扬州城市道路部分绿化树种滞尘效应研究

以扬州市城区干道绿化树种为试材,研究了滞尘指标以及树种、地段、季节因素等对叶面滞尘效应评价的影响。结果表明:叶片滞尘量测定值在一定程度上可以反映客观环境空气中的颗粒物含量,以文昌路的最大、校园次之、公园最小,其与采样地点的影响密切相关;常绿灌木的叶片滞尘量较大,则表现为对地面粉尘的拦截能力强。因受树种单叶面积大小、树冠密集度、整株叶量多少和叶片组织结构等制约,各滞尘量指标间不尽一致。乔木树种中:单叶滞尘量(mg)与单位面积滞尘量(g/m2)反映一致,为广玉兰悬铃木银杏枫杨女贞香樟,干重滞尘量(mg/g)变化较大,为枫杨银杏悬铃木广玉兰女贞香樟;综合各项指标比较,以落叶树种的滞尘能力占优势,仅广玉兰的单位面积滞尘量表现最高。灌木树种中:单叶滞尘量(mg)、干重滞尘量(mg/g)均以珊瑚树最大,而单位面积滞尘量(g/m2)以小叶黄杨最大。叶片滞尘量的季节性变化与秸秆焚烧等大气污染的动态变化具有明显的相关性,其中:广玉兰以5月值最高,余皆以10月值最高。     

西安市绿化树种滞尘效应初探

针对西安市植物的滞尘能力,选取重度污染区（大明宫建材市场、小寨）、中度污染区（土门商厦、长安立交）和轻污染区（西安工程大学临潼校区）作为对照区,其中分别采集法国梧桐、国槐、石楠、腊梅等8-10种植物的叶片,采用重量称量法对其雨后第1、第3、第5天的滞尘量的差值进行滞尘能力的大小测量。结果表明：通过计算重度污染区与清洁区之间的净相对滞尘通量,得出不同地区同一树种的滞尘能力大小。乔木滞尘能力：法国梧桐（0．2669g／m2）〉国槐（0．1284g／m^2）〉红叶李（0．1990g／m^2）〉垂柳（0．1104g／m^2）〉樱花（0．0881g／m^2）;灌木滞尘能力：石楠（0．2081g／m^2）〉腊梅（0．1726g／m^2）〉五角枫（0．1054g／m^2）〉紫荆（0．0605g／m^2）〉冬青（0．0428g／m^2）。故在大气重污染区进行绿化时,应该考虑那些在重污染区叶片具有高度滞尘能力的植物种类;同一地区不同树种的滞尘能力大小,乔木：法国梧桐〉国槐〉红叶李〉垂柳〉樱花;灌木：石楠〉腊梅〉五角枫〉紫荆〉冬青;其滞尘能力的大小决定于各树种的自身生长情况和生理特征。要合理配置绿化树种,以达到滞尘效果最佳。     

不同行道树降温增湿及滞尘效应

以海南热带海洋学院(三亚校区)校园行道树优势树种高山榕、大叶相思、印度胶树、菩提树、非洲楝、火焰木、马占相思、香樟、鸭脚木、小叶榄仁、垂叶榕、隆缘桉为研究对象,比较了乔木绿化树种的降温增湿和滞尘能力。结果表明:在相同环境生长的种龄相当的树种,降温增湿效应不同,高山榕、大叶相思、印度胶树的降温增湿能力最好;降温增湿效应比较差的是隆缘桉、小叶榄仁和垂叶榕。不同树种的滞尘能力也有差异,其中滞尘能力较强的乔木树种是火焰木、菩提树、高山榕和印度胶树。该研究结果对校园绿化和城市行道树的规划选择都具有一定的参考价值。     

北京常见树种滞留大气颗粒物能力研究

为研究北京常见树种滞留颗粒物的能力,以北京20种常见树种及部分2~3年生苗为试材,通过叶片采样、电镜扫描、能谱分析、图像处理、脯氨酸含量测定等方法,对常见树种的滞尘能力进行系统分析。结果表明:2~3年生苗滞尘效果方面存在一定的差异,滞尘能力较高的为麦李和毛樱桃,较差的为接骨木、香椿和毛桃;由于实际造林立地条件的不同,不同立地条件下树种滞尘能力不同,该差异与其叶表面微形态结构密切相关,不同树种叶表面形成不同的沟槽、突起、小室,沟槽越密集,越深,越有利于滞留大气颗粒物;单位面积滞尘量较高的树种其脯氨酸含量也较高;能谱分析表明,树种所附着的颗粒物为PM2.5和PM10的尘土,部分元素来自于汽车尾气的排放。     

