不同水氮管理对苋菜和菠菜的产量及硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间试验研究不同水氮管理对苋菜和菠菜的产量、水分利用效率及硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,在同一水分处理条件下,不同的土壤供氮水平对苋菜和菠菜的产量均无显著差异,而各水分处理间也无显著差异,但水分利用效率却以W1处理(农民习惯灌水方式)为最低;苋菜和菠菜中硝酸盐含量主要受土壤的供氮量的影响,其次是土壤含水量,因此,降低土壤供氮量的同时适当降低土壤含水量,是提高水分利用效率和蔬菜品质的有效方法之一。     

不同水氮处理对菠菜硝酸盐累积和土体硝态氮淋洗的影响

利用土柱模拟方法，研究了两种水分供应条件下的5种氮素水平对菠菜生长、植株叶柄硝酸盐累积及土体硝态氮淋洗的影响。结果表明，低供水量抑制了波菜的生长，极大地限制了作物根系对氮素的吸收利用。而在水分供应量较高的条件下，植株干重随肥用量的增加而增大，同时体内硝酸盐含量也随之升高。土柱施氮（N）量达1．33g时，植株体内硝酸盐含量超过了3000mg.kg^-1的蔬菜限量标准。     

盐分胁迫对菠菜生长和吸氮量的影响

为了研究盐分胁迫对菠菜生长和吸氮量的交互影响,在光培养室内开展了土柱栽培试验。试验设置3个灌溉水含盐量水平:0.87dSm-(1淡水,S0)、2.0dSm-(1盐分胁迫,S1)和5.0dSm-(1盐分胁迫,S2),2个氮肥水平:100kg Nhm-2(N1)和300kgNhm-(2N2)。本试验条件下,菠菜生育期为54天。在前44天,随着盐分胁迫程度增加,菠菜相对生长速率(relative growth rate,RGR)降低,其中在33~44天时,N1水平下,S0处理的RGR最大,为1.30×10-1gg-1day-1;在生育期的后10天,随着盐分胁迫增加,RGR升高。盐分胁迫导致菠菜吸氮量和干物质重下降。盐分胁迫和氮肥的交互影响使菠菜吸氮量降低47.02mgpot-1。菠菜吸氮量是其生长时间的二次函数。该研究表明,S2水平下,菠菜生育前期施肥量高,抑制作物生长。     

施氮、供水对菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)的生长和土壤残留矿质氮的影响

Effects of conventional and optimized water and nitrogen managements on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth and soil mineral N (N_min) residues were compared in an open field experiment in which water balancemethod and N recommendation with the KNS-system were included. It was shown that the conventionalwater treatment (seasonal irrigated amount: 175 mm) reduced spinach growth compared to the water balancetreatments (seasonal irrigated amount: 80 and 85 mm) at the same N supply level due to N loss through leaching caused by excessive water supply. Although 309 kg N ha^-1 was applied in the conventional N treatment, compared to 82 and 66 kg N ha^-1 in the optimum N treatments, no significant difference in cropyield was investigated between the N treatments with the same irrigation practice. N uptake in spinach andsoil residual Nmin contents were also significantly affected by the irrigation practices. The conventional water supply not only decreased water use efficiency, but also resulted in excessive NO₃^--N being leached below the root zone. In order to meet the same target value of N requirement for the next crop, cauliflower, based on the KNS-system, at least extra 50 kg N ha^-1 was needed in the conventional water treatments in comparison to the water balance treatment.     

水氮处理对玉米根区水氮迁移和利用的影响

为研究灌水和施氮位置对玉米根区水氮迁移和利用的影响,通过春玉米水氮同区、异区隔沟灌溉试验,研究了不同水氮处理根区土壤水氮迁移和水氮利用规律。结果表明同区低水处理和异区高水处理收获时根区土壤硝态氮残留量较大,同区高水处理更容易导致硝态氮的淋失。异区高氮低水处理的籽粒产量最大为9953kg/hm2,并且水分利用效率也最高,为6.70kg/m3,比同区高氮高水处理的水分利用效率提高72.68%。高水处理的水分利用效率小于低水处理的水分利用效率;高氮处理玉米的氮素累积总量大于低氮处理的氮素累积总量,作物的氮素累积总量和施氮量呈正相关;其中异区高氮低水的氮素累积总量最大,同区低氮高水处理的最小。最佳的水氮耦合处理是异区高氮低水。     

