Apatite Control of Phosphorus Release to Runoff from Soils of Phosphate Mine Reclamation Areas

This study was initiated to explore the effects of ozone (O₃) exposure on potted wheat roots and soil microbial community function. Three treatments were performed: (1) Air with daily averaged O₃ concentration of 4–10 ppb (control situation, CK), (2) Air plus 8 h averaged O₃ concentration of 76.1 ppb (O₃-1), and (3) Air plus 8 h averaged O₃ concentration of 118.8 ppb (O₃-2). In treatments with elevated O₃ concentration (O₃-1 and O₃-2), the root and shoot biomass were reduced by 25% and 18%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (CK). On the other hand, root activity was significantly reduced by 58% and 90.8% in the O₃-1 and O₃-2 treatments, respectively, compared to CK. The soil microbial biomass was significantly reduced only in the highest O₃ concentration (O₃-2 treatment) in the rhizosphere soil. Soil microbial community composition was assessed under O₃ stress based on the changes in the sole carbon source utilization profiles of soil microbial communities using the Biolog? system. Principal component analysis showed that there was significant discrimination in the sole-carbon source utilization pattern of soil microbial communities among the O₃ treatments in rhizosphere soil; however, there was none in the bulk soil. In rhizosphere soil, the functional richness of the soil microbial community was reduced by 27% and 38% in O₃-1 and O₃-2 treatments, respectively, compared to CK. O₃-2 treatment remarkably decreased the Shannon diversity index of soil microbial community function in rhizosphere soil, but the O₃-1 treatment did not. In the dominant microorganisms using carbon sources of carbohydrates and amino acids groups were significantly reduced by an elevated O₃ concentration in the rhizosphere soil. Our study shows that the elevated ozone levels may alter microbial community function in rhizosphere soil but not in the bulk soil. Hence, this suggests that O₃ effects on soil microbes are caused by O₃ detriments on the plant, but not by the O₃ direct effects on the soil microbes.     

有机酸和磷对两种污染土壤铅的释放作用研究

用土壤培养和化学浸提法研究了不同低分子量有机酸和磷对污染土壤中铅释放的影响。结果表明,随有机酸浓度增加,铅污染红壤、棕壤中可溶出铅量均增加。当供试有机酸浓度≥1mmol·L-1时,相同浓度有机酸溶出铅量为柠檬酸〉乙酸〉草酸;当有机酸浓度≤0.5mmol·L-1时,溶出铅量为草酸〉柠檬酸〉乙酸。将2g·kg-1磷及50mmol·kg-1有机酸与铅污染红壤以不同方式混合后,柠檬酸处理的溶出铅比率（在污染土壤中加入P、有机酸后溶出铅含量与单加有机酸溶出铅含量之比）为66%（先加有机酸再加磷）、58%（有机酸与磷同时加入）、70%（先加磷再加有机酸）,草酸处理（方式同上）的溶出铅比率为90%、89%、94%,乙酸处理（方式同上）的为10%、8%、10%。铅污染棕壤上,以上处理的溶出铅比率分别为106.46%、104.43%、105.19%（柠檬酸）;43%、48%、58%（草酸）;38%、42%、55%（乙酸）。供试条件下,红壤最低溶出铅比率低于棕壤。     

Impacts of Molybdate Unreactive Phosphorus on Phosphate Release from Intensively Fertilized Soil

Total phosphorus (P) in soil is classified as molybdate-reactive P (MRP) and molybdate-unreactive P (MUP) based on bioavailability, and P tests are generally focused on MRP fraction of soil, despite the fact that MUP can contribute significantly to total extracted P. This survey study indicated that water-soluble P (WP) contributed as much as 9% to total P (TP) in two intensively fertilized (rice–onion cropping upland and greenhouse) soils, and most (ca. 80%) of WP was present in MUP form. The total P lost through runoff and leaching was high (>5 ppm), due to rotating greenhouse into submerged paddy soil, especially at the initial stage of rice cultivation, and MUP contributed 43% and 77% to total P lost through runoff and leaching, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor MUP to develop suitable soil-management strategies to reduce MUP release and P loss from high-P-containing soils.     

