有机质对大型富营养化浅水湖泊沉积物磷吸附特征的影响

以大型浅水湖泊（太湖和巢湖）为研究对象,系统分析了沉积物有机质（OM）含量和组成、磷吸附参数、磷形态及间隙水溶解反应性磷（SRP）浓度在水平方向上的分布。吸附解吸平衡浓度（EPC0）与SRP浓度的比较结果表明,在太湖北部与巢湖南淝河入湖口等污染较严重的区域,沉积物仍表现出吸附磷的功能;OM与土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）、磷吸附指数和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著正相关,有机质分解所产生的小分子物质可增加磷的吸附容量;添加小分子有机质的室内模拟试验进一步证实了上述假设,糖类主要影响磷的吸附能,而氨基酸主要增加最大吸附量。有机质自身及其降解产物以不同方式影响沉积物对磷的吸附能力,并据此调节湖泊富营养化过程。     

有机质对大型富营养化浅水湖泊沉积物磷吸附特征的影响

以大型浅水湖泊(太湖和巢湖)为研究对象,系统分析了沉积物有机质(OM)含量和组成、磷吸附参数、磷形态及间隙水溶解反应性磷(SRP)浓度在水平方向上的分布.吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)与SRP浓度的比较结果表明,在太湖北部与巢湖南淝河入湖口等污染较严重的区域,沉积物仍表现出吸附磷的功能;OM与土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷吸附指数和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著正相关,有机质分解所产生的小分子物质可增加磷的吸附容量;添加小分子有机质的室内模拟试验进一步证实了上述假设,糖类主要影响磷的吸附能,而氨基酸主要增加最大吸附量.有机质自身及其降解产物以不同方式影响沉积物对磷的吸附能力,并据此调节湖泊富营养化过程.     

武汉城市湖泊水质及水体富营养化现状评价

为了判别武汉市典型城市湖泊汤逊湖、野芷湖、黄家湖和东野芷湖的水质状况,从2011年3月～2012年2月,对这四个湖泊进行了周年水质监测。采用了水体总氮、总磷、叶绿素a、透明度等参数,对水质现状、水体富营养化程度进行了综合分析。结果表明,该四湖的水质污染程度呈现明显的梯度。水体富营养化综合加权指数法评价表明,湖泊全年富营养化状态级别处于中营养到轻度富营养化之间。     

锦江河沉积物磷形态与吸附行为及磷释放风险

研究沉积物磷的吸附参数、形态及其含量,揭示锦江河及其支流沉积物磷吸附行为的变化特征及其环境意义,阐明锦江河及其支流富营养化风险。2016年1月,在锦江河及其支流9个样点用彼得森采泥器采集表层沉积物,测定磷吸附平衡浓度(EPC_0),计算沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)以及其衍生出的磷释放风险指数(ERI)。结果表明,锦江河沉积物4种形态磷含量顺序为CaCO_3~PFe(OOH)~PASOPP_(alk),CaCO_3~P是沉积物磷的主要存在形态;钙结合态磷(CaCO_3~P)和磷最大吸附量(Q_(max))显著正相关;沉积物中PSI为11.24~31.37(mg P/100 g)/(μmol/L),平均值为21.28(mg P/100 g)/(μmol/L),且PSI与Q_(max)显著正相关;DPS值在水平方向上和垂直方向上的分布均与PSI值的分布相似;EPC_0在各支流分别从上游到下游逐渐减小,下游的沉积物磷释放潜能相对上游较小;EPC_0的垂直分布表明,对大多数河段来说,疏浚并不能减小沉积物磷释放风险;所有采样点的ERI在水平方向上均超过了25%,各采样点沉积物磷潜在释放诱发富营养化的风险均为高度风险。     

唐岛湾网箱养殖区水体氮、磷含量特征及潜在性富营养化评价

根据2004年8月～2005年5月4个航次对唐岛湾网箱养殖区海水营养盐(NH4 -N、NO3--N、NO2--N和PO34-P)含量的监测结果,分析讨论了其含量变化特征,并利用一种新的富营养化评价模式,评价了唐岛湾的潜在性富营养化程度。结果表明,网箱养殖区水体中的氮、磷营养盐含量随养殖进程呈现不同的季节变化规律,受网箱养殖活动和浮游植物生长状况的综合调控;养殖区N/P值的年平均值为46.45,表明网箱养殖区水体缺磷,春、秋、冬季都以磷为浮游植物繁殖生长的限制因子,春季尤为严重。潜在性富营养化评价结果为:除春季达到磷限制中度营养水平外,其他季节均处于贫营养水平,表明该养殖区的营养水平较低,水质质量较好。     