施氮、钾和钼对菠菜不同生长阶段硝态氮积累影响研究初报

采用盆栽试验研究了肥料(氮、钾、钼)互作对菠菜不同生长阶段硝态氮积累的影响。结果表明,施肥对菠菜硝态氮积累的影响整体表现为:柄叶,老叶新叶;与生长前期相比,收获期各部位中硝态氮含量均有下降趋势。不施氮条件下,施钼极显著或显著地降低了菠菜生长前期和收获期叶片中硝态氮含量,降幅分别为19.3%和21.4%;施氮条件下,施钼仅显著降低了菠菜生长前期叶片中硝态氮含量,降幅达21.2%。在本试验条件下,单施钼比钼钾配施更有利于降低菠菜叶片中硝态氮的含量;钾与钼营养的相互效应,以及钾与钼之间如何平衡,似乎是影响施钼效果的关键。     

水氮互作对黑河中游娃娃菜光合特性与水氮利用的影响

在黑河流域中游张掖市的高原夏菜生产中,以"春月黄"娃娃菜品种为试材,试验采用双因素随机区组设计,研究了不同水氮互作模式对其光合特性与水氮利用的影响。结果表明:以优化灌水定额(1125 m3 hm-2)与优化施氮量(300 kg hm-2)组合处理(A2N2)的娃娃菜,在结球前期(5月25日)、中期(6月10日)、末期(6月25日),测定的光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)变化规律相一致,均表现为:中期>末期>前期;不同处理对Pn和Tr的影响顺序为:优化灌水定额和优化施氮量(A2N2)>经验灌水定额和优化施氮量(A1N2)>轻度亏水灌溉定额和优化施氮量(A3N2)>优化灌水定额和经验施氮量(A2N1)>经验灌水定额和经验施氮量(A1N1)>轻度亏水灌溉定额和经验施氮量(A3N1)>经验灌水定额和零施氮量(A1N3)>优化灌水定额和零施氮量(A2N3)>轻度亏水灌溉定额和零施氮量(A3N3);采用A2N2处理的娃娃菜,其植株叶片的光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')和光化学猝灭系数(q P)值最高,分别为0.38、0.49和0.66,而其非光化学猝灭系数(q N)和光抑制程度最低,为0.543和-0.197;同时娃娃菜地上部分叶数、横茎、纵茎与经济产量分别为42.26片、18.54 cm、24.38 cm和89.55 t hm-2,明显高于其它处理。由此可见,以水氮组合A2N2来指导本区娃娃菜生产,可达到高产高效、降低环境污染的目的。     

控制性分根区灌溉对玉米根区水氮迁移和利用的影响

为探索灌水方式对根区水氮迁移和利用的影响,对盆栽玉米采用3种灌水方式（常规、交替、固定）和4个氮素水平,研究了不同根区湿润方式对玉米根区水氮迁移动态和利用的影响。结果表明：施氮后盆内土壤硝态氮含量和施氮量呈正相关,交替灌溉根区两侧土壤硝态氮分布均匀,固定灌溉根区干燥侧土壤硝态氮累积量明显大于湿润侧。交替灌溉上层土壤硝态氮残留量和常规灌溉同一层次上的残留量相当,下层的残留量比常规灌溉的大。交替灌溉的根冠比最大,固定灌溉的次之,常规灌溉的最小。交替灌溉的水分利用效率是常规灌溉的0.99～1.11倍,而灌水量是常规灌溉的0.75倍,节水效果明显。同一氮肥水平下,交替灌溉的单位干物质全氮吸收量最大,固定灌溉的次之,常规灌溉的最小。     

施氮与灌水对夏玉米产量和水氮利用的影响

通过田间裂区试验,研究了不同灌水量（900、 1200和1500 m3/hm2）和施氮量（0、 150、 210和270 kg/hm2）对夏玉米生长状况、 产量构成及水、 氮利用效率等的影响。结果表明: 当灌水量超过最低量 900 m3/hm2、 施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,二者对玉米产量、 产量构成因素（穗粒数、 百粒重及穗粒重）和收获指数（HI）以及各生育期干物质积累量等均没有明显影响; 氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力随氮肥用量的增加呈明显降低趋势; 灌水生产效率和水分利用效率随灌水量的增加也显著降低,二者均表现为900 m3/hm21200 m3/hm21500 m3/hm2。因此,在本试验条件下,以W900N150处理的水、 氮利用效率、 产量及其构成因素等较高,并且对环境造成潜在危害最小,为当地地域气候条件下夏玉米生产中节水减氮的较为适宜的水氮配比。     