环境因子及沉水植物对底泥磷释放的影响研究

通过环境因子（温度、pH、扰动、溶解氧等）及沉水植物对底泥磷释放影响的研究，分析了环境因子影响底泥磷释放的因素，及不同环境条件下沉水植物影响底泥磷释放的因素，得出了如下结论：溶解氧、pH、温度及扰动等对底泥磷向上覆水体释放都有一定影响，其中溶解氧和pH值影响较大；湖泊特别浅水型湖泊中，磷对水体富营养化起重要作用；沉水植物在控制湖泊底泥营养向水体扩散、风等外界因素扰动底泥起关键作用；浅水型湖泊中，湖泊底泥受扰动较大适合种植象狐尾藻类多分枝的沉水植物，这样有利于抑制底泥磷向水体的释放．     

天然腐殖质材料对低品位磷矿粉水溶性磷的促释效果

低品位磷矿开发应用困难的关键问题在于其活化释放困难以及磷素在土壤中易被固定。将不同添加量的天然腐殖质材料及其衍生物作为促释材料,采用连续水浸提法、X-射线衍射以及红外光谱分析了促释材料对低品位磷矿粉的水溶性磷释放特性以及磷矿粉的结构与成键变化的影响,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证磷矿粉与促释材料在最优配比下的生物肥效。结果表明：随着促释材料添加量的提高,水溶性磷的释放也呈现增加趋势,当天然腐殖质材料和HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料分别与低品位磷矿粉混合的质量比为20:80时,5次水溶性磷释放总量分别为对照处理的1.54倍和1.72倍。X-射线衍射分析结果表明,天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料混合低品位磷矿粉经过5次浸提后,P2O5和Ca(PO3)2对应的特征衍射峰出现显著下降。红外光谱分析结果表明,天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料混合低品位磷矿粉经过5次浸提后,可明显看到位于966 cm-1处PO43-对称伸缩振动v1吸收峰消失,同时位于1 127、673和612 cm-1处PO43-非对称伸缩振动v3吸收峰、H2PO4-相关吸收峰和HPO42-相关吸收峰强度均显著下降。盆栽试验进一步表明,天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料作为一种优质有机物料按照6 g?kg-1或9 g?kg-1的施用量同时与低品位磷矿粉按照20:80的质量比混合后可显著提升土壤的有效磷含量,同时可快速提升土壤有机质含量。天然腐殖质材料按9 g?kg-1的施用量同时与低品位磷矿粉按20:80的质量比混合,在播种后第14、30、60天土壤有效磷分别较对照处理增加了29.86%、29.47%、36.48%,土壤有机质分别较CK增加34.16%、8.05%、47.40%。HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料按9 g?kg-1的施用量同时与低品位磷矿粉按20:80的质量比混合,在播种后第14、30、60天土壤有效磷分别较CK增加了36.97%、94.44%、34.51%,土壤有机质分别较CK增加27.29%、14.57%、45.41%。天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料呈酸性、高比表面积、腐殖质含量高、活性官能团数量多等特性是提升低品位磷矿粉的水溶性磷和土壤有效磷含量的主要原因。     

有机磷在调节土壤磷素保持与释放过程中的作用

以巢湖沿岸土壤和沉积物为对象,分析了速效磷、藻类可利用性磷、有机磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性的空间变化格局,并测定了磷吸附参数.结果表明,土壤有机磷含量差异显著,以草地最高,而速效磷和藻类可利用性磷含量无明显差异;酶活性及速效磷含量与有机磷含量呈显著正相关,土壤对正磷酸根的吸附量与土壤中有机磷含量呈正相关;湖泊沉积物中有机磷含量与周边土壤中有机磷含量显著正相关.因此,土壤有机磷及其酶促水解过程是调节沉积物作为磷源或磷汇功能的关键因素之一.     

Phosphorus Fractions of Soils Treated with Phosphate Rock and Monocalcium Phosphate after Ryegrass Growth

Abstract

Excess EDDHA (ethylenediamine di(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid) ) had little effect on leaf concentrations of Fe in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var Improved Tendergreen) when grown in nutrient solution at three pH values from 4.3 to 8.7. An excess of EDDHA 20 times that of Fe decreased yields slightly, but not as result of Fe deficiency. A resulting hypothesis is that chelated Fe can be transferred from chelating agent to uptake sites on roots without going in the ionic form through the solution around roots.     

Change Point in Phosphorus Release from Variously Managed Soils with Contrasting Properties

Abstract

Investigating the relation between concentration or release of phosphorus (P) into soil solution (CaCl₂‐P, determined by 0.01 M CaCl₂ extraction of soils) and soil test phosphorus (Olsen P, or 0.5 N NaHCO₃‐extractable soil phosphorus) for 10 widely ranging and variously managed soils from central Italy, a change point was evident where the slopes of two linear relationships meet. In other words, it was possible to distinguish two sections of the plots of CaCl₂‐P against Olsen P, for which increases of CaCl₂‐P per unit of soil test P increase were significantly (p<0.05) greater above than below these change points. Values of change point ranged from 14.8 to 253.1 mg kg^?1 Olsen P and were very closely correlated (p<0.001) to phosphorus sorption capacity of soils. Similar change points were also previously observed when Olsen P (and also Mehlich 3 P) of surface soils was related to the P concentration of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. Because insufficient data are available relating P in surface soils and amount of P loss by overland, subsurface, or drainage flow, using the CaCl₂ extraction of soil can be convenient to determine a change point in soil test P, which may be used in support of agricultural and environmental P management.     