阿克苏市常见绿化树种叶面尘粒径特征

行道树拦截了近地面大气PM的迁移,被叶面滞留的PM难以重新扬起,从而降低对人类的危害。不同绿化树种的滞尘能力及叶面尘粒径特性有所差异,且树种滞尘受到自身、自然及人为等多种因素的干扰。该试验对阿克苏11种树种叶面尘及自然降尘进行了采集,并对其进行了粒度分布特征分析,得出了其PM2.5、PM10含量,与自然降尘粒度分布进行了相应比较。结果表明:与二球悬铃木、圆冠榆和新疆杨的叶面尘颗粒物附着密度高,滞尘稳定性较强相比之下,沙枣、梨树和槐树叶面尘颗粒物附着密度低;叶面尘PM2.5、PM10含量最高的树种分别为沙枣、葡萄,含量分别为0.68%、3.59%;自然降尘中细小颗粒物所占体积分数较小,而叶面尘中细小颗粒物所占体积分数较大,叶面尘粒径中值表现为工业区交通枢纽区居民区清洁区。自然降尘的粒径中值为清洁区交通枢纽区工业区居民区,二者差异较大。     

街道绿色植物滞尘及吸收粉尘能力研究进展

为解决大气中的粉尘污染问题,本文对街道绿化建设中的不同类型绿色植被的滞尘及吸收粉尘能力进行研究.以芜湖市街道绿化常见树种为例,分析不同绿色植物对粉尘污染物的阻隔、过滤、吸附能力的差异.得出植物叶片表面特性以及植物结构特征是影响植物滞尘及吸收粉尘能力的重要因素.提出在街道绿化建设工程中应优先选择滞尘吸尘能力强的植被树种或...     

七种园林树木滞尘量对脯氨酸含量的影响

以龙爪槐(Sophora japonica var.pendula)、金银花(Lonicera japonica)、洋白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)、二乔玉兰(Magnolia×Soulangeana)、桑树(Morus alba)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)为研究对象,采用洗脱法对7种园林树木单位面积的叶片吸附总颗粒物和PM2.5能力进行了测定,并测定了7种树木叶片滞尘前后叶片脯氨酸含量的变化,以研究不同种树木叶片滞尘效应,以及叶片滞尘后对植物生理活动的影响。结果表明:不同树种单位面积的滞尘量不同,银杏滞尘量较高,为0.034mg·cm-2,桑滞尘量仅有0.010mg·cm-2。叶片滞尘之后,银杏、枫杨、龙爪槐、桑、二乔玉兰叶片脯氨酸含量均有21.73%~338.25%等不同程度的升高,脯氨酸增长量由大到小排列为银杏、枫杨、龙爪槐、桑、二乔玉兰;而金银花和洋白蜡叶片脯氨酸含量不升反降,洋白蜡降低了59.77%,金银花降低了66.14%。综上说明银杏滞尘(PM2.5)能力最强,桑滞尘(PM2.5)最弱。     

新疆南疆三种果树叶表面微形态结构与滞尘能力比较

以新疆轮台县3种果树(苹果、核桃、杏)叶片为试材,对其滞尘量和叶片表面微形态结构进行观测,探究了3种果树叶片平均滞尘量在不同时间段和不同高度的变化及叶表面结构与其滞尘量的关系。结果表明:不同果树的滞尘量不同,其中苹果叶片的滞尘量最大,可达到5.295mg·cm~(-2),杏叶片的滞尘量最低,仅为2.697mg·cm~(-2)。叶片滞尘量随时间延长而增加(P0.01);不同高度的滞尘量差异极显著(P0.01),叶片平均滞尘量依次为1m[(1.716±0.800)mg·cm~(-2)]2m[(1.217±0.355)mg·cm~(-2)]3m[(0.950±0.362)mg·cm~(-2)]。叶片表面观察结果表明,果树叶片表面在微形态结构上存在明显差异,滞尘能力较强的苹果叶表面结构粗糙,具有绒毛;滞尘能力较弱的杏叶表面结构光滑,无毛。叶表面结构不同,滞尘能力也出现明显差异,说明滞尘能力与叶表特征密切相关。     

北京七种常见经济林吸滞重金属的特征

以北京7种常见经济林树种为研究对象,利用微波消解仪进行微波消解,并用ICP-MS电感耦合等离子体质谱和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪测定了植物叶片和土壤中重金属含量。结果表明:核桃、梨、苹果、桃和枣叶片中重金属元素含量大小排序一致为ZnCuCrNiPbAsCd,且各树种中Zn和Cu含量较其余各元素含量明显偏高,范围值分别为12.57~23.90mg·kg~(-1)和4.52~10.25mg·kg~(-1);7种经济林吸滞重金属元素的能力差异显著,其中,桃对Cr(5.94mg·kg~(-1))、Ni(5.60mg·kg~(-1))吸滞能力较强,梨吸滞Cu(10.25mg·kg~(-1))能力较强,而樱桃和枣则吸滞Zn元素的能力较强,分别为23.80、23.90mg·kg~(-1);不同季节各树种叶片吸滞Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr季节变化趋势存在明显差异,部分树种在冬季吸滞量最高,部分树种则在夏季最高,但各树种叶片Ni含量最小值均在秋季,对Pb、As和Cd的吸滞量变化特征呈完全一致的变化规律,均在冬季吸滞量较高;林木叶片中重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量大部分相关性不显著(P0.05)。     

园林植物滞尘效应的研究

园林植物可以有效地吸滞灰尘,净化空气.我国对园林植物滞尘效应的研究已经取得了相当多的成果.现从不同植物个体、同种植物不同位点以及不同绿地类型3个角度对我国园林植物的滞尘能力研究作了详细的综述,并对园林植物叶片滞尘机理作了介绍,更深层的认识到园林植物滞尘能力的评价、量化控制以及绿量的研究是滞尘效应研究的方向.     

Diversity of street tree populations in larger Danish municipalities

Healthy and sustainable tree populations require a high diversity of genera and species. This study examined the occurrence and contents of tree inventories in Denmark's 30 largest municipalities. 59% of the municipalities had a tree inventory for street trees, but only about half of these were complete and updated. Only one municipality had a registration for trees other than street trees. Based on data from the tree inventories, the diversity of road side trees was analyzed at genus level and species level. A total of 82,072 street trees are part of the study. 11 different genera account for 92% of the total street tree stock, and 2–6 genera account for 40–80% of the street tree stock in the individual municipalities. Tilia was the most dominating genera (26%). 12 species account for 73% of the total street tree stock. The 6 most common species account for almost 50% of the total tree population. The species representing the largest numbers were Tilia × europaea (12%), Acer platanoides (10.9%), Platanus × acerifolia (7.2%), Tilia cordata (7.2%), Fraxinus excelsior (6.2%) and Sorbus intermedia (5.9%). The four most urbanized municipalities had a surplus of non-native species, but all municipalities apart from one had most street trees belonging to native species. The concluding recommendation of this study is that tree managers need to start working more strategic with their tree stock, in order to reduce the vulnerability, due to potential attacks from pests or diseases and climate change effects. A risk spreading system for the urban tree population is proposed, suggesting that no genera should account for more than 10% and no species for more than 5% of the tree population.     

A multiscale assessment of the diversity of New Zealand’s nursery trees

Nurseries play an important role providing trees for a variety of managed environments including urban forests. The diversity of urban forests and forest restoration projects are influenced by nursery species availability, and as such, there is a need to better understand tree species diversity at nurseries. We collected tree species lists from 75 nurseries throughout New Zealand, which were used to describe species richness (alpha diversity) and to examine similarity in the composition of native and non-native species assemblages among nurseries (beta diversity) at three spatial scales: island, region, city. Together, the nurseries grew 863 species, 174 of which were native to New Zealand, from 312 genera and 130 families. Nurseries grew significantly more non-native species (μ = 63.5, σ = 60.6) than native species on average (μ = 31.7, σ = 22.7) (t = 2.99, df = 48.45, p = 0.004). Beta diversity for native and non-native tree species were only significantly different at the scale of cities or regions, not at the larger scale of islands. Few species were grown in all cities or all regions and the majority of those that were common were native species. In contrast, non-native species dominated the unique species at all spatial scales, (i.e., species uniquely grown in one city, region, or island). By quantifying tree species diversity in New Zealand’s nurseries, this research provides a basis to better understand the influence that nurseries have on urban and peri-urban tree diversity, and ultimately how that diversity impacts resilience and the provision of ecosystem services.     

不同污染条件下绿化树种对大气二氧化硫吸收积累能力的研究

采用HNO3-HClO4消煮、BaSO4比浊法测定了徐州市污染区和相对清洁区13种树种叶片中的含硫量,通过单因素方差分析和系统聚类分析,比较了各树种间对大气SO2吸收积累能力的差异性,以期筛选出对SO2净化能力强的树种,为未来徐州市城区绿化结构调整与改造提供科学依据。结果表明:在同一污染条件下,各树种对SO2的吸收积累能力普遍存在极显著差异,随着大气SO2污染的加重,差异越显著;同种树种在不同污染条件下对SO2的吸收积累能力普遍存在极显著差异;女贞对大气SO2具有很强的吸收积累能力,意大利杨、法国梧桐和雪松对大气SO2具有很强的吸收积累的潜在能力,女贞、意大利杨、法国梧桐和雪松是用于净化大气SO2的理想树种。针叶树种对SO2的吸收积累能力普遍弱于阔叶树种。     

Exotic trees contribute to urban forest diversity and ecosystem services in inner-city Cleveland,OH

Vacant land, a product of population and economic decline resulting in abandonment of infrastructure, has increased substantially in shrinking cities around the world. In Cleveland, Ohio, vacant lots are minimally managed, concentrated within low-income neighborhoods, and support a large proportion of the city’s urban forest. We quantified abundance, richness, diversity, and size class of native and exotic tree species on inner-city vacant lots, inner-city residential lots, and suburban residential lots, and used i-Tree Eco to model the quantity and economic value of regulating ecosystem services provided by their respective forest assemblages. Inner-city vacant lots supported three times as many trees, more exotic than native trees, and greater tree diversity than inner-city and suburban residential lots, with the plurality of trees being naturally-regenerated saplings. The urban forest on inner-city vacant lots also had two times as much leaf area and leaf biomass, and more tree canopy cover. The quantity and monetary value of ecosystem services provided by the urban forest was greatest on inner-city vacant lots, with exotic species contributing most of that value, while native taxa provided more monetary value on residential lots. The predominately naturally-regenerated, minimally managed exotic species on vacant land provide valuable ecosystem services to inner-city neighborhoods of Cleveland, OH.     

八种乔木滞尘效益及其与叶表面特征关系

以青岛市城阳区道路绿地8种乔木为试验材料,采用洗脱法和质量差值法研究8种乔木的滞尘能力,采用扫描电子显微镜(JEOL7500F)、扫描探针显微镜(SPI3800-SPA-400,Seiko Instruments Inc.)和Image J观察叶表面结构并测定叶表面粗糙度、叶毛数量、气孔大小和气孔密度,分析了8种乔木的滞尘能力与叶表面特征的关系。结果表明:8种乔木的季节滞尘量总体上表现为秋季>春季>夏季。紫叶李、悬铃木和毛白杨单位叶面积滞尘量较大,洋白蜡、绦柳单位叶面积滞尘量较小,紫叶李的单位叶面积滞尘量最大,平均达到2.044 7 g·m^-2,最小的绦柳为0.574 7 g·m^-2,前者是后者的3.6倍左右。通过分析叶表面结构与滞尘量的关系得出,具明显网状结构、叶表面粗糙且具明显褶皱、叶表面具沟槽或绒毛,气孔较多且开口大等特征的植物滞尘能力较强。8种乔木叶片粗糙度、叶毛数量、气孔大小和气孔密度与单位叶面积滞尘量之间具有显著正相关关系,表明叶片粗糙度、气孔大小和气孔密度越大,叶毛数量越多,叶片滞尘量越大。     

师宗县城行道树种评价与规划

从抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害性、吸硫能力、滞尘能力、抗污能力、增氧能力、生长势、观赏性和养护费等10个方面对师宗县城行道树种进行分析与评价,得出了3个等级的道路绿化树种,并将其分别规划为骨干、基调和一般树种。     

兴平市区园林树种的调查分析与规划

对兴平城市园林绿化中树种应用状况进行了调研,结合城市自然地理概况以及对不同树种特性的分析,提出了适宜兴平市栽植的园林绿化树种名录,包括基调树种和骨干树种,并针对地方特色树种较少和树种品种单一等问题,提出了今后兴平市园林绿