不同水氮管理对日光温室番茄产量及土壤无机氮的影响

以传统水氮管理为对照,分别采用氮素实时监控技术对保护地番茄主要生育期进行氮素追施优化管理,同时结合小管出流的灌溉方式及夏季休闲季添加小麦秸秆-氰氨化钙的优化水氮管理处理并根据课题组同一地区多年的番茄氮素优化管理经验得出的推荐水氮管理处理,即将氮素追施量定为N 300 kg/hm2,在番茄第一、三、五穗果实膨大期各追施N100 kg/hm2,比较研究了不同水氮管理措施对保护地番茄产量及土壤无机氮的影响。结果表明:与传统水氮管理相比,在保证番茄产量的前提下,优化水氮管理和推荐水氮管理两季番茄分别减少了63.5%和50%的氮肥追施量,优化水氮管理处理两季番茄分别减少了44%和39%的灌溉用水。此外,优化水氮管理处理还显著提高了番茄全年的总产量,增产约10%。传统的氮素投入使番茄生育期内的土壤无机氮含量保持较高水平,试验结束时,传统水氮管理处理在0-180 cm各土层无机氮残留量均在N 200 kg/hm2以上,其0-180 cm土层无机氮残留总量已超过N 1 500 kg/hm2;而优化水氮管理和推荐水氮管理处理在改进水氮管理措施后,0-180 cm各土层无机氮残留量显著降低,仅为传统水氮管理的1/2,大幅度降低了土壤氮素的淋洗风险,减轻了由于不合理的水氮管理而对环境造成的影响。     

Different water and nitrogen fertilizer rates effects on growth and development of spinach

Water and nitrogen (N) nutrition are two key factors affecting nutrient absorption growth and biomass production of vegetables. However, less information is available to the interaction between water utilization and nitrogen use efficiency in vegetable production. In this study, a combination of three water levels and three nitrogen fertilizer rates was applied to optimize water and nitrogen application in field experiments. Plant traits, biomass production, and allocation were determined. The fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem, and root significantly decreased when irrigation water was short. Total aboveground biomass decreased in response to deficit irrigation. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations decreased when nitrogen fertilizer reduced. The leaf area was highest when spinach was grown under 170 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 70–80% of field capacity. These results suggested that spinach could be planted with good growth and quality by implementing effective water and nitrogen managements.     

黄腐酸和聚天冬氨酸对蕹菜氮素吸收及氮肥去向的影响

为了解黄腐酸(FA)和聚天冬氨酸(PASP)对蕹菜氮素吸收及氮肥去向的影响,采用15N尿素示踪技术,设置不施氮肥(CK),单施尿素(N),尿素配施低、中、高用量的FA和PASP(NF1、NF2、NF3、NP1、NP2、NP3)8个处理,在温室条件下进行盆栽试验。结果表明,与N处理相比,配施FA和PASP后蕹菜地上部鲜重增加了7.46%~17.55%;NP2、NP3和各NF处理显著提高了蕹菜的吸氮量,提高幅度为10.84%~18.25%,其中,蕹菜对非标记氮的吸收量显著增加,且随FA和PASP用量的增大而增加;NF3处理的15N利用率显著低于N处理,其余处理无显著变化;NF2、NF3、NP2和NP3处理的15N损失率比N处理减少了5.41~14.58个百分点;NF2、NF3和NP2处理的15N土壤残留率增加了5.08~20.02个百分点。研究表明,中、高用量的FA和PASP与尿素配施促进了蕹菜对氮素(尤其是非标记氮素)的吸收,同时减少了氮肥的损失,增加了氮肥在土壤中的残留,对土壤氮库的贡献作用显著。     

