德令哈市2002年冬季灭治鼠害取得成效

德令哈市伊克阿拉地区冬春草场和夏秋草场高原鼠兔危害严重 ,危害面积达 9.93× 10 4hm2 。 2 0 0 2年冬季青海省畜牧厅下达给德令哈市 3.33× 10 4hm2 的灭鼠任务 ,该市于 2 0 0 2年 11月 11日至 12月 15日 ,历时34d ,全面完成 3.33× 10 4hm2 灭治任务 ,共投入资金 2 5万元 ,灭治效果达 96 .7%。1　鼠害调查为保质保量完成冬季灭鼠工作 ,防治前对防治区做了详细的实地密度调查 ,用封洞开洞法。在 10个防治点共做 15 0个样方 ,样方面积为 0 .0 6 7hm2 ,灭鼠前有效洞口最高密度达 1170个 /hm2 ,平均 4 4 0个 /hm2 。2　灭治方法即采用生物毒…     

共和两乡春季灭鼠工作全面完成

共和县倒淌河乡是纯牧业乡、曲沟乡是半牧半农乡 ,草地面积分别是 1 1 .1 7万 hu、5 .5 3万 hu ,其中可利用草地面积分别为 1 0 .75万 hu ,3 .0 8万 hu ,2 0 0 0年春季两乡鼠害发生面积为 1 6.67万 hu ,重度危害面积为 1 0 .0 0万 hu。为此 ,省州业务主管部门下达春季灭鼠任务。在我县各方面努力下 ,已圆满完成 5 .3 3万 hu灭鼠任务。1　灭治前的准备工作为了确保本次灭鼠工作的顺利进行 ,灭治前成立了由主管县长为组长的领导小组 ,对人力 ,物力做了充分的准备。并对防治区作了详细的调查 ,共做鼠兔密度样方 82个。危害密度最高达71 6个 / h…     

高原鼠兔饵料引诱剂的试验研究

为寻求一种饵料引诱剂 ,增加毒饵的适口性 ,以提高对高原鼠兔的防治效果 ,自制了五种引诱剂 ,采用笼养试喂的方法 ,进行引诱剂的试验研究 ,结果表明y1、y2 两种引诱剂对高原鼠兔的引诱效果较好     

乌兰县2001年灭治鼠害取得成效

乌兰县位于柴达木盆地东部 ,隶属海西州 ,境内平均海拔 2 980ｍ ,气候寒冷干燥 ,草地类型以山地草原类和荒漠类为主 ,植被单一。近年来 ,由于旱灾和牲畜超载过牧 ,引起大面积鼠类为害。据1 997年及 1 999年我县草地鼠虫害及毒杂草普查表明 ,该区草地高原鼠兔分布广、危害严重 ,危害面积高达 8.33× 1 0 4 ｈｍ2 。为此 ,今年春季青海省畜牧厅下达给乌兰县 4.67× 1 0 4 ｈｍ2 的灭鼠任务 ,于 2 0 0 1年 3月 1 4日至 4月 1 0日 ,历时 2 8ｄ ,共灭治面积达4.68× 1 0 4 ｈｍ2 ,共投入资金 2 8.7万元 ,灭治效果达96.9%。1　鼠害调查为了保质保…     

虾类配饵中蛋白质与添加剂

制造虾类配饵,目前仍认为应符合四个方面的要求: 1、饵料需是高蛋白的.据康元德等人研究认为:以贝类软体动物等为饵料试验对虾,生长效果显著,这些饵料以干重计所含蛋白质在50%以上,因此得出结论虾饵应是高蛋白质的. 2、饵料入水要有稳定性即能在较长的时间内耐水不溃散.鱼的摄食方式是吞食,虾的摄食方式是携饵且走且食,故要求配饵入水后数小时内不溃散,方能适应虾的这种摄食方式.     

25～35kg生长猪可消化氨基酸的需要量

本试验采用单因子试验设计法研究饲粮蛋白质 (CP)和可消化氨基酸水平对生长猪生产性能的影响。试验共设 5个处理 ,饲粮可消化赖氨酸 (Dlys)水平分别为 0 .4 0 %、0 .55%、0 .70 %、0 .85%和 1 .0 % ,Dlys/CP之比为 5%。饲粮等能 ( 1 3.72MJDE/kg) ,等氨基酸模式。其中 ,赖氨酸与可消化含硫氨基酸 (D-SAA)、可消化苏氨酸 (DThr)、可消化色氨酸 (DTrp)之比为 1 0 0 59 6 2 1 9。试猪为大白×长白杂交猪 ,平均起始重 2 5.1 8kg ,结束重 36 .86kg。结果表明 ,生长猪的平均日增重 (Y1)和饲料转化率 (Y2 )均随饲粮赖氨酸水平 (x)的增加呈显著的二次曲线变化。Y1(g) =-4 90 .4 2 7+ 2 6 91 .0 31X -1 50 1 .84 1X2 　　R2 =0 .996 2Y2 =9.891 -1 6 .784X + 9.36 5X2 R2 =0 .990 9当赖氨酸水平分别为 0 .8959%、0 .896 1 %时 ,平均日增重和饲料转化率分别达 71 5g和 2 .37。由此推算 ,2 5～ 35kg生长猪达到最大生产性能的Dlys、D -SAA、DThr、DTrp及CP的需要量分别为 0 .896 %、0 .52 9%、0 .556 %、0 .1 70 %、1 7.92 0 % ,饲粮CP/DE为 1 3.0 6g/MJ,Dlys/CP为 5.0 0 % ,Dlys/DE为 0 .6 5g/MJ。     

