Temporal Changes in the State of a Pine Stand in a Bog Affected by Air Pollution in Northeast Estonia

We used the needle trace method to investigate changes in the state of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in a bog (Voorepera) in the north-eastern part of Estonia, the most polluted area of the country. Additionally, we chose six sampling sites in other parts of Northeast Estonia (polluted area) and eight sites in southern Estonia (unpolluted area) to compare the state of pine stands in different bogs. During the period of 1964–1997, the radial growth had increased from 0.27 to 2.16 mm yr^–1 and the annual shoot length from 0.10 to 0.28 m in Voorepera. Mean values of the period (1.13 mm yr^–1 and 0.26 m, respectively) were two and four times higher in Voorepera than the average of the other bogs (0.5 mm yr^–1 and 0.06 m, respectively). Maximum needle age fluctuated between three and five growing seasons in Voorepera, the mean (four growing seasons) was similar to that of other bogs (four growing seasons). Except radial growth, which was 0.6 mm yr^–1 in the polluted area and 0.4 mm yr^–1 in the unpolluted area, other indices of trees' health (shoot growth, needle age, nitrogen concentration in needles) and substrate conditions (water pH and N concentration) did not show clear differences between polluted and unpolluted areas. We conclude that air pollution from oil shale industry (thermal power plant and chemical factories) enhances the growth of pines in bogs, which can induce drastic changes in these ecosystems. However, the effect is currently obvious only in the vicinity of pollution sources.     

Element Concentrations in Scots Pine Needles on Radial Transects Across a Subarctic Area

Concentrations of aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chlorine (Cl), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), sulphur (S), silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) in Scots pine needles collected from transects across Finnish Lapland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Ni, Cu, Fe, P and S concentrations were significantly higher in the needles collected in the vicinity of the smelters in Monchegorsk, whereas Mn and Zn decreased towards Monchegorsk. No distinct increase of S or decrease of Mn and Zn concentrations in the needles were observed when approaching Nikel. Foliar S concentrations were higher in C needles than in C+1 needles, even in plots close to the smelters. The effect of the emissions from the smelters was clearly seen in the needle chemistry up to 50 km away from smelters and was still perceivable over 100 km away.     

A New Imitative Model to Predict the Impact of Air Pollutants on Scots Pine Health and Radial Increment

In order to address the problem of pollutant effects on trees against the background of environmental fluctuations a simulation model using radial increment as an indicator of tree productivity is proposed. Ring times series of large trees provide one of the most acceptable biological indicators for the assessment of pollutant impact. This research focused on the tallest severely damaged and healthy trees growing close to each other in the surroundings of Jonava Mineral Fertilizer plant, which primarily emits nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds. The annual increment was found to be strongly correlated with mean September air temperature of the previous year and S load. The correlation coefficient (k=0.961) between modelled and observed tree ring times series of severely damaged trees proves the impact of S load on growth and vitality of a tree and enables fulfillment of tree condition prognosis.     

东北农牧交错带旱涝特征对气候变化的响应

[目的]从旱涝灾害角度分析气候变化对东北农牧交错带的影响,对该区的气候变化和旱涝特征进行研究,为充分利用气候资源,合理调配水资源,提高灾害应变能力提供科学依据。[方法]统计1960—2011年东北农牧交错带21个气象台站的逐月气温、降水资料,应用Mann—Kendall气候突变检验法、标准化降水指数(SPI)、样条函数插值法对该带旱涝状况的时空分布进行了分析。[结果](1)东北农牧交错带气候呈现出明显的暖干化趋势,SPI3表明春、夏、秋三季干旱事件增多,21世纪以来,春旱事件较为频繁,冬季降水略微增加;(2)气温突变发生在1988年,突变后,干旱的比例增加了20.7%,涝的比例增加了9.3%,降水处于"正常"的年份则大幅度减少,对该区极为不利;(3)SPI12低值中心由科尔沁沙地向东北延伸到松嫩平原,干旱面积有大幅度增加的趋势,东北农牧交错带中南部旱化较为严重。[结论]东北农牧交错带暖干化的趋势给该区农牧业带来不利影响,受旱地区应及时启动干旱预警紧急方案,开展抗旱工作。     