氮肥形态及配比对菠菜生长和安全品质的影响

【目的】铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥是蔬菜生长过程中经常施用的氮肥种类,氮肥形态及配比对蔬菜生长和安全品质有着重要影响。菠菜是一种叶菜类蔬菜,富含矿质元素、维生素C和维生素E。本文通过施用铵态氮和硝态氮肥,探究氮肥形态及其配比(NH+4-N/NO-3-N)对菠菜生长和安全品质的影响。【方法】采用水培试验,设置5种不同氮素形态配比(NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值分别为100∶0、75∶25、50∶50、25∶75和0∶100)的营养液,定期采集菠菜样品并测定菠菜的生物量、株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐、有机酸和氨基酸参数值。【结果】随着NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值从100∶0变化到0∶100,菠菜的生物量、株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐累积量以及有机酸含量均呈增加趋势,而氨基酸总量则明显下降;当NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值为0∶100时,菠菜茎叶生物量为6.2g/plant,株高和根系长度分别为16.3 cm和22.5 cm,分别是NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值为100∶0时的6倍、2.2倍和2.0倍,表明菠菜是一种喜硝酸盐氮的蔬菜;当NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值由0∶100变为25∶75时,即在氮肥组合中增加25%的铵态氮肥,此时的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量分别由398.5 mg/kg、1.42 mg/kg降为249.1 mg/kg、0.98mg/kg,降幅为37.5%和8.0%,表明在菠菜生长过程中适当增施铵态氮肥可有效降低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在茎叶中的累积;当NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值从100∶0变化到0∶100,对6种有机酸(苹果酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、α-酮戊二酸、柠檬酸和丙酮酸)而言,增加幅度最大的是富马酸,约8.6倍,增加幅度最小的是柠檬酸,约2.5倍,苹果酸则在NH+4-N/NO-3-N=25∶75时达到最大值,为985.3 mg/L;随着NH+4-N比例的减少,菠菜茎叶中的氨基酸总量呈下降趋势,NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值为100∶0、75∶25、50∶50、25∶75和0∶100的氨基酸总量分别为21.80μmol/g、12.92μmol/g、9.20μmol/g、8.30μmol/g和7.50μmol/g,表明菠菜的营养价值降低,这一趋势与上述所研究的指标(株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及有机酸含量)有着明显的区别。【结论】菠菜是一种典型的喜硝态氮类蔬菜,施用硝态氮肥可明显提高菠菜产量,但过高的施用量可导致菠菜安全品质下降。适当增施铵态氮肥可降低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在菠菜体内的累积,并有效调节氨基酸和有机酸的代谢。因此,在菠菜种植过程,应该合理地搭配铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥,以便在保证安全性和营养价值的基础上获取最大的生物量。     

生物炭和高吸水性树脂对栽培基质性状及空心菜生长的影响

Most previous researches have focused on biochar application in agricultural soils; however, limited information is available concerning the effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse substrate properties. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate effects of wheat straw biochar(0–160 m L L-1) and super absorbent polymer(SAP, 0.8 g L-1) on physical and chemical properties of a substrate based on spent pig litter compost and the growth of water spinach(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). Total porosity, water-holding capacity, p H and electrical conductivity(EC) of the substrate significantly increased with increasing biochar rates, especially in the substrate without SAP. The values of p H and EC were significantly lower in the substrate with SAP than those without SAP at the high biochar application rates(100–160 m L L-1). The germination rates of water spinach decreased with increasing biochar rates when biochar was added alone(76.9%–83.7%), whereas the rates increased to 83.6%–85.8% when biochar was added in combination with SAP. Growth parameters of water spinach and nutrient uptake by shoots and roots increased with increasing biochar rates and reached the maximum values at the biochar rate of 100 m L L-1. There were significant cubic relationships between the uptake of nutrients(N, P, and K) and biochar rates, both with and without SAP addition. In order to avoid negative effects on plant growth,the biochar application rate should be controlled at an optimal level(100 m L L-1). The SAP addition not only enhanced the positive effects of biochar application on the properties of the substrate, but also inhibited the excessive rise of p H and EC following biochar additions, which led to better plant growth and enhanced nutrient uptakes by water spinach.     

A nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture on performance and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

Abstract

In view of the unreasonable application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and the groundwater pollution caused by nitrogen (N) leaching, a nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture was used to simulate the dynamics variation of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in the leaching loss soil. Solutions with different ratio of NO₃-N and NH₄-N (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100) were prepared as well as the same solutions that not containing NO₃-N .Water spinach was chosen to culture in the two solutions that differ from NO₃-N every two (E2) or five days (E5) to observe the growth, quality and nutrient solution uptake. In terms of the growth, uptake of N source, N use efficiency and the chemical indicators, plants grown in the balanced solution all showed the best results. The nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture showed some differences between E2 and E5 in some aspects. Under the same N source level, plants in E2 showed a better growth and higher NO₃-N uptake than E5. On the other hand, the uptake of NH₄-N seemed to be affected significantly by the interchanged frequency, which showed the same variations of glutamine synthetase activity. The activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase showed the coexist of NO₃-N and NH₄-N could play synergistic effect. It is not recommended to supplement NO₃-N frequently in the case of N leaching loss, which has little impact on the growth and may lead to the hard taste and groundwater pollution.     

灌溉方式对露地菠菜的生长及氮素利用的影响

试验比较了在山东莱阳的生产条件下畦灌和喷灌方式对菠菜(Spinacia.oleracea.L.)的生长和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在两种灌溉条件下施N180kg.hm2处理的菠菜产量最高。播后29d,相同氮素处理下喷灌的菠菜生长明显好于畦灌;喷灌条件下的施N120与180kg.hm2处理的菠菜产量无明显差异,但在畦灌条件下二者差异显著。高氮条件下喷灌比畦灌可明显减少表观氮素损失,可考虑减少氮素投入。在本试验条件下,菠菜施氮量(即施肥量和播前根层土壤无机氮之和)喷灌和畦灌应分别为N164和224kg.hm2,以保证秋季露地菠菜的生长而不造成肥料的浪费。     

几种有机和无机氮肥对草莓生长及其氮素吸收分配影响的差异

通过不同生育时期植株各部位的氮素分析,研究了不同商品有机肥和有机无机复混肥对大田草莓(FragariaAnanassa.c.v.Dutch.)植株生长及氮素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施用不同肥料品种均可促进植物氮素吸收,提高氮素积累速率,促进氮素向果实中分配。在施等量氮素养分条件下,草莓器官的氮素吸收状况对不同氮肥品种反应不一。尽管无机肥处理的氮素积累速率和地上部全氮含量较高,但施用商品有机肥较无机氮肥或有机无机复混肥更能促进草莓生长发育和草莓果实产量的增加,说明无机氮不宜作为草莓基肥一次性施用。结果还表明,施肥处理氮素的日均积累量平均为10.8.mg/plant,而不施肥处理仅为5.1.mg/plant。在果实采收末期,不同处理草莓各器官的氮素分配趋势为果实茎和叶柄叶片根系。施用纯有机肥(OFA和OFB),果实中吸收的氮素超过植株吸收总量的一半,分别占53.5%和51.7%,无机氮肥处理(UN)和有机无机复混肥处理(OIF)的果实氮素分配率分别只有46.1%和39.8%。     

水氮梯度对饲用甜高粱生长和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探究不同灌溉量和施氮水平对饲用甜高粱生长特性、单株耗水规律以及水分利用效率的影响,为确定饲用甜高粱适宜种植密度、优化水氮管理措施以及提高栽培生产潜力提供理论支撑。【方法】在温室条件下进行二因素三水平随机区组试验,供试饲用甜高粱品种为‘大力士’。设置了3个灌溉量,分别为达到田间持水量的30%～50%(I1)、50%～70%(I2)、70%～90%(I3);设置了3个施氮水平,分别为0 kg/hm² (N0)、200kg/hm² (N1)、400 kg/hm² (N2)。在饲用甜高粱拔节期取样,测定甜高粱株高、茎粗、鲜重与干重。同时,采用自动称重式蒸渗仪测定单株耗水动态,计算了干物质水分利用效率。【结果】1)增加灌溉量显著增加了饲用甜高粱株高和茎粗,与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下甜高粱株高分别提高了20.0%和34.5%,茎粗分别增加了18.0%和36.6%。施氮对株高和茎粗无显著影响。2)增加灌溉量显著提高甜高粱植株茎、叶及地上部鲜重和干重,施氮水平仅显著影响叶的鲜重和茎的干重。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下地上部...