum's brain. METHOD: The prevalence of occlusion of the common carotid arteries and the trachea was examined in 33 possums which were caught with Timms, LDL and Conibear 160 traps. The anatomy of the blood supply to the brain was examined in six possums using a resin casting technique. RESULTS: The prevalence of complete bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was 77% for the Timms trap, 45% for the LDL trap and 22% for the Conibear 160 trap. The major route for blood supply to the brain was via the common carotid arteries. CONCLUSION: Where the aim is to kill possums quickly by ischaemia of the brain, the Timms trap is to be preferred over the LDL and Conibear 160 traps.     

Populational dynamics of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linneaus) (Diptera: Muscidae) in three biocenosis, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Populational flux of the adult phase of Stomoxys calcitrans was observed in the municipal district of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Three biocenoses were selected for the study: stable agrobiocenosis, pastural agrobiocenosis and eubiocenosis. The occurrence and the populational flux of the insects, using the Magoon trap for their capture, were established. For each trap located in different biocenoses, a crossbred calf (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) approximately 6-month-old was used as “live bait,” exposed weekly for 48 h in the traps. Of the three agrobiocenoses studied, the stable agrobiocenosis contributed the greatest number of specimens of. S. calcitrans captured, corresponding to 96.9% of the total flies of this species collected. S. calcitrans shows seasonal behavior for approximately 6 months (spring and summer being the rainiest months of the year). The population peaked during the months of November and December. During the months of July and August, there was no capture of flies.     

Effects of intramuscular administration of tiletamine-zolazepam with and without sedative pretreatment on plasma and serum biochemical values and glucose tolerance test results in Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus)

Objective-To establish a safe anesthetic protocol with little effect on blood biochemical values and IV glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) results in Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus). Animals-16 captive female Japanese black bears (5 to 17 years of age). Procedures-Bears were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (4 bears/group) in which various treatment combinations were administered via blow dart: tiletamine HCl and zolazepam HCl (9 mg/kg) alone (TZ), TZ (6 mg/kg) and acepromazine maleate (0.1 mg/kg), TZ (6 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.3 mg/kg), or TZ (3 mg/kg) and medetomidine HCl (40 μg/kg). Glucose injection for the IVGTT was started 130 minutes after TZ administration. Blood samples were obtained before, at, and intermittently after glucose injection for measurement of biochemical variables as well as plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations during the IVGTT. Rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were assessed every 15 minutes during the experiment. Results-Induction and maintenance of anesthesia were safely achieved with little adverse effect on cardiopulmonary function when each of the 4 anesthetic regimens was used, although mild hypothermia was induced. No difference was evident between treatment groups in blood biochemical values. Blood glucose and insulin concentration profiles during the IVGTT were similar among the bears given TZ, with or without acepromazine or butorphanol, but hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia developed in bears given TZ with medetomidine. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-All 4 anesthetic regimens yielded chemical restraint without affecting clinical and biochemical values in bears, but medetomidine appeared to affect IVGTT results. For this reason, medetomidine should not be used when anesthetizing bears for IVGTTs.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of three neck-hold killing traps in occluding carotid arteries in the neck of the brushtail possum

Aims. To compare the potential humaneness of three types of neck-hold killing traps in terms of the blood vessels that are occluded, and to examine the anatomy of the blood vessels that supply blood to the possum’s brain.

Method. The prevalence of occlusion of the common carotid arteries and the trachea was examined in 33 possums which were caught with Timms, LDL and Conibear 160 traps. The anatomy of the blood supply to the brain was examined in six possums using a resin casting technique.

Results. The prevalence of complete bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was 77% for the Timms trap, 45% for the LDL trap and 22% for the Conibear 160 trap. The major route for blood supply to the brain was via the common carotid arteries.

Conclusion. Where the aim is to kill possums quickly by ischaemia of the brain, the Timms trap is to be preferred over the LDL and Conibear 160 traps.     

Endophily in Culicoides associated with BTV-infected cattle in the province of Limburg, south-eastern Netherlands, 2006

Culicoides were captured at a BTV-infected dairy near Gulpen in the province of Limburg (south-east Netherlands) between 14 September and 4 October 2006. Onderstepoort-type blacklight traps were used to sample Culicoides both inside and outside a partially open shed housing 11 cattle. A total of 28 light trap collections were made at the shed and yielded: In Europe, the blacklight trap is used widely for the nocturnal monitoring of Culicoides; a drawback to this approach is that this trap cannot be used to sample midges that are active during the day. Because diurnal biting in vector Culicoides may constitute a significant and underestimated component of BTV transmission a novel capture methodology will be required in future and is discussed briefly.     

Relation between tsetse fly density and bovine trypanosomiasis: the case of N'Dama cattle ranching (Louboulou, Congo)

The authors report the results of an entomo-parasitological survey in the State Ranch of Louboulou, Bouenza region, Congo. Over a period of more than five months, the average tsetse density was 0.2 Glossina palpalis palpalis captured per day and trap. Although some specimens of Glossina fusca congolensis were also captured, the density of the latter species was quite insignificant. No trypanosomiasis was detected among the N'Dama cattle of the ranch, as a result of 114 blood samples collected for parasitological (fresh blood sample, Woo method, thick blood film) and serological examinations (Testryp CATT on whole blood and serum). The absence of detectable trypanosomiasis is discussed and interpreted as a result of a low tsetse threat below a critical threshold which remains to be determined.     

Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To describe a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy (LAOHE) and compare duration of surgery, complications, measures of surgical stress, and postoperative pain with open ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 20 healthy sexually intact female dogs weighing >10 kg (22 lb). PROCEDURES: Dogs were randomly allocated to receive conventional OHE or LAOHE. Intraoperative complications, anesthetic complications, total anesthesia time, and total surgery time were recorded. Serum cortisol and glucose concentrations, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured preoperatively and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Pain scores were assigned by a nonblinded observer at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Duration of surgery, pain scores, objective measures of surgical stress, anesthetic complications, and surgical complications were compared between OHE and LAOHE. RESULTS: Age, weight, PCV, and duration of surgery did not differ between treatment groups. Nine of 10 dogs in the OHE group required additional pain medication on the basis of pain scores, whereas none of the dogs in the LAOHE group did. Blood glucose concentrations were significantly increased from preoperative concentrations in the OHE group at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postoperatively and at 1 hour postoperatively in the LAOHE group. Cortisol concentrations were significantly increased at 1 and 2 hours postoperatively in the OHE group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LAOHE caused less pain and surgical stress than OHE and may be more appropriate for an outpatient setting.     

Xylazine as an immobilizing agent for captive white-tailed deer.

Xylazine, at dosages of 0.89 to 8.00 mg/kg of body weight, was injected intramuscularly by manual or projectile syringe into 68 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to facilitate handling. Of 63 deer given the intended dose, 59 were moderately to deeply sedated and immobilized. Deer began to react visibly within 0.75 to 4.25 minutes after injection. Mean induction time (+/- SD) was 5.15 +/- 4.08 minutes and mean duration of immobilization was 197.90 +/- 101.13 minutes. Other than the prolongation of immobilization at dosages larger than or equal to 3 mg/kg, these times were not significantly affected by dosage or sex of the deer. Induction times were shorter in fawns than in older deer and much shorter in freshly trapped deer than in deer that had been trapped but kept undisturbed in semidarkened pens for 6 to 48 hours or in deer that were semitame captives. Dosages as low as 0.89 mg/kg were effective, and the safety margin appeared to be at least 8 times the minimal effective dose; however, immobilized deer were frequently unable to maintain sternal recumbency and required attention throughout the period of immobilization.     

Time in lairage needed by pigs to recover from the stress of transport.

Two experiments were carried out in which a total of 602 pigs were slaughtered after being held in lairage for periods ranging from less than one hour to 21 hours. In the first experiment the pigs were handled under ideal conditions and slaughtered at the University of Bristol slaughterhouse; in the second the pigs were killed at a commercial plant. Blood samples collected at exsanguination were analysed for indices of stress. There were no consistent effects of time in lairage on the levels of lactate and creatine phosphokinase. Plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin levels were reduced by lairage for three hours or more in the first experiment and cortisol was reduced by lairage for two hours or more in the second; beta-endorphin was not measured in the second experiment. A period of rest in lairage allowed the pigs to recover from transport and the associated handling and the recovery appeared to be complete within two to three hours.     

A comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol and tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol- medetomidine in cats

Using a randomized crossover design, this study compared the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of three intramuscular anesthetic combinations in seven 2-year-old cats: tiletamine-zolazepam (8 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (TT); tiletamine-zolazepam (3 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.15 mg/kg), and medetomidine (15 microg/kg) (TTD); or the TTD protocol plus atipamezole (75 microg/kg IM) given 20 minutes later to reverse medetomidine. Analgesia was assessed using algometry and needle pricking. All three combinations effectively induced anesthesia suitable for orotracheal intubation within 5 minutes after injection. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation was lower than 90% at least once in all three groups between 5 and 15 minutes after drug administration. Blood pressure and heart and respiratory rates were within normal ranges. Both TT and TTD appeared to be effective injectable anesthetic combinations. TTD provided significantly better analgesia with a longer duration than did TT. Atipamezole administration shortened the duration of analgesia and decreased blood pressure but did not shorten total recovery time.     

Culicoides trapping with Rothamsted suction traps before and during the bluetongue epidemic of 2006 in Belgium

The collection of biting midges was taking place some months before the first bluetongue outbreak in Belgium in August 2006. The Walloon Agricultural Research Centre had been monitoring aphid populations at two sites annually in Belgium (Gembloux and Libramont), using two stationary '12-m' Rothamsted suction traps. For the Gembloux trap, collections of insects captured daily from 11 May 2006 onwards were already available at the time of the outbreak. An examination of these samples revealed the presence of Culicoides, some species of which are considered as potential vectors of the bluetongue virus (BTV). The trapping was therefore extended beyond the normal aphid activity period and the Culicoides captured were identified to species level. From 11 May to 31 December 2006, the Gembloux trap caught 664 Culicoides specimens belonging to 19 species comprising known BTV-vectors. The second trap, at Libramont, was reactivated from 12 September to 13 October and caught 97 specimens belonging to nine species, all of which had been found at the Gembloux site. Among the 19 species identified, four were new to Belgian fauna: Culicoides achrayi, C. deltus, C. lupicaris and C. newsteadi. This paper examines the overall phenology and the physiological status of Culicoides in 2006 before and during the bluetongue epidemic. It discusses the potential of the Rothamsted suction trap to monitor Culicoides.