Effects of Compost on Loblolly Pine Tree Growth In Northeast Texas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of compost on loblolly pine tree growth. Approximately 750 seedlings were planted, 270 of which were measured monthly, in a northeast Texas forest ecosystem. Compost was applied at rates of 5, 25, and 50 tons per acre. Planting holes were filled with either native soil or compost. The 25-ton per acre application with soil backfill (25S) increased tree survival and growth relative to a control group and other compost amendments. After two years, trees in the 25S treatment survived twice as much and grew 41 percent higher than a control group. In general, compost applications yielded higher soil moisture levels, higher survival rates, and larger growth increases than the control group.     

东北地区春玉米生长发育和产量对温度变化的响应

选择东北地区3个玉米主栽品种,于2007和2008年在锦州进行分期播种试验,调查记录作物发育期,并测定干物质和产量构成.同时结合锦州地面气象观测站的平均气温资料,采用对比、回归等方法分析不同品种玉米生长发育对温度变化的响应.结果表明,播种前10d-出苗期的平均气温与出苗速度相关极显著(P＜0.01),平均气温高则出苗快,出苗速度与品种关系不大;出苗后,平均气温高,可加快中、晚熟品种玉米生长;玉米拔节后,株高增长量与温度的关系因品种而异,最大叶面积指数受温度变化影响较小,主要与品种的生态特性有关;温度变化对干物质增重速率的影响随玉米不同生长阶段而异,出苗后0-20d和40-60d的温度升高对叶片和茎秆的增重速率为正效应;出苗后60-80d的温度升高对籽粒灌浆为正效应;百粒重和产量与抽雄-乳熟期的平均气温呈正相关,与乳熟-成熟期的平均气温呈负相关.研究结果可为当地玉米品种选择、播期调整提供参考.     

Short-Term Influence of Clinker Dust and Wood Ash on Macronutrients and Growth in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings

The effects of clinker dust and wood ash on Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings were compared in buried pots. Clinker dust (0.5 kg m^?2) and wood ash (0.5 kg m^?2) were applied to the surface of a nutrient-poor mineral soil. In the second year, the increase in soil pH by the dust and ash were larger than in the first year. Both alkaline treatments caused a large increase in the needle potassium (K) concentration. An excess of soil K relative to magnesium (Mg) was observed by decreased Mg concentration in needles shortly after treatment. However, Mg concentration in needles stayed in the sufficiency range. Current results confirmed earlier findings that despite a positive effect on base cation nutrition, wood ash has a low potential for increasing the biomass of forest stands on mineral soils due to the N limitation in these soils.     

响应气候变化的棉花生长模拟与县域尺度产量评估

为评估气象变化对棉花生长和县域尺度产量的影响,使用校正的CROPGRO-Cotton模型实现棉花生长模拟和响应气候变化的年际籽棉产量评估.2018年和2019年的田间试验数据被用于校正和验证CROPGRO-Cotton模型,结果表明校正的CROPGRO-Cotton模型对物候发育期模拟精度较好,出苗期、开花期、结铃期和...     

东北地区主要粮食作物对气候变化的响应及其产量效应

综述了在全球气候变暖背景下,东北地区农业气候资源、农业气象灾害的变化特征以及主要农作物对气候变化的响应。结果表明,气候变暖给东北地区农业带来的影响利弊共存,主要表现为东北地区主要农作物生长季节温度升高、热量资源增加,适宜农作物生长的时期延长、适种区域扩大,为作物的光温生产潜力以及产量的提高提供了潜在的可能。但由于光照及水资源的限制以及CO2浓度的增加而引发的温室效应,对农作物的产量和品质也产生了负面影响。极端天气事件增加,农作物生态环境恶化,干旱、洪涝、盐碱化速度加快,尤其是近几年受全球变暖的影响,东北地区主要农作物受干旱灾害的影响最为明显。降水总量减少和降水分布不均匀,使东北地区成为受气候变化影响最敏感和脆弱地区之一。     

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Growth Suppression and Adverse Effects on Human Health Due to Air Pollution in the Upper Silesian Industrial District (USID), Southern Poland