Phosphorus Availability in Soils Amended with Different Phosphate Fertilizers

Abstract

Accurate measurement and characterization of phosphate rock dissolution are important for a better understanding of phosphorus (P) availability in soils. An incubation study was carried out on two New Zealand topsoils (0–15 cm; high P buffering capacity Craigieburn and low P buffering capacity Templeton) amended with North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and water‐soluble phosphate (WSP) at 218 mg P kg^?1 (equivalent to 60 kg P ha^?1). Isotopic exchange kinetics was carried out after 12 h and 28 days of incubation to characterize P availability. This study showed that sensitivity of capacity factors (r₁/R, n) to explain changes in E_1min values was affected by the P buffering capacity of the soils. The recovery of applied P in the E pool (Rec_inE%) with extended incubation time was similar from the NCPR and WSP treatments (3.1–3.3%) in the Craigieburn soil compared with the Templeton soil in which Rec_inE% values were greater in WSP (9%) than NCPR (1.3%) treatment. The higher values of P derived from the applied P fertilizers in the E pool (Pdff_inE%>80%) suggested that the NCPR application in both soils would be efficient for increasing P availability to plants.     

砂质土壤磷素的组成特点与释放规律研究

砂质土壤磷素主要以可提取态形式积累,有很高的释放潜力。该类土壤磷素的释放受土壤pH、土水作用时间和土壤溶液化学组成等的影响。土壤酸化、土壤溶液中Na+浓度的提高及土壤与水的作用时间增加可促进土壤磷素的释放。用淋洗方法和平衡提取等2种方法对土壤磷素的释放评价表明,淋洗方法测得的P量较小,可代表土壤短期内P释放强度;而平衡提取法提取的P数量较大,可代表土壤P长期释放的容量。     

淹水土壤磷释放机理研究进展

磷是水体富营养化的主要控制因素,以农业磷为主的非点源污染通常是水体富营养化的主要来源。在许多农业地区,尤其在季节性洪水淹没的条件下,变化的环境因素导致农业土壤释放到水中的磷加剧。本文主要以影响磷释放吸附的因素为角度,综述了国内外淹水条件下土壤磷释放机理的研究进展,并指出了目前研究存在的问题,提出了建议。     

大宁河回水区消落带土壤磷释放动力学研究

以三峡大宁河回水区消落带采集的6个土壤样品为研究对象,在室内模拟条件下,通过磷释放动力学实验,研究了三峡入库河流大宁河消落带土壤磷释放动力学特征,并分析了样品组成特征对释放动力学的影响,结果表明:指数动力学模型可以很好的拟合大宁河回水区消落带土壤样品磷释放动力学特征,前25 h为快反应,磷释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大磷释放量;样品磷释放动力学特征与总氮、总磷和有机质等理化指标相关性较弱;样品磷释放动力学特征与Fe/Al-P的呈现极显著正相关关系,与Ca-P和O-P的相关性较弱,这说明样品中磷的释放量主要受Fe/Al-P含量控制。     

Assessment of Potential Nutrient Release from Phosphate Rock and Dolostone for Application in Acid Soils

Finding alternative local sources of plant nutrients is a practical, low-cost, and long-term strategy. In this study, laboratory column experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the feasibility of using phosphate rock and dolostone as fertilizers or acid-neutralizing agents for application in tropical acid soils. The dissolution rates of different particle-size fractions(0.063–0.25, 0.25–0.5, and 0.5–2 mm) of both rocks were studied by citric acid solution at p H 4 and 2 and water, with extraction times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 24, 72, 144, 240, and 360 h. The results showed that the dissolution of both rocks depended on the particle size,leaching solution, and extraction time. The dissolution rate of rock-forming minerals increased as the specific surface area increased,corresponding to a decrease in particle size. In all cases, the release kinetics was characterized by two phases: 1) a first stage of rapid release that lasted 24 h and would ensure short-term nutrient release, and 2) a second stage of slow release after 24 h, representing the long-term nutrient release efficiency. Both rocks were suitable as slow-release fertilizers in strongly acid soils and would ensure the replenishment of P, Ca, and Mg. A combination of fine and medium particle-size fractions should be used to ensure high nutrient-release efficiency. Much work could remain to determine the overall impact of considerable amounts of fresh rocks in soils.     

