玻璃化冷冻对小鼠GV期卵母细胞发育能力的影响

试验首次采用OPS法玻璃化冷冻小鼠GV期卵母细胞(不带卵丘细胞,下同),同时尝试用EDFS30对小鼠卵巢进行细管法玻璃化冷冻,以研究GV期卵母细胞冷冻后的发育潜力。首先,利用MEM培养和MEM-腔前卵泡培养新鲜GV期卵母细胞,并把较好的培养方式用于冷冻后培养试验。2种培养方式培养24h后新鲜GV期卵母细胞成熟率无显著性差异;OPS法冷冻的GV期卵母细胞解冻后成熟率及体外受精后卵裂率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。细管法冷冻卵巢组织的GV期卵母细胞成熟率极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),其受精后未获得受精卵。结果表明:OPS法可有效地冷冻保存小鼠GV期卵母细胞,而细管法冷冻小鼠卵巢对GV期卵母细胞损伤较大。     

次黄嘌呤维持小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂阻滞的时效性和可逆性研究

为提高体外成熟卵母细胞的发育能力,本实验采用卵泡内存在的减数分裂抑制剂次黄嘌呤(Hypoxanthine,HX)在体外维持小鼠GV期卵母细胞减数分裂阻滞,探讨了次黄嘌呤对卵母细胞减数分裂抑制作用的时效性、可逆性以及对卵丘扩展和解除抑制后的发育能力的影响。结果表明(1)4mmol/LHX维持减数分裂阻滞的作用具有时效性,GV%在18h时显著下降。(2)HX处理时间短于24h时,解除抑制后再成熟时卵母细胞的成熟率不受影响,抑制24h再成熟14h时成熟率仍可达86%。(3)HX处理会抑制卵丘扩展,解除抑制后再成熟时卵丘扩展程度跟抑制时间长短有关。(4)HX处理6h后,卵母细胞的孤雌激活率上升(42%vs20%,P<0.05),但胚胎的发育能力下降。这证明HX维持小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂阻滞的作用具有时效性和可逆性的特点,为建立提高体外成熟卵母细胞的发育能力的培养体系打下了基础。     

平衡温度、保护剂及时间对卵母细胞减数分裂能力的影响

以小鼠为动物模型，研究延长小鼠卵母细胞在含有冷冻保护剂的液体中的平衡时间，并且降低或提高平衡时的温度是否能影响卵母细胞完成减数分裂的能力。结果表明：1）无论是否有DMSO，0℃平衡15min或60min后卵母细胞的激活率没有明显差异；2）1.5mol/L DMSO液中，0℃平衡15min和60min后卵母细胞激活率低于对照组；3）0℃平衡15min和60min后卵母细胞的激活率与对照组没有差异；4）1.5mol/L的DMSO液体中24℃平衡15min和60min后卵母细胞的激活率显著低于对照组；5）无论是否添加DMSO，无论是24℃平衡还是0℃平衡均没有影响激活卵母细胞的第二极体排出，说明卵母细胞低温平衡时添加DMSO对卵母细胞的激活有一定的影响。     

小鼠卵母细胞冷冻保存技术研究进展

卵母细胞的冷冻保存是动物繁殖技术领域生殖细胞冷冻的研究热点。在此介绍了小鼠卵母细胞冷冻保存的研究进展,阐述了小鼠卵母细胞冷冻保存的原理,探讨了冷冻保护剂的作用机理。最后,对小鼠卵母细胞的冷冻保存方法及其原理进行了概括。     

低精子浓度下不同处理方式对小鼠卵母细胞体外受精及发育的影响

本试验探讨在低精子浓度(2.5×105个/mL)条件下,利用酸液完全去掉透明带、保留部分透明带及完全保留透明带这几种处理对小鼠卵母细胞体外受精及受精胚发育的影响.结果表明,完全去掉透明带的小鼠卵母细胞受精率(95％)极显著高于保留部分透明带(42％)及对透明带不做处理(30％)的方法(P＜0.01),但3种处理方法所获受精卵发育至囊胚能力没有差别.     

钼对子代小鼠卵母细胞发育潜能及卵巢超微结构的影响

在饮水中添加终质量浓度分别为100、200、400mg/L的钼,于试验处理第90天时,将试验雌性鼠与健康雄性昆明鼠合笼,产生子代(F1和F2代),分析子代小鼠2-细胞、囊胚、怀孕率、产仔数和仔鼠初生质量,采用HE染色和透射电镜观察钼对子代小鼠卵巢组织形态学和卵巢细胞超微结构变化。结果显示:过量的钼显著降低了F1和F2代雌鼠的怀孕率、产仔数和仔鼠初生质量,使卵母细胞和受精卵发生了明显的病理形态学损伤,诱导了小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和卵泡膜细胞超微结构的损伤。结果表明:过量的钼降低了小鼠卵母细胞的发育潜能,具有较强的雌性生殖毒性。     

玻璃化冷冻对小鼠卵母细胞超微结构的影响

以小鼠卵母细胞作为试验材料,通过透射电镜方法观察玻璃化冷冻对卵母细胞超微结构的影响,初步探讨玻璃化冷冻损伤机理。结果发现:暴露组卵母细胞除有少量线粒体受到损伤,变得粗糙模糊外,其它无明显变化;冷冻组卵母细胞冻融后有不同程度的结构损伤,主要表现为胞质中的中间纤维解体,微绒毛变短甚至缺失,线粒体粗糙模糊,胞质外围皮质颗粒数量减少,透明带变得模糊不清、有的地方甚至已经破裂,细胞基质出现大量空泡,并形成有线粒体-空泡复合体。结果提示,玻璃化冷冻会对卵母细胞超微结构产生一定的损伤,这主要是由于玻璃化冷冻过程中机械损伤造成的。     

小鼠卵母细胞冷冻技术研究

采用PBS作为冷冻基础液,分别用甘油和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作为冷冻保护液,在程序化冷冻保存和玻璃化冷冻保存条件下,研究小鼠生发泡期(GV期)卵母细胞的抗冻能力。结果表明,2种冷冻方法对小鼠GV期卵母细胞解冻后形态正常率和存活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。冷冻保护剂种类对小鼠GV期卵母细胞解冻后形态正常率无显著影响(P>0.05);但对存活率有显著影响,玻璃化冷冻采用二甲基亚砜作为冷冻保护液效果极显著优于甘油(P<0.01)。以冷冻效果较好的二甲基亚砜作为冷冻保护液,采用玻璃化冷冻不同发育阶段(GV期和MⅡ期)的小鼠卵母细胞,解冻后形态正常率无显著差异(P>0.05),但存活率GV期要显著优于MⅡ期卵母细胞(P<0.05)。     

罗格列酮对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

旨在研究体外培养中添加罗格列酮(Rosiglitazone, RSG)对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)的影响。收集4～6周龄雌性小鼠卵母细胞,随机分为对照组和20μmol/L RSG组。在饱和湿度,38.5℃、5%CO₂培养12 h,统计卵母细胞第一极体排出率。使用DCFH-DA检测卵母细胞内活性氧(ROS);采用CMF2HC检测卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;采用JC-1检测卵母细胞内线粒体膜电位;采用实时荧光定量PCR测定抗氧化相关基因的表达水平。结果显示,RSG组卵母细胞第一极体排出率相较于对照组显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,RSG组ROS水平明显降低,GSH和线粒体膜电位水平显著升高(P<0.05)。本研究还发现,RSG组卵母细胞中抗氧化相关基因GPX-3、CAT和SOD-2的mRNA转录水平均显著提高(P<0.05)。结果表明,在体外成熟过程中添加RSG可以提高小鼠卵母细胞成熟率,降低细胞内ROS堆积,提高细胞内GSH水平、卵母细胞线粒体功能和抗氧化基因表达水平,缓解氧化应激造成的损伤,提高卵母细胞体外成熟质量。     

淫羊藿苷对小鼠卵泡卵母细胞体外发育与成熟的影响

用在体和离体试验研究淫羊藿苷对小鼠卵母细胞体外发育与成熟的影响。健康雌性小鼠分组灌服0.1、0.3、0.5和0.7 mg/d淫羊藿苷或2、6、10及14 mg/d淫羊藿水提液,并设生理盐水灌服对照组,取连续灌服7d和14d小鼠卵巢卵泡卵母细胞作体外成熟培养与体外受精,统计第一极体(pb I)排出率和受精率。在小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟培养液中按高(5μg/m L)、中(0.5μg/m L)、低(0.05μg/m L)剂量添加淫羊藿苷,经24 h成熟培养后进行体外受精,观察并记录卵母细胞pb I排出、受精和卵裂情况。结果表明,分别连续灌服淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿水提液后,各组小鼠卵母细胞细胞体外成熟率均有所提高,连续灌服7 d后,淫羊藿苷0.3、0.5和0.7 mg/d组小鼠卵母细胞受精率较对照组显著提高(P0.01);连续灌服14 d淫羊藿水提液6 mg/d组卵母细胞pb I排出率和受精率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加淫羊藿苷低剂量组小鼠卵母细胞体外受精率和卵裂率显著高于对照组(P0.05);pb I排出率虽高于对照组,但无显著差异。本试验表明,连续灌服淫羊藿苷7 d对小鼠卵母细胞体外发育与成熟具有明显的促进作用;体外培养液中添加低剂量淫羊藿苷对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和受精具有促进作用,但高剂量反而有抑制作用。     

Follicle Growth and Oocyte Developmental Competence in Cows With Liver Damage

Follicle growth, oocyte quality or oocyte growing environment (follicular fluid) were evaluated in cows with severe liver damage (haemorrhage, telangiectasis, cholangitis and abscess) that were visually diagnosed at the slaughterhouse. Holstein cows aged 40–90 months with either a healthy liver (HL cow) or damaged liver (DL cow) were selected as donors. Follicle development kinetics was evaluated by counting the follicles at various developmental stages. In addition, the biochemical characteristics of the follicular fluids, developmental competence of preantral follicles cultured for 16 days in vitro and the ability of oocytes to develop to the blastocyst stage 8 days after fertilization were examined. DL cows had fewer secondary follicles than HL cows, and the correlation between the number of secondary follicles and the number of primary follicles differed among DL and HL cows. The follicular fluid of DL cows contained significantly lower levels of albumin and a higher total protein content than that of HL cows. Oocyte nuclear maturation assessed at 5, 16 and 21 h after beginning of culture was slower in DL cows than in HL cows, although the final maturation rates did not differ. The rate of polyspermic fertilization was significantly higher and the proportion of cleavage at 48 h after insemination and blastulation lower in DL cows compared with HL cows. When preantral follicles were cultured in vitro, the rate of follicles with normal morphology was lower in DL cows than in HL cows. These findings suggest that the kinetics of folliculogenesis differ among DL and HL cows and the developmental ability of preantral follicles and oocytes is lower in DL cows than in HL cows.     

哺乳动物卵母细胞老化机制的研究进展

 哺乳动物卵母细胞的老化,导致胚胎非整倍体的比率和流产率增加。研究卵母细胞老化的机制,探讨延缓卵母细胞老化的措施,对提高卵母细胞体外成熟和受精效率等具有重要的理论意义。论文从卵母细胞老化的生物学特性、影响老化的因素以及延缓老化的措施等几个方面进行综述。     

Bovine Oocyte Quality in Relation to Ultrastructural Characteristics of Zona Pellucida,Polyspermic Penetration and Developmental Competence

In the present study, the effect of bovine oocyte quality related to ultrastructural characteristics of zona pellucida (ZP), polyspermic penetration and embryo developmental competence was evaluated. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were punctioned from 453 ovaries, classified as 1, 2, 3 and 4 according to their morphological aspect, matured for 24 h and then divided into two groups. In group A, oocytes were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.1 m sodium cacodylate and examined under a scanning electron microscope. Photomicrographs were taken and ZP’s pores were evaluated in squares of 6.4‐μm width. In group B, oocytes were fertilized in vitro. After 48 h, non‐cleaved oocytes were fixed for polyspermy evaluation. On days 7, 9 and 10, embryos were classified as developed (blastocysts and hatched blastocysts). Results showed that quality 1 oocytes revealed a ZP pore diameter of 0.50 ± 0.07 μm, which was smaller than the observed on oocytes of quality 2 (0.83 ± 0.10 μm), quality 3 (1.02 ± 0.22 μm) and quality 4 (1.38 ± 0.59 μm) (p ≤ 0.05). For In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), results showed that embryos originating from oocytes classed as 3 and 4 had lower cleavage rate (68.4% and 43.8%) than those belonging to class 1 and 2 (79.5% and 69.3%) (p ≤ 0.05). None oocyte classified as 3 and 4 developed to hatch blastocysts, while for oocytes belonging to quality 1 and 2, these values were, respectively, 15.2% and 12.5%. Concerning polyspermy, oocytes class 1 and 2 had lower polyspermic penetration than those belonging to class 3 and 4 (respectively 4.1%, 4.5%, 11.1% and 9.8%, for class 1, 2, 3 and 4). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that oocytes with low qualities result in lower developmental competence and with high percentage of polyspermy after IVF, which can be the result of the ZP structure such as the number and the pore’s diameter.     

Effects of Co‐culture of Cumulus Oocyte Complexes with Denuded Oocytes During In Vitro Maturation on the Developmental Competence of Cloned Bovine Embryos

This study evaluated the effects of co‐culture of immature cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) with denuded immature oocytes (DO) during in vitro maturation on the developmental competence and quality of cloned bovine embryos. We demonstrated that developmental competence, judged by the blastocyst formation rate, was significantly higher in the co‐cultured somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT+DO, 37.1 ± 1.1%) group than that in the non‐co‐cultured somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT‐DO, 25.1 ± 0.9%) group and was very similar to that in the control IVF (IVF, 38.8 ± 2.8%) group. Moreover, the total cell number per blastocyst in the SCNT+DO group (101.7 ± 6.2) was higher than that in the SCNT‐DO group (81.7 ± 4.3), while still less than that in the IVF group (133.3 ± 6.0). Furthermore, our data showed that mRNA levels of the methylation‐related genes DNMT1 and DNMT3a in the SCNT+DO group were similar to that in the IVF group, while they were significantly higher in the SCNT‐DO group. Similarly, while the mRNA levels of the deacetylation‐related genes HDAC2 and HDAC3 were significantly higher in the SCNT‐DO group, they were comparable between the IVF and SCNT+DO groups. However, the mRNA levels of HDAC1 and DNMT3B were significantly higher in the SCNT+DO group than in the other groups. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that co‐culture of COCs with DO improves the in vitro developmental competence and quality of cloned embryos, as evidenced by increased total cell number.     

Effects of the Reproductive Status on Morphological Oocyte Quality and Developmental Competence of Oocytes after In Vitro Fertilization and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Cat

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the reproductive cycle of donor cat on the quality of oocytes at recovery and developmental competence of oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT). Based on the presence or absence of follicles and corpora lutea, the ovarian pairs collected were classified into inactive, follicular or luteal stages. After collection of oocytes, the oocytes were classified into four grades according to the morphological condition of oocyte cytoplasm and cumulus cells. A total of 16 558 oocytes were obtained from 198 ovarian pairs. The total mean numbers of oocytes and the mean numbers of oocytes with high quality (grade I) were significantly higher in ovarian pairs at the inactive stage (111.1 and 19.0 oocytes, respectively) than in ovarian pairs at the follicular stage (67.1 and 11.4 oocytes, respectively). A significant difference in the proportions of oocytes with grade I out of the total examined oocytes was observed between the follicular and luteal stages of ovaries (14.9% vs 20.2%, p < 0.05). The proportions of IVF embryos cleaved and developed to blastocysts significantly decreased with decreased quality of oocytes at recovery, irrespective of the reproductive status of ovaries. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the proportions of cleavage and development to the blastocyst stage of IVF and NT embryos among three oestrous stages of ovaries. These results indicate that the reproductive cycle stage of donor cat ovaries has no apparent effects on the in vitro development of oocytes after IVF and NT, but the quality of oocytes at recovery influences the development of IVF embryos.     

卵母细胞来源对水牛体细胞核移植胚胎发育潜能的影响

【目的】探索不同来源卵母细胞对体细胞核移植(SCNT)重构胚的发育能力及发育潜能关键蛋白表达水平的影响。【方法】试验分为活体采卵(OPU)和屠宰场(SLH)卵巢2组,OPU组用超声波活体采卵仪穿刺抽吸10头非泌乳期经产水牛卵巢的卵泡采卵,SLH组从屠宰场卵巢抽吸卵泡采卵。获得的卵母细胞分别进行体外成熟,体外成熟22～24 h后,吹打去除卵丘细胞,挑选具有第一极体的卵母细胞,去核后与水牛耳部成纤维细胞进行SCNT,分别统计SCNT重构胚的融合率、分裂率和囊胚率,用免疫荧光检测2种SCNT重构胚的E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)和转录因子Sox2蛋白的表达水平。【结果】OPU组卵母细胞成熟率及其SCNT重构胚的囊胚率均显著高于SLH组(P<0.05),但2组SCNT重构胚的融合率和分裂率均无显著差异(P>0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,E-cadherin蛋白定位于细胞膜上,Sox2蛋白分布在细胞核膜及细胞质中,OPU组SCNT重构胚中E-cadherin和Sox2的表达水平均显著高于SLH组(P<0.05)。【结论】活体采集的水牛卵母细胞更适合用于SCNT重构胚的构建...     

DTT延缓绵羊卵母细胞老化的研究

探讨在培养基中添加二流苏糖醇(DTT)能否延缓卵母细胞的老化进程。采用孤雌激活、单精子注射、体细胞核移植、Real-time-PCR方法研究了DTT对绵羊老化卵母细胞后续发育效率以及母源基因表达水平的影响。结果表明:DTT处理后的老化卵母细胞其核移植重构胚的受精率显著升高(P<0.05),囊胚率差异不显著(P>0.05);DTT显著增加了老化卵母细胞其单精子注射胚的囊胚率(P<0.05);DTT处理后的老化卵母细胞除Zar1水平稍低于老化卵母细胞外(P<0.05),其他3个母源基因(Mater、Dnmt1和GDF9)表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结果显示,DTT能在一定程度上延缓卵母细胞老化进程,改善老化卵母细胞的质量。     

体外成熟液中添加PAF对牦牛卵母细胞发育能力及基因表达的影响

旨在探讨体外成熟（IVM）液中添加血小板活化因子（PAF）对牦牛卵母细胞发育能力及基因表达影响。本试验将牦牛1 025个卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（COCs）分为4组,分别在含不同浓度PAF（0、10^-8、10^-7和10^-6mol·L^-1）的IVM液中成熟后,与奶牛精子体外受精（IVF）和体外培养（IVC）,比较分析各组卵母细胞成熟率、卵裂率和囊胚率以及COCs和胚胎中抗凋亡（BCL-2）、促凋亡（BAX）、表皮生长因子（EGF）及其受体（EGFR）、转录因子（OCT-4和NANOG）和c-fos等基因的表达量差异。结果表明,IVM液中PAF浓度为10^-7mol·L^-1组的卵母细胞成熟率（（92.16±0.19）%）、卵裂率（（77.20±0.85）%）和囊胚率（（46.71±0.68）%）显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。qPCR结果显示,在该组成熟的COCs中BCL-2、EGF、EGFR、c-fos表达量显著上调（P<0.05）,而促凋亡基因BAX表达量显著下调（P<0.05）,囊胚中EGF、EGFR、OCT-4基因表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。各组间2-、4-、8-细胞、桑椹胚和囊胚中BCL-2、BAX和NANOG表达量差异不显著,但桑椹胚和囊胚中BCL-2表达量均明显下调,而BAX表达量均明显上调。综上所述,IVM液中适宜浓度PAF（10^-7mol·L^-1）可以促进牦牛卵母细胞成熟和胚胎发育,调控细胞凋亡和增殖相关基因的表达。     

体外成熟对牛卵母细胞孤雌激活后发育潜力的影响

本试验在卵母细胞体外成熟的研究基础上,研究了培养用水、卵泡液和成熟时间对卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后发育潜力的影响.结果表明(1)将卵母细胞分别于蒸馏水和Milli-Q超纯水配制的成熟培养液中培养22～24 h, 孤雌激活后, 卵裂率无显著差异(P>0.05); 但孤雌卵在超纯水配制的胚胎培养液中培养,囊胚发育率为22.3%, 明显高于在蒸馏水配制的培养液中的囊胚发育率14.1%(P<0.05).(2)在成熟培养液中添加10%、20%卵泡液,成熟卵母细胞孤雌激活后的囊胚发育率(32.3%, 30.9%)明显高于添加5%和0%卵泡液组的囊胚发育率(21.8%, 22.7%,P<0.05).卵母细胞在添加20%卵泡液的培养液中成熟培养,孤雌激活后囊胚孵化率明显低于添加0、5%、10%卵泡液组的囊胚孵化率(P<0.05).(3)成熟28 h或30 h的卵母细胞孤雌激活后,其囊胚发育率(30.5%或29.4%)明显高于成熟24 h或26 h组的囊胚发育率(20.5%或22.1%,P<0.05).