Air pollution emissions were not continually monitored in the Upper Silesian Industrial District (USID), southern Poland, and data is only available for the last 20?years. Long-lasting and severe tree ring reductions in pines growing 5-20 km north of the USID area recorded particularly high levels of air pollution emissions in the period 1950-1990. Especially high amounts of reductions and many missing rings were found in the period 1964-1981. At the same time, pines growing 60?km west of the USID do not record deep ring reductions; this proves that the phenomenon is of a regional nature. Increases in infant mortality and lung, bronchial, and tracheal cancer morbidity rates among males were also recorded in the USID during periods of high air pollution. Infant mortality rates increased several years after the tree ring reductions. Therefore, it may be possible to use tree ring reductions as an early indicator of the occurrence of adverse effects on human health.     

近39年东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力及其对气候变化的响应

为评估东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力及其对区域气候变化的响应,基于东北地区66个气象站点1981—2019年气象数据,采用风蚀气候侵蚀力计算方法,解析东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力空间分布特征、时间变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：近39年(1981—2019年),东北地区风速和相对湿度呈下降趋势,降水量呈波动增加趋势,气温呈上升趋势;风蚀气候侵蚀力整体呈西高东低趋势,全区平均为18.8,空间变化范围为0.9～63.8;春、夏、秋和冬季的风蚀气候侵蚀力分别为10.4,1.4,4.1和2.9;全区年风蚀气候侵蚀力平均每10年减小3.71,春、夏、秋和冬季平均每10年分别减小2.05,0.24,0.96和0.44;风蚀气候侵蚀力有明显的空间性(西高东低)和季节性(春季高,夏季低)。39年来,全年及四季的风蚀气候侵蚀力整体呈下降趋势。研究结果可为不同农业种植区土壤风蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Difference in Needle Length - a New and Objective Indicator of Pollution Impact on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Needle fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was studied south of the Severonikel nickel-copper smelter in the Kola Peninsula, Russia. We measured the difference in length of two needles of the same pair, and calculated FA as the ratio between this difference and the average length of the two needles of this pair. Needle FA did not depend on tree age, distance from the nearest neighbour or branch position within the crown, but increased with an increase in branching order. Needles originating in different years (1993-1997) demonstrated among-year variation in FA, which, however, was not related to annual fluctuations in SO₂ emission by the smelter. FA increased with decreasing distance from the smelter, and in the sites proximate to the smelter FA was double that found at the most distant (background) sites. The increase in FA was primarily due to an increased difference in the length of the two needles, and this difference may serve as a practicable indicator of pollution-induced stress in Scots pine.     

Yield Response of Mediterranean Rangelands under a Changing Climate

Understanding the Mediterranean rangelands degradation trends is a key element of mitigating their vulnerability and enhancing their resilience. Climate change and its inherent effects on mean temperature and the precipitation variability can regulate the magnitude, frequency and duration of droughts and aridity with a profound effect on ecosystem productivity. Here we investigate the effects of climate change to project the development of vegetation in the Mediterranean rangelands by (i) estimating the relative Standardized Precipitation Index and a modification of the United Nations Environment Programme Aridity Index to classify climate variability, and (ii) modelling vegetation response to climate using the Food and Agriculture Organisation crop–water production function. Climate model data are obtained from nine general circulation models under Relative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5 of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. After correcting climate model data for biases, results for two 40‐year future study periods are compared with the baseline period 1961–2000 within a domain that includes the European Mediterranean. We show that a gradual but robust increase of aridity and drought frequency is estimated for most of the Mediterranean region, impacting rangeland vegetation yields. Projected drought and aridity disturbances may well represent permanent shifts to a warmer and more frequently dry status. This alternative stability of climatic pressure lies outside the limits of ecosystem resilience and may indicate that in some cases vegetation will either adapt to the new conditions or be succeeded by more water‐stress tolerant species. Results raise concerns about the fate of the Mediterranean rangelands and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吉林春大豆生育期变化及其对气候变暖的响应