Effect of Long-Term Effluent Recharge on Phosphate Sorption by Soils in a Wastewater Reclamation Plant

The Soreq recharge basins, used for wastewater reclamation employing the Soil-Aquifer Treatment (SAT) system, have been recharged, on average, by about 1,800 m depth of secondary effluent during their operation period of ～25 years. An estimated amount of ～6 kg P m^?2 was added to the soil/sediment column during this period. The objective of this study was to compare phosphorous sorption characteristics of representative pristine soils in the Soreq recharge site to those of the basin soils sampled after a long period of effluent recharge. Batch isotherm experiments were conducted: samples of one g of soil were equilibrated with 25 mL of 0.02 M NaCl solution containing 0–3.2 mM of phosphate for 7 days at 25± 1^°C and P sorption was measured. Long-term effluent recharge significantly decreased the maximum P sorption capacity of the top sandy soil (0.15–0.3 m) and only very slightly decreased maximum P isotherm capacity of the deep clayey-sand soil (10–10.5 m). The retention of P in the basin sandy soil primarily involved sorption and surface precipitation reactions on soil carbonates. In the basin clayey-sand soil, P was retained by its sorption on surfaces of Fe, Al, Mn oxide/hydroxides and clay minerals. Long-term effluent recharge increased EPC₀, (the equilibrium P concentration in solution at which there is no sorption or desorption to or from the soil under the given conditions), of the basin soils compared to the pristine soils. Due to loading of the top horizons with P by prolonged recharge and reduced P concentration in the effluent, EPC₀ of the basin sandy soil is now equal to the average P concentration of the recharged effluents. If effluent P concentration will decrease further, the top sandy soil will become a source of P to the reclaimed water, rather than a sink. The clayey-sand layers and lenses in the vadose zone of the SAT system of the Soreq site offer a large capacity for P adsorption. With gradual leaching of carbonate minerals and synthesis of secondary clay minerals, driven by long-term effluent recharge, P retention mechanisms in the basin soil may be changed, but this process would be extremely slow.     

沙土覆盖和沉水植物措施对污染沉积物氮磷释放的影响

对浙江省庙山坞自然保护区天然次生常绿阔叶林的水文生态特征进行了为期1a的定位观测研究。结果表明:(1)研究区天然次生林土壤水分具有明显月动态变化规律和垂直变化特征,土壤含水量年均14.24%～22.55%,年内变化与降雨量趋势基本一致,为先上升后下降。表层(0—5cm)土壤水分垂直变化较大,随着深度的增加,森林土壤含水量变异系数减小。(2)坡面径流量月变化较大,与一次性降水有密切关系。集水区径流量月际间变动幅度较大,8月份径流量达到最大值389.11mm。(3)流域内的多次水质抽样检验结果表明,多数水质指标都达到一类水质标准,超标指标主要是总氮和pH值。     

pH和磷的交互作用对稳定化土壤砷释放的影响

以3种含Fe材料稳定化土壤(FeSO_4、FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤)为研究对象,研究了不同pH和P的交互作用对As释放量的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,在pH=3条件下,随着时间的延长能够促进释放的As重新趋于稳定化,而pH=11时3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量显著增加,144 h后分别约为pH=3时的10.5、16和10倍。添加P时,在3种pH条件下都促进了稳定化土壤中As的释放,尤其在酸性条件下,相对于无P体系As的释放量增加最为明显。FeSO_4稳定化土壤中As的释放特征能用Elovich方程较好地描述,而双常数方程拟合FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤效果更优。在pH=3条件下,3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量与Ca、Mg、Mn的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,而pH=11时FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放量与SO_4~(2–)的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,表明在酸性条件下,稳定化土壤As的释放主要受Ca、Mg、Mn氧化物结合态As溶解的影响,而碱性条件下,FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放可能与硫化物的溶解有关。     

微晶化磷矿粉的释磷特性及肥效机理

以有机材料为活化剂,用微晶化设备对磷矿粉进行活化处理,研究微晶活化后磷矿粉的物理特性、磷素释放动态及肥效.结果表明:微晶活化后磷矿粉的粒径整体变小,比表面积显著增大,磷素单次释放量和释放总量显著提高.施入土壤后,芦笋合格产品支数、单支质量和总产量较普通磷矿粉处理分别提高了2.61％,7.94％和9.64％;施用磷矿粉还可以增加土壤有效磷含量,提高土壤pH值,并促进芦笋对磷素的吸收,其中微晶化磷矿粉处理增加幅度明显高于普通磷矿粉处理.微晶化磷矿粉增量施用后,增产效果与普通过磷酸钙处理相当.     

