Investigation into the population growth and its implications for primary schooling in Timor‐Leste by 2020

The nation‐building process of Timor‐Leste, the newest nation in Asia, faces significant demographic challenges due to its high population growth, which is the fastest in Asia. The major contributor for this unprecedented growth is the extremely high total fertility rate of Timor‐Leste, among the highest in the world. It is of great concern that if the current fertility rate and its implied population growth continue the population of Timor‐Leste will double in 17 years. The analysis in this paper clearly shows that the current extremely high dependency ratio will decline only marginally in the next 10 years and this will put tremendous pressure on the government to constantly keep up with the increasing number of children entering school every year. However, as the intrinsic value of human resource development feeds back into the overall society and economy, an adequate public investment in knowledge‐producing services at the earliest stages of life and throughout that life has the potential to change the demographic concern of Timor‐Leste into a future demographic dividend.     

Popularising purity: Gender,sexuality and nationalism in HIV/AIDS prevention for South Korean youths

Abstract: This paper examines how HIV/AIDS gains its social meanings at the intersection of discourses about gender, sexuality and nationalism in Korea. It examines how a major Korean NGO reinforces media and government construction of HIV/AIDS as a national threat, and mobilises ‘purity’ as an indigenous value to resist the global onslaught. This Purity Campaign successfully draws on pre‐existing narratives about Korean society and national development, constituting itself as a site for both the negotiation of meanings around HIV/AIDS as well as the impact of globalisation on Korea. The meaning of purity in the Campaign is expanded to connote a state of moral being beyond mere chastity to reinforce the nation's defence against foreign corruption. Changing gender relations and sexual expressions become targets of purification, with women shouldering a disproportionate burden of blame and responsibility. The Campaign relies heavily on universalising family rhetorics and national essence to popularise purity as the Korean way to build an AIDS‐free society. Although purity becomes a symbol of moral order and national health, AIDS serves as a metaphor of foreign contamination and domestic anxieties. The discussion interweaves texts, interviews and ethnography, and draws on anthropological and cultural studies.     

Cross‐border ‘Traffic’: Stories of dangerous victims,pure whores and HIV/AIDS in the experiences of mainland female sex workers in Hong Kong

Abstract: In recent years, dramatically increasing numbers of mainland Chinese women have entered Hong Kong to engage in sexual labour. Public discourses on the threat of HIV/AIDS increasingly locate these women's bodies as sites of danger, colluding with pre‐existing imaginations of mainland rural women as ignorant, desperate and deceptive in representing these women's penetration of Hong Kong's border as a primary means of infection of the Hong Kong body. Drawing on state, media and popular representations, and the narratives of female sex workers themselves, this paper examines the interwoven bio‐medical, gendered, sexual and cross‐border relationships that intersect in the experiences of mainland Chinese sex workers in Hong Kong. I argue that while images of disease and danger have been used to regulate these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers challenge these images by drawing on other popular stereotypes of mainland women as pure, feminine and traditional. Although images of the related but still ‘other’ figure of the mainland Chinese woman are powerful mechanisms for the regulation of these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers skilfully use inherent tensions in those images in resisting that control and in struggling to achieve their own personal and economic goals.     

Local autonomy,national policy and global imperatives: sex work and HIV/AIDS in Cebu City,Philippines

This paper contributes to cultural critiques of AIDS prevention policies through examining debates about mandatory HIV blood screening for women in Cebu City’s sex industry during 1993. These debates were inspired by the Department of Health’s national policy to eliminate mandatory blood screening on the grounds that it was expensive and ineffectual in slowing the spread of HIV. While the rhetoric of the debate was influenced by the emerging ‘global discourse’ on HIV/AIDS and human rights, the debate itself was always about local perceptions of women in the sex industry and Cebu’s administrative autonomy. This paper highlights how various socio-spatial scales helped to constitute Cebu’s response to mandatory testing, while at the same time reproducing an exclusionary discourse which silenced the voices of women in Cebu’s sex industry.     

Commercial sex workers: Victims,vectors or fighters of the HIV epidemic in Cambodia?

Abstract: This paper looks at the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Cambodia regarding HIV/AIDS and condom use. The findings are based on semistructured interviews and focus groups with brothel‐based and self‐employed CSWs, and interviews with people who work with them. The respondents live in two towns near the Thai border served by Medecins Sans Frontiers sexually transmitted disease clinics set up to reduce the transmission of HIV. Most CSWs had attended the clinics. Knowledge of HIV and the ability of condoms to prevent infection was universal. The desire to use condoms with clients was also universal. Most CSWs were active and skilful in negotiating condom use with clients. However, many CSWs who wanted to use condoms failed to do so on occasion due to disparate power relationship with brothel owners and clients, and economic desperation. In addition, some exempted regular or special clients from condom use due to emotional isolation and misconceptions over susceptibility to HIV. The current 100% Condom Use Policy in place in Cambodia is not compatible with voluntary programmes such as the successful Medecins Sans Frontiers clinics. The government policy also fails to address the broader social and economic factors that make CSWs unable to enforce condom use when a client does not desire to do so.     

On the colonial margins and in the global hotspot: Park–people conflicts in highland Thailand

Abstract: Forest resource management in Thailand bears the mark of its historical position on the margins of colonial power and its present position in a biodiversity hotspot. During the colonial era, British forestry in Burma and India had a fundamental influence on the knowledge and techniques used in Thai forest management. More recently, international conservation agendas and organisations have influenced the ways in which the Thai government regulates the forest within its boundaries. The treatment of forests as a national and international resource, defined in interaction with colonial neighbours and global partners, has resulted in legal constructs, spatially simplistic conservation mechanisms and a conception of nature ill‐suited to managing forests as a local resource. This paper investigates the manifestation of Thailand's historical legacy in local park‐people conflicts by drawing on research conducted in a region where the government is establishing a national park. It finds that the continued use of laws, tools and concepts derived from colonial and global influences undermines the forestry department's ability to address the contemporary challenge of managing forests as a local, as well as a national/global, commons.     

Livelihoods,leadership, linkages and locality: The Simbo for Change project

This paper analyses the ‘Simbo for Change’ project in the Western Province of Solomon Islands, a collaboration between Simbo leaders and a Samoan non‐governmental organisation (NGO), with funding provided by the Australian aid programme. We explore the role of local leadership in catalysing an island‐wide community development project that has generated new livelihoods opportunities and led to greater community cohesion and more proactive governance. By mobilising around a ‘collective subject’ (Simbo as an island community), the project allowed existing skills and practices to be revalued and extended, particularly in relation to chiefly governance and the standing of women in the community. While mobilising the island scale was important in building social cohesion and support for livelihoods activities, this was not a parochial identity but was redefined by stronger connections to off‐island markets, organic accreditation for Simbo, renewed interest from provincial and national government authorities and by the enduring trans‐Pacific friendships established with the Samoan NGO and its trainers. The case study provides an example of the constructive potential of the island scale in Melanesia, whereas other recent studies of similar scale‐making processes have focused on violent conflict generated by industrial scale mining.     

International healthcare worker migration in Asia Pacific: International policy responses

The growth of the international migration of health workers in recent decades has taken place in the context of the transnationalisation of healthcare provision as well as of governance and policy responses. This paper examines international policy responses to cross‐border health worker migration in the Asia Pacific region. These include multilateral (global and regional) and bilateral policy agreements, policy dialogue and programmes of action in relation to key issues of ethical recruitment, ‘circular’ migration and labour rights and key themes of health workforce planning and management. The paper brings original new analysis of international datasets and secondary data to bear on the pressing and important questions of what international policy initiatives and responses are at work in the Asia Pacific region, and what these mean for the nature of migration governance in the region. The paper's focus routes the evidence and argument towards current research and policy debates about the relationship between health worker migration, health worker shortages and poor health outcomes. In this, the paper brings new insights into the analysis of the international policy ‘universe’ through its emphasis on multiple and intersecting cross‐border institutions, initiatives and actors operating across different scales. Coherent national and international strategies for integrated health worker migration governance and policy need to incorporate these insights, and the paper considers their implications for current strategies to attain universal health care and improved health outcomes in Asia Pacific and beyond.     

Network Structure,Knowledge Governance,and Firm Performance: Evidence from Innovation Networks and SMEs in the UK

It is increasingly understood that learning and thus innovation often occurs via highly interactive, iterative, network‐based processes. Simultaneously, economic development policy is increasingly focused on small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) as a means of generating growth, creating a clear research issue in terms of the roles and interactions of government policy, universities, and other sources of knowledge, SMEs, and the creation and dissemination of innovation. This paper analyses the contribution of a range of actors in an SME innovation creation and dissemination framework, reviewing the role of various institutions therein, exploring the contribution of cross‐locality networks, and identifying the mechanisms required to operationalise such a framework. Bivariate and multivariate (regression) techniques are employed to investigate both innovation and growth outcomes in relation to these structures; data are derived from the survey responses of over 450 SMEs in the UK. Results are complex and dependent upon the nature of institutions involved, the type of knowledge sought, and the spatial level of the linkages in place but overall highlight the value of cross‐locality networks, network governance structures, and certain spillover effects from universities. In general, we find less support for the factors predicting SME growth outcomes than is the case for innovation. Finally, we outline an agenda for further research in the area.     

Analysis Influential Factors and Workable Mechanism of Work Efficiency of Knowledge Worker

In the base-knowledge economic age,as far as how to improve work efficiency of knowledge worker is concerned,this paper analyzes influential factors of work efficiency of knowledge worker on the whole,and classifies them into four sorts: individual factor,task factor,management factor,environment factor.The authors establish concept model in crucial influential factors according to interrelated theory of management and psychology.The interrelation and workable mechanism of influential factors are analyzed according to the characteristics of knowledge worker and individual behavior model on the bases of theory of achievement and motivation.The result shows individual factors affect work efficiency directly,task factor,management factor and environment factor which support and restrict individual factor indirectly affect work efficiency.     

Grey networks: The contradictory dimensions of Australia's immigration detention system

The notion of dark networks has recently received attention in the literature on policy network analysis. Dark networks are defined as illegal and covert, in contrast to bright networks which are legal and overt. In this article, we suggest a third category – grey networks – which are characterised by their use of secrecy and concealment despite their ostensibly legal status. These networks are subject to contradictory imperatives. They employ methods that cannot be openly acknowledged within the larger legal and social framework in which they function. In this article, we illustrate this concept through an interview‐based study of Australia's immigration detention network. This network enacts a deterrence policy which has been widely condemned as breaching Australia's obligations under international law. At the same time, it is required to maintain a façade of lawfulness and respect for human rights.     

Intrusion Detection Based on Data Mining

As computer networks play increasingly vital roles in modern society, information security becomes one of the most important research issues in the field of information technology. But intrusions cause a serious security risk, how to efficiently prevent and detect intrusions becomes one of hot research problems in the field of information supervision. The traditional process of building the model of intrusion detection is slow, whose cost of research and development is high. However, data mining has unique advantages in acquiring unknown knowledge. So, intrusion detection based on data mining becomes a hot issue. The research background, architectures, techniques, problems to be solved and the future direction are discussed after analyzing current status of network intrusion and situation of R&D on intrusion detection and data mining.     

Tourism and transitional geographies: Mismatched expectations of tourism investment in Vietnam*

Abstract: The Vietnamese state's interaction with international capital has been influenced by the Communist Party's strategy to develop a ‘socialist market economy’ which aims to maintain the leading role of the state and its one party dominance while implementing economic reforms. This is at odds with alternatives proposed by neo‐liberal institutions such as the IMF and World Bank who favour a progression towards a more fully‐fledged market economy coupled with political pluralism. As a result, foreign investors and the Vietnamese government have had a turbulent relationship over the past decade stemming in large part from differing perceptions of a market economy and what foreign investment should entail. This paper depicts the principal issues that lay behind the restrictive policies toward foreign tour operators through a case study of their management and regulation in Vietnam throughout the 1990s. It is argued that foreign tour operators and Vietnamese tourism authorities perceive the role of international capital in tour operations quite differently. Over‐regulation has provided little space for foreign tour businesses to operate in a manner that has met their expectations, while government policies have been intent on ensuring that profits remain in the country. This paper also illustrates how social networks undermine top‐down government policy directives and allow foreign tour businesses to continue operating, albeit in a complex and insecure environment.     

The geography of Philippine international labour migration fields

International labour migration has increased in scale and scope during the past three decades. Concomitant, a copious body of work has examined the causes and consequences of these migratory systems. Missing, however, have been empirically-grounded studies of migration fields, linking migrant origins within a sending country with destinations. In part, this lack of detailed studies results from the paucity of geographically-sensitive data. Using special tabulations provided for the lead author, this paper is able to overcome these difficulties. Specifically, in this paper we document and empirically analyse, by sex, the spatial and occupation patterns of Philippine international labour migration. Findings suggest that female migrant workers, regardless of regional origin within the Philippines, tend to be more spatially and occupationally channellised than their male counterparts. Moreover, more peripheral locations throughout the Philippines indicate more highly channellised flows, suggesting the importance of both recruitment-related networks as well as social networks among migrants and their families.     

Inheritance of coffee leaf rust resistance and identification of AFLP markers linked to the resistance gene

The most important disease of Coffea arabica is coffee leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix. The purpose of this study was to characterize the inheritance of coffee resistance gene(s) to race II of this pathogen and to identify and map molecular markers linked to this trait. Different populations were used: F₂ (160 plants), BCr (20), and BCs (135), derived from a cross between the resistant genotype Híbrido de Timor UFV 427-15 and the susceptible cultivar Catuaí Amarelo UFV 2143-236 (IAC 30). The segregation analysis showed that the resistance of Híbrido de Timor to race II of the H. vastatrix is conferred by a single dominant gene. The amplification of 176 AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) primer combinations using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) allowed the identification of three molecular markers linked to the resistance gene. Genetic mapping of these three markers in the F₂ population indicated that they are distributed on both sides, flanking the resistance gene. The markers E.CTC/M.TTT405 and E.CGT/M.TGT300 were found linked to the resistance gene at 8.69 cM (LOD 18.91) and 25.10 cM (LOD 5.37), respectively, while E.CCT/M.TTC230 was localized on the other side of the gene, at 20.50 cM (LOD 6.15). These markers are the first rust resistance markers identified in Híbrido de Timor and can be useful for marker assisted selection in coffee breeding programs.     

少数民族非物质体育文化遗产现状分析 ————以黑龙江省为视角

主要采用文献资料法、归纳法、调查法等体育科学研究方法,对目前黑龙江省少数民族非物质体育文化遗产的现状（例如发展历史、分布区域、项目、管理制度、效益、政府资金投入、保护等）进行了详细的分析研究,得出了相应的结论,认为能够为黑龙江省少数民族非物质体育文化遗产的保护与传承提供可行性参考。     

蒲公英橡胶产业的研究现状与未来展望

蒲公英橡胶草是一种独特的产胶植物,对于缓解天然橡胶紧缺和保障国家战略资源安全具有重要意义。为准确、合理评价蒲公英橡胶产业的发展潜能,笔者综述了国内外橡胶草的基础性研究工作,总结了当前国内外研究重点在筛选种质资源、优化栽培技术、改善提胶技术、阐述橡胶粒子合成机理等方面,指出了蒲公英橡胶的副产品菊糖和乙醇具有很大的潜在工业价值。针对目前中国在蒲公英橡胶产业开发领域与国外存在较大差距的问题,提出了政府支持、企业主导、坚持独立研究与国际合作相结合的发展建议。     

农业“走出去”与境外农业园区建设

农业“走出去”是国家“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,是统筹利用国际国内“两个市场、两种资源和两类规则”的重要途径,为农业转方式、调结构提供了良好外部机遇。发展境外农业合作园区能够有效提升农业企业投资效率,有利于发挥企业集聚效应,实现较快发展。本研究对当前中国农业“走出去”的发展现状与特征进行分析,总结归纳了境外农业园区建设与发展概况,探讨未来境外农业园区的发展方向。分析认为,境外农业园区建设是农业“走出去”的重要方式之一,应积极引导园区建立开放型招商机制,提升园区内企业的产业化水平,形成产业链配套,带动区内企业集群式发展,加快农业“走出去”步伐,提高农业企业的资源配置能力和竞争能力。     

储藏产品害虫生物性防治技术研究进展

生物性防治技术是农产品储藏保护中不可缺少的一项防治措施，纵观近年来在国内外发表的有关研究文献，包括第6，7，8届国际储藏产品保护学术会议（IWCSPP），气调熏蒸学术会（CAF）和国内外有关刊物对生物性防治技术的报道如昆虫性激素、病源微生物、天敌昆虫，抗虫育种等在农产品产前产后保护措施中都有一定的实用价值，有的已成为当前国际上农产品保护中的热门课题，为此特就国际上生物性防治的研究现状作一简要综述，并对有关问题提出一些看法。