不同灭鼠饵剂对高原鼠兔种群密度的影响CSCD

为了解新贝奥(B1)、杀它仗(B2)、莪术醇(B3)、鼠道难(B4)4种灭鼠饵剂对高原鼠兔种群密度的控制效果,选择石渠县高寒草地进行田间试验,有4个施药区和1个对照区,每个样地约占30 hm2。结果表明:杀它仗被采食的数量和重量都显著高于其他3种饵剂(P<0.05);投放5 d后,4种饵剂试验区高原鼠兔的灭效分别为14.1%、59.0%、4.5%、32.3%,短期内杀它仗的控制效果相对较好;8月盛草期调查,4种饵剂试验区高原鼠兔的灭效分别为67.9%、68.0%、40.7%、57.1%,杀它仗、鼠道难、新贝奥饵剂的灭鼠效果较为明显;较大颗粒的杀它仗饵剂易被高原鼠兔采食,灭效较高。     

都兰县2003年冬季鼠害灭治效果显著

梁泽胜(都兰县草原站,青海察汗乌苏镇816100)　　2003年冬季省农牧厅下达给都兰县沟里乡3.33×104hm2的高原鼠兔灭治任务,我县积极组织人力、物力于11月25日进点至12月22日结束,历时28d,共投入40万元资金,对沟里乡秀毛村一社、二社的四季草场进行了鼠害的防治工作,平均灭治效果达97.3%。1　鼠害调查为了保质保量的完成灭鼠工作,防前对灭治区做了详细的实地调查,根据高原鼠兔的活动习性,利用堵洞法,在沟里乡秀毛村13个灭治点做了150个样方,样方面积为0.067hm2,测得灭前平均有效洞口330个/hm2,最高密度达435个/hm2,最低225个/hm2,达到了《青海…     

不同灭鼠饵剂对高原鼠兔种群密度的影响

为了解新贝奥(B1)、杀它仗(B2)、莪术醇(B3)、鼠道难(B4)4种灭鼠饵剂对高原鼠兔种群密度的控制效果,选择石渠县高寒草地进行田间试验,有4个施药区和1个对照区,每个样地约占30 hm2。结果表明:杀它仗被采食的数量和重量都显著高于其他3种饵剂(P0.05);投放5 d后,4种饵剂试验区高原鼠兔的灭效分别为14.1%、59.0%、4.5%、32.3%,短期内杀它仗的控制效果相对较好;8月盛草期调查,4种饵剂试验区高原鼠兔的灭效分别为67.9%、68.0%、40.7%、57.1%,杀它仗、鼠道难、新贝奥饵剂的灭鼠效果较为明显;较大颗粒的杀它仗饵剂易被高原鼠兔采食,灭效较高。     

用均匀设计法研究不同营养组合对凡纳滨对虾生长和饵料利用率的影响

采用均匀设计U8(85)法研究了饲料中蛋白质(X1)、植物油(X2)、胆固醇(X3)、维生素(X4)和矿物质(X5)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长和饵料利用率的影响。试验进行了41 d。以相对增重率(Y1)、饵料系数(Y2)、蛋白质效率(Y3)和表观消化率(Y4)为因变量建立回归模型,得出相对增重率的回归模型为:Y1=154.71+0.055 574 2X1+1.246 44X1X5-3.818 26X32+51.884 2X3X4-5.36614X42-57.9849X52(R2=0.999 9);饵料系数的回归模型为:Y2=0.477 185+0.320 387X2-0.009 847 12X1X3+0.032 482X1X4-0.287 23X2X4-0.073 165 5X32+0.914 946X3X4(R2=0.652 7);蛋白质效率的回归模型为:Y3=142.674+1.72858X1-0.288 361X1X2-2.876 73X1X4+1.300 53X1X5-5.973 4X2X3+15.154 7X42(R2=0.896 1);表观消化率的回归模型为:Y4=80.735+1.826 07X2+0.217 189X1X4-0.017 297X1X5+0.297 278X2X4+0.425 209X4X5-1.523 78X52(R2=0.966 2)。利用全排列法得出饲料中蛋白质为34.25%,植物油为1%,胆固醇为0%,维生素为1.5%,矿物质为0.38%、0.75%、1.13%时凡纳滨对虾生长较快,饵料利用率较高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -