地钱总黄酮提取的研究

用正交试验法对地钱(Marchantia polymorpha L．)中的黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了优选研究，采用正交表L16(4^5)，以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取剂中乙醇含量以及料液比为因素，以总黄酮显色液的吸光度为指标进行试验。得到了最佳提取参数及结果：温度为70℃，时间0．5h，提取次数3次，提取溶剂为80％的乙醇，料液比为1：15，提取率1．90％，纯度95．83％。     

正交设计提取梨皮总黄酮

用正交试验法对梨皮中的黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了优选研究。采用正交表L1 6(4 5 ) ,以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取剂中乙醇含量以及料液比为因素 ,以总黄酮显色液的吸光度为指标进行试验。得到了最佳提取参数 :温度为 70℃ ,时间 2h ,提取次数 3次 ,提取溶剂为 80 %的乙醇 ,料液比为 1∶7。     

正交试验法优化连翘叶中连翘苷提取工艺的研究

通过单因素试验研究乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间4个因素对连翘叶中连翘苷得率的影响。在单因素的基础上,采用正交试验法优化提取工艺。结果表明,连翘叶中连翘苷最佳提取条件为：80％乙醇,料液比1：10,60℃超声波提取8min,在此条件下,连翘苷得率为0．3112％。     

正交试验法优选辣椒中辣椒素提取工艺的研究

研究了辣椒中活性成分辣椒素的最佳提取工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,用正交试验法对辣椒素的提取工艺进行优选,选用L9(3^4)进行正交试验,以辣椒素的得率为指标,考察乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间以及料液比对辣椒素提取的影响。得到的最佳工艺条件为：温度70℃,时间0．5h,提取溶剂为70％的乙醇,料液比(质量：体积)1：10,提取次数3次.     

连翘叶总黄酮提取工艺的研究

通过正交方法分析回流次数、乙醇浓度、回流时间、料液比对连翘叶总黄酮得率的影响。结果表明：连翘叶中总黄酮的最佳提取方案是：回流3次，料液比1：6，乙醇浓度55％，每次回流时间60min。总黄酮的得率为10．79％，回收率为104％，RSD=0．75（n=3）。     

葡萄叶乙醇提取物的提取工艺及体外抑菌活性研究

为优选出葡萄叶乙醇提取物的最佳提取工艺条件,以采自吐鲁番市恰特喀勒乡的葡萄叶为材料,采用索氏提取器回流提取法提取葡萄叶乙醇提取物;工艺优化以乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比为影响因素,分别用大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌做抑菌试验,并以其中抑菌效果最明显的金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,以葡萄叶乙醇提取物的抑菌圈直径为指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用了正交试验,并用K-B琼脂扩散法测定其体外抑菌活性。结果表明,各因素对提取葡萄叶抑菌活性物质的影响顺序为,乙醇浓度浸提温度料液比浸提时间。最佳提取工艺为,乙醇浓度70%、浸提温度70℃、料液比1︰30、浸提时间3h。在最佳提取条件下获得的葡萄叶提取物对4种菌的抑菌作用大小为:金黄色葡萄球菌﹥大肠杆菌﹥白假丝酵母菌﹥枯草芽孢杆菌。葡萄叶中乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌具有较显著的抑菌作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌活性最大,而对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用不太显著。本文所建立的葡萄叶乙醇提取物的最佳提取工艺具有渐变快速、仪器设备简单、不污染环境等优点,可用于葡萄叶中具有抗菌活性物质的提取。     

金银花中总黄酮的超声波提取工艺优化

采用超声波法提取了金银花中的总黄酮,通过单因素试验研究了乙醇体积分数、超声温度、超声时间、料液比和超声频率等因素对提取效率的影响。在此基础上,选择乙醇体积分数、超声温度、料液比和超声时间进行L9（34）正交试验,得出了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数：乙醇体积分数为70％,超声温度为50℃,料液比为1∶25（g · mL1）,超声时间为2．0h ,超声功率为900W ,最大提取率达到9．37％。     

不同工艺提取栀子黄色素的比较研究

比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响。热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件：70％的乙醇（体积分数，下同）提取1．5h，提取温度30℃，料液比1：25（g：mL，下同），产品的色价为66．45。超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件：80％的乙醇提取20min，料液比1：20，产品的色价为87．77。微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件：提取功率800W，用50％乙醇提取30min，提取温度50℃，料液比1：5，色价为64．14。结果表明：热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同，超声波提取的效果最好。     

半仿生法提取箬叶总黄酮的研究

以箬叶为模型中药,采用正交试验对箬叶总黄酮的半仿生法提取工艺进行了优选。采用L9(34)正交实验设计表,以箬叶总黄酮提取得率为考察指标,考察了提取温度、提取时间、料液比与乙醇体积分数对箬叶总黄酮提取得率的影响。结果表明:实验得到的半仿生法提取箬叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度70℃、提取时间105min、料液比1∶30与乙醇体积分数80%,此时箬叶黄酮提取得率最高为2.26%。验证性实验表明半仿生提取法对比其他传统提取方法,具有提取效率高、设备简单、操作方便的优点,可供在生产中试行。     

正交试验法优选仙鹤草中总黄酮的提取工艺

采用正交试验法研究仙鹤草中总黄酮的提取工艺，考察了浸提液浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数、液料比等5个因素对仙鹤草总黄酮含量的影响。确立了仙鹤草总黄酮最佳提取条件为：浸提液体积分数40%，液料比10:1，浸提温度70℃，回流提取3次，每次0.5h。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.