不同浓度ＮＨ３ 对富营养化湖泊水体硝化作用的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度非离子态氨( NH3)条件下富营养化湖泊——太湖梅粱湾水体硝化作用的2个过程,即氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化的发生情况.结果表明,在试验设计的NH3浓度范围内,颗粒态氨氧化和自由态氨氧化速率都随着NH3浓度的升高而显著增加,同时在高浓度NH3(0.65和0.85 mg/L)下,颗粒态氨氧化速率在总氨氧化速率中所占比例也显著增加.而亚硝酸盐氧化过程的发生却具有明显的阶段性,当NH3浓度从0.05增加到0.15mg/L时,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率有一定的降低,但是颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率却显著增加,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率也显著上升;当NH3浓度从0.15增加到0.85 mg/L,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率随着NH3浓度的升高而进一步降低,同时颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率也随着NH3浓度的增加开始显著降低,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率急剧降低.     

不同浓度NH_3对富营养化湖泊水体硝化作用的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度非离子态氨（NH3）条件下富营养化湖泊——太湖梅粱湾水体硝化作用的2个过程,即氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化的发生情况。结果表明,在试验设计的NH3浓度范围内,颗粒态氨氧化和自由态氨氧化速率都随着NH3浓度的升高而显著增加,同时在高浓度NH3（0.65和0.85mg/L）下,颗粒态氨氧化速率在总氨氧化速率中所占比例也显著增加。而亚硝酸盐氧化过程的发生却具有明显的阶段性,当NH3浓度从0.05增加到0.15mg/L时,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率有一定的降低,但是颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率却显著增加,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率也显著上升;当NH3浓度从0.15增加到0.85mg/L,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率随着NH3浓度的升高而进一步降低,同时颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率也随着NH3浓度的增加开始显著降低,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率急剧降低。     

汉阳地区五个湖泊沉水植物分布及富营养化现状

2011年7月—2012年4月对武汉市汉阳地区五个湖泊(后官湖,三角湖,南太子湖,墨水湖和龙阳湖)的水质及沉水植物进行了季节性调查,以了解湖泊富营养化现状及其对沉水植物的影响。结果显示:后官湖为中营养,而三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖为重度富营养,其中龙阳湖污染最重。共采集沉水植物7种,隶属于5科5属,主要种类为金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus)。沉水植物主要分布在后官湖沿岸带,其它四个湖泊中沉水植物已严重退化,仅在部分水域偶见。后官湖沉水植物盖度和生物量最大值出现在10月,分别为67.5%和5.58 kg/m~2,1月份较低,分别为29.3%和1.88 kg/m~2,优势种存在明显的季节更替。结果表明,汉阳地区湖泊沉水植物退化与富营养化引起的水下光照下降和高密度的水产养殖有关。     

沉水植物在富营养化水体生态恢复中的作用及前景

阐述了沉水植物的生态适应性及其在富营养化水体生态恢复中维护生态完整性和稳定性、净化水质、抑制藻类生长的生态功能和作用;分析了富营养化水体沉水植物衰退或消亡的原因、生态恢复研究取得的成就和实际应用中面临的困难,展望了沉水植物恢复在富营养化水体水环境质量改善方面的应用前景。     

生态浮岛植物在富营养化养殖水体中去磷途径的初步分析

植物修复富营养化养殖水体过程中磷(P)的去除途径主要包括植物吸收、植物根系吸附、底泥吸附和还原状态下的磷挥发。为了深入探讨植物修复去磷机理,阐明植物修复富营养化养殖水体过程中磷的去向问题,分别以夏秋季(高温)和冬春季(低温)的高效除磷植物大漂和冬牧70组成的生态浮岛为研究对象,通过研究模拟条件下的富营养养殖水体生态修复系统,研究不同温度季节下生态浮岛植物在富营养养殖水体中各去磷途径对水体总磷(TP)去除量的贡献率大小。结果表明:经过20 d处理后,生态浮岛植物大漂和冬牧70对富营养化养殖水体中总磷的去除效率都较高 ,均达50%以上;在生态浮岛植物修复富营养养殖水体过程中最主要的磷去除途径都为植物吸收作用和底泥吸附作用,分别占水体中总磷去除量的23%~58%和27%~51%;其次是植物根系吸附作用,占水体中总磷去除量的13%~28%;贡献率最低的是还原状态下的磷挥发,一般低于1.5%,几乎可忽略不计。     