基于1981−2014年吉林省4个代表站大豆生育期观测资料和同期气象观测资料,运用数理统计方法,分析大豆关键生育期的时间变化趋势及其与气候变暖的关系,并建立当地大豆生长发育速率对气温变化的响应模型。结果表明：大豆生长发育时空变化明显,平均而言,大豆播种和成熟日期分别为5月4日和9月24日,全生育期143d,需≥10℃活动积温2640.8℃?d,吉林省东部地区大豆主要发育期偏晚,生育期内平均气温与活动积温均偏低。吉林大豆主产区在20世纪90年代气温出现突变,大豆生长季气温明显升高（P＜0.01）,5−9月气温平均增长速率为0.34℃•10a⁻¹,大豆出苗−成熟期气温平均增长速率为0.43℃•10a⁻¹。34a间,大豆播种期、出苗期和三叶期显著推迟（P＜0.05）,成熟期无明显变化,营养生长期对气候变暖的响应更为显著,大豆生育期逐渐缩短（P＜0.01）。大豆生长发育速率与平均气温均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,随着气候变暖,大豆生长速度加快,总体上,全生育期内平均气温每升高1℃,大豆生长发育速率增加2.8%,生育期缩短约5.4d。     

黄土丘陵区几种林木茎干径向生长的日变化及其对环境因素的响应

利用树木径向生长仪研究了黄土丘陵区6年生油松(Pinus tabulaef ormis)、山杨(Populus davidiana)和辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)及林下灌木胡颓子(Elaegnus umbellata)4种林木整个生长季茎干的径向变化,发现4种林木的径向变化表现为膨胀收缩旋回增长的模式。在整个生长季中,山杨从5月到10月径向持续增长,增长时间最长;而油松和胡颓子的径向生长主要发生在7月份,从8月份开始其增长速率变缓;辽东栎在整个生长季节的径向生长最小。在整个生长季内,山杨径向增长了2.63 mm,胡颓子为0.64 mm,油松和辽东栎则分别为0.40 mm和0.26 mm。辽东栎日收缩量与膨胀量明显大于其他树种。通过对影响林木径向生长的15种环境因子进行主成分分析后,将主要环境因子归结为温度影响因子、湿度影响因子和降水影响因子3个主成分,并提取了影响该区几种林木生长的主要环境因子:日大于0℃的积温、最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量。采用线性逐步回归方法,建立了日膨胀量与日收缩量与3个主要环境因子之间的关系。发现日收缩量与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量均呈负相关关系;而日膨胀量亦与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与其他环境因子的关系随着树种的不同而不同,表现出较大的变异性。     

黄土丘陵区几种林木茎干径向生长的日变化及其对环境因素的响应

利用树木径向生长仪研究了黄土丘陵区6年生油松（Pinus tabulaef ormis）、山杨（Populus davidiana）和辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）及林下灌木胡颓子（Elaegnus umbellata）4种林木整个生长季茎干的径向变化,发现4种林木的径向变化表现为膨胀收缩旋回增长的模式。在整个生长季中,山杨从5月到10月径向持续增长,增长时间最长;而油松和胡颓子的径向生长主要发生在7月份,从8月份开始其增长速率变缓;辽东栎在整个生长季节的径向生长最小。在整个生长季内,山杨径向增长了2.63 mm,胡颓子为0.64 mm,油松和辽东栎则分别为0.40 mm和0.26 mm。辽东栎日收缩量与膨胀量明显大于其他树种。通过对影响林木径向生长的15种环境因子进行主成分分析后,将主要环境因子归结为温度影响因子、湿度影响因子和降水影响因子3个主成分,并提取了影响该区几种林木生长的主要环境因子：日大于0℃的积温、最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量。采用线性逐步回归方法,建立了日膨胀量与日收缩量与3个主要环境因子之间的关系。发现日收缩量与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量均呈负相关关系;而日膨胀量亦与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与其他环境因子的关系随着树种的不同而不同,表现出较大的变异性。     

Records of Anthropogenic Pollution in Silesia Captured in Scots Pine Tree Rings: Analysis by Radiocarbon,Stable Isotopes,and Basal Area Increment Analysis

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - This paper proposes adaptive microwave technologies for assessing the state of water systems. The expected results will allow the rapid assessment of temperature,...     

Pollution sources and spreading of sulphur dioxide in the North-Eastern Estonia

The greatest sources of atmospheric emissions of SO₂ in Estonia are caused by power plants (TP) which use oil shale. Since 1990 the amount of SO ₂ discharges has continuously decreased due to fall in production of electric energy, and it was from TP as follows: in 1990–1991 about 180–200 thousand tons, in 1992 about 140 and in 1993–1994 about 100 thousand tons. In 1990 the annual mean emission intensity of SO ₂ from all North-East (NE) Estonian pollution sources was fixed to be about 6.kg/s, with a maximum of 9.5–11 kg/s in winter period. In 1992–1993 the corresponding values were 3.5–4.6 and 5.1–6.8 kg/s. The single maximum concentrations (MC, per 30 min.) of SO ₂ in the overground air layer would be in the ranges 25–450 μg/m ³ depending on emission intensity and wind parameters. The annual mean concentrations are below 25 μg/m ³ on the main territory, but may be up to 50–75 μg/m ³ near the power plants. In Kohtla-Järve town the annual mean values of 15.8–19.1 μg/m ³ and MC values of 271–442 μg/m ³ were fixed during 1991–1994 by automatic air monitoring system. Many arable lands, forest areas and wild-life preserves are subjected to relatively high sulphur precipitation loads, exceeding 0.5 g S/m² per year, of which the role of emissions from local sources is about 60–95%. On the basis of air pollution concentration maps, the landscape of NE Estonia is classified into zones of high, moderate and low pollution level.     

黑麦草生长及根系形态对土壤Cd，Pb与石油污染的响应

[目的] 研究不同污染条件下黑麦草生理指标的动态变化,为植物修复污染土壤提供初步理论基础。[方法] 通过室内试验模拟不同类型的土壤污染。设置4个处理,未污染土壤+黑麦草（SH）、重金属污染土壤（500 mg/kg Pb²⁺和50 mg/kg Cd²⁺）+黑麦草（SGH）、石油污染土壤（1 000 mg/kg石油）+黑麦草（SPH）、石油和重金属复合污染土壤（500 mg/kg Pb²⁺,50 mg/kg Cd²⁺和1 000 mg/kg石油）+黑麦草（SPGH）,采用WINRHIZO根系分析系统测量根系形态指标,用分光光度计测量叶片色素指标,研究不同类型土壤污染对黑麦草生长的影响。[结果] 3种不同类型的污染土壤均不同程度地刺激了黑麦草根系的生长。与未污染处理相比,在20 d时,石油重金属复合处理下的黑麦草根系的根长、根表面积、根体积、根直径分别增加了88.10%,148.60%,221.90%,32.20%。与未污染相比,随着培养时间的增加各污染处理的地下生物量呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,地上生物量均低于未污染处理,且在第10,40,80 d时,复合污染处理的地上生物量最小,较未污染处理分别降低了34.68%,45.42%,58.05%。80 d时,重金属污染处理、石油污染处理和石油重金属复合污染处理的黑麦草叶绿素含量显著低于未污染处理,分别降低了26.84%,44.82%和47.02%。[结论] 不同污染物都可以促进黑麦草根系形态发育,降低黑麦草的生物量及色素含量;石油重金属复合处理对黑麦草的生长影响最大,石油污染处理次之。基于不同污染物对黑麦草根系形态及生长影响的差异,在今后植物修复土壤污染过程中,可添加一些生长调节物质来缓解污染对植物的毒害作用,提高植物生物量及增强相关生理功能,提升污染土壤修复效果。     

民勤荒漠气候对全球变暖的响应特征

近年来,全球气候变暖已成为一个全社会广泛关注的课题,荒漠区是地球上极其重要的气候区之一,其对全球气候变暖的响应特征同样值得关注。本文以甘肃省民勤荒漠区为研究对象,对该区域1961-2009年的气温、降水、空气湿度、风速和日照的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,1961-2009年,民勤荒漠区年平均气温增高幅度高于全国水平,低于东北地区和西北干旱区水平,尤其春、冬季增温明显;当地年平均气温、年降水量、年平均空气相对湿度、年平均风速和年日照时数的变化均表现出一定的阶段性,但其变化阶段并不完全一致;年极端最高气温的波动显著增大,荒漠气候的不稳定性在增强。年平均风速为减小趋势,年空气相对湿度的波动为减小趋势,并与年降水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与年平均风速呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。