Oxalic Acid Effect on Potassium Release from Typical Rice Soils of Kashmir

Batch experiments were employed to examine the influence of oxalic acid on release kinetics of potassium (K) from soils along with adsorption and desorption of soil K⁺. The soils used were three rice soils from high-, mid-, and low-altitude zones. The results showed that soil K extracted using 0.2 mol L^–1 oxalic acid was similar to that of 1 mol L^–1 boiling nitric acid (HNO₃). The relation between K release (y) and concentrations of oxalic acid (c) could be best described as y = a + b log c, whereas the best-fit kinetic equation of K release was y = a + b √t. The K release for soils was in the order Bonbagh > Ganasthan > Kreeri. An oxalic acid solution with low pH was able to release more K. Oxalic acid decreased soil K⁺ adsorption and increased desorption, the effect of which tended to be greater at lower pH.     

Contrasting Effects of Four Plant Residues on Phosphorus Sorption-Desorption in Some Phosphorus Fertilized Calcareous Soils

Four types of plant residues (fruit waste, potato, sunflower, and wheat) with wide ranges of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) and carbon to phosphorus (C/P) ratios were added to the soil at the rate of 20 g kg^?1 (dry weight basis) and incubated for two months. In soils treated with plant residues, the P sorption ranged from 62.0% (potato) to 96.6% (wheat) and from 12.6% (fruit waste) to 50.6% (wheat) when 20 and 1500 mg P kg^?1 were added to the soils, respectively. In general, incorporation of plant residues decreased maximum P sorption capacity but increased bonding energy. The maximum P sorption capacity was reduced from 586 mg kg^?1to 500, 542, and 548 by wheat, fruit, and potato residues, respectively, but increased to 665 mg kg^?1 by sunflower residue. At higher P addition, the highest percentage of desorbed P was observed in soils treated with wheat residue (49.9%); followed by fruit waste (46.5%), potato (43.5%), sunflower (38.8%) and control soils (37.0%). It indicated that the P content of the organic residues had an important role in the sorption and desorption of P in calcareous soils. Among organic residues, sunflower residue showed high sorption and low desorption of P in soils, indicating a higher potential of this organic residue for P retention and reducing surface and groundwater contamination in calcareous soils.     

秸秆添加对石灰性土壤有机与无机碳释放的影响

在富含碳酸盐的石灰性土壤上,土壤本身CO2释放不仅来自土壤有机碳（SOC）的分解,也源于无机碳（SIC）的溶解。在秸秆还田下,石灰性土壤CO2释放来源达到三个（秸秆碳、SOC和SIC）,由于区分技术的限制,当前区分CO2释放三源的研究,尚少见报道。以华北石灰性农田土壤为研究对象,采用13C标记玉米秸秆添加土壤进行室内培养32周,设置4个处理,分别为无添加对照（CK）、低量秸秆添加（S1,相当于田间秸秆还田量9.6 t?hm-2）、中量秸秆添加（S2,秸秆还田量28.8 t?hm-2）和高量秸秆添加（S3,秸秆还田量48.0 t?hm-2）,利用秸秆碳、SOC与SIC之间的δ13C差异,借助稳定同位素溯源模型IsoSource,区分土壤CO2的释放来源,明确秸秆添加对石灰性土壤有机与无机碳释放的影响。结果表明,随着培养时间的进行,土壤释放CO2中源于秸秆的贡献呈下降趋势;秸秆分解对土壤CO2释放的贡献随着秸秆添加量增加而增加,对于S1、S2和S3处理,土壤释放CO2中源于秸秆、SOC和SIC的贡献比值约分别为3:3:4、5:2:3和6:2:2;与CK相比,S1处理降低SOC分解的激发效应（程度为9%）,S2和S3处理反而增加了SOC分解的激发效应（程度分别为22%和57%）;秸秆和SOC矿化增加SIC溶解的释放,随秸秆添加量增加而增加,S1、S2和S3处理提高SIC源CO2的释放程度分别为368%、561%和652%。因此,秸秆添加不仅影响SOC源CO2的释放,也增加了SIC源CO2的释放,若忽略SIC溶解对土壤CO2释放的贡献,可能导致SOC矿化量的高估,进而影响SOC激发效应评估的准确度。