Mapping macrophytic vegetation in shallow lakes using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI)

• 1. The ecological status of shallow lakes is highly dependent on the abundance and composition of macrophytes. However, large‐scale surveys are often confined to a small number of water bodies and undertaken only infrequently owing to logistical and financial constraints.
• 2. Data acquired by the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager‐2 (CASI‐2) was used to map the distribution of macrophytes in the Upper Thurne region of the Norfolk Broads, UK. Three different approaches to image classification were evaluated: (i) Euclidean minimum distance, (ii) Gaussian maximum likelihood, and (iii) support vector machines.
• 3. The results show macrophyte growth‐habits (i.e. submerged, floating‐leaved, partially‐emergent, emergent) and submerged species could be mapped with a maximum overall classification accuracy of 78% and 87%, respectively. The Gaussian maximum likelihood algorithm and support vector machine returned the highest classification accuracies in each instance.
• 4. This study suggests that remote sensing is a potentially powerful tool for large‐scale assessment of the cover and distribution of aquatic vegetation in clear water shallow lakes, particularly with respect to upscaling field survey data to a functionally relevant form, and supporting site‐condition monitoring under the European Union Habitats (92/43/EEC) and Water Framework (2000/60/EC) directives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Trophic overlap between non‐native brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and native shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) in shallow lakes

We quantified trophic overlap between the invasive, non‐native catfish brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and the New Zealand native shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) in four peat and riverine lakes using stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and gut content analyses. Across all lakes and fish sizes over the austral spring–summer period, shortfin eel guts were dominated numerically by fish prey (57% occurrence cf 42% in brown bullhead), while Diptera larvae were most commonly encountered in guts of brown bullhead (45% cf 14% in eels). Significant differences in % composition of animal contents in guts were detected between fish species and sampling occasions (n = 4) but not between lakes. In contrast, stable isotope signatures of brown bullhead and shortfin eel did differ significantly between lakes but not between sampling occasions, indicating enduring sources of nutrition despite apparently differing ingestion patterns over time. The R mixing model MixSIAR indicated that shortfins likely assimilated higher proportions of fish prey carbon compared to brown bullheads, which appeared to show greater assimilation of invertebrates, consistent with the results of gut content analyses. Isotopic niche regions, calculated in nicheROVER using probabilistic ellipses, indicated that shortfin eels occupied at least c.60% of brown bullhead trophic niche, which occupied less than 30% of eel trophic niche in all but one lake. These estimates suggest that brown bullhead has higher potential to influence shortfin eel nutrition than vice versa, or that a broad trophic niche occupied by eels provides resilience to the effects of overlapping consumption patterns with invasive omnivores.     

牡蛎壳粉对水中磷吸附特性的研究

本文运用牡蛎壳粉吸附水质中磷离子,分别研究不同添加量、吸附温度、酸碱环境和吸附时间中牡蛎壳粉对磷离子的吸附性能。结果显示,牡蛎壳粉对磷具有良好的吸收特性。随着牡蛎壳粉添加量增加,温度的升高、吸附时间的延长,其对磷离子吸附量增加;在酸性条件下,牡蛎壳粉对磷吸附性较高。     

Cage culture of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) at different stocking densities in a shallow eutrophic lake

Postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were acclimated and stocked in lake-based cages at the following stocking densities: 10, 20, 30 and 40 shrimp m⁻². Another set of shrimp was stocked in concrete tanks as reference samples at 30 shrimp m⁻². Significant differences were observed among stocking densities throughout the 95-day culture. The final weight at harvest decreased with increasing stocking density: mean weights of 23.3, 15.8, 13.0, 10.9 and 14.6 g for the 10, 20, 30, 40 shrimp m⁻² and reference tanks were observed respectively. There were no significant differences in survival throughout the culture period, ranging between 69% and 77%. Daily growth rates (range: 0.11–0.24 g day⁻¹) and specific growth rates (range: 3.54–4.34%) also differed significantly among stocking densities, both increasing with decreasing stocking density. The feed conversion ratio in the cages did not differ among the stocking densities, ranging from 1.53 to 1.65. The relationship between stocking density and mean individual weight at harvest followed the equation y =81.06 x ^−0.54 ( R ²=0.938) and that of stocking density and production (in g m⁻²) is y =58.01 x ^−0.46 ( R ²=0.834).     

Precautionary rules for exotic trout aquaculture in fishless shallow lakes of Patagonia: minimizing impacts on the threatened hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi)

• 1. Conflicts between habitat use and conservation are inherent to the management of wetlands. A major challenge for their management is to preserve habitat while addressing the demands from multiple users. In southern Patagonia (Argentina), a growing aquaculture activity based on rainbow trout introductions in shallow lakes is generating concerns about the effects on the waterbird fauna, including some endemic species.
• 2. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to analyse data on the endemic hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi) collected over a diverse set of lakes to: (1) build presence‐absence models as a function of environmental variables; (2) assess current and potential overlap with trout aquaculture; (3) explore the power of alternative lake assignment algorithms based on habitat variables to segregate critical habitat and aquaculture activities; and (4) explore the correlation between the probability of grebe presence and their abundance in given lakes.
• 3. Hooded grebe presence is clearly correlated with macrophyte cover, lake area, and water conductivity. Medium size lakes, with a combination of emerging macrophytes, adjacent to open water areas had the highest probability of both hooded grebe presence and abundance.
• 4. Different lake allocation scenarios are identified that could grant significant protection to hooded grebes without substantial losses for trout producers. The a priori probability to hold hooded grebe, assigned by the model based on lake characteristics, provides a tool that can be used by managing authorities to derive precautionary management rules to regulate aquaculture and to preserve primary hooded grebe habitat. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

头足类鞘亚纲繁殖力研究进展

头足类具有生长快、世代更替周期短、资源量丰富等特点,既是海洋生态系统中重要的生物种类,也是世界海洋渔业开发利用的重要捕捞对象.为深入掌握头足类的生活史特性,认知种群数量变动及其资源量补充过程,就头足类鞘亚纲种类繁殖力的研究现状进行了概括,包括繁殖力的定义及测定方法、头足类的繁殖力水平以及繁殖力变化特征等.结果显示,种间...     

浅水湖泊沉积物生源要素与浮游藻类和沉水植物的关系

为探究长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物碳、氮、磷等生源要素的含量及其对浮游藻类和沉水植物的影响,本研究以长江中下游11个浅水湖泊为研究对象,分析了2003年至2020年夏季时沉积物总氮（TNSed）、总磷（TPSed）和有机碳（TOCSed）含量与浮游藻类和沉水植物的关系。结果表明：（1）在长江中下游湖泊中,TPSed在藻型湖泊（0.71（0.24~1.14）g/kg）中最高,草型湖泊（0.52（0.34~0.62）g/kg）中最低。TNSed和TOCSed则在草型湖泊（TNSed：4.64（1.06~7.97）g/kg; TOCSed：55.89（4.64~101.69）g/kg）中最高,中间态湖泊（TNSed：1.86（0.71~3.64）g/kg; TOCSed：20.00（8.41~35.62）g/kg）中最低。（2）夏季浮游藻类叶绿素a含量（Chl a）随TPSed的增加而显著上升,沉水植物生物量（BMac）随TPSed的增加而显著下降,而TNSed和TOCSed对Chl a和BMac的影响不显著。（3）长江中下游湖泊夏季沉水植物消失的沉积物总磷阈值约为0.87~0.98 g/kg。以上研究结果表明：在长江中下游湖泊中,相比沉积物碳、氮含量,磷含量对浮游藻类和沉水植物生物量的预测力更高,进一步研究二者定量关系后可为评价水生态系统沉积物污染状况及确定水生植被修复的沉积物条件需求等提供科学依据。     

渔业环境及水产品中药物和个人护理用品（PPCPs）的研究进展

药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）是一类新兴污染物,在环境中普遍存在,对渔业生态、水产品以及人类健康具有潜在危害风险。文章结合国内外研究现状,对渔业环境及水产品中PPCPs的污染情况和分析检测方法进行归纳,简述了当前PPCPs的毒性研究结果及风险评价工作,并对该领域今后的研究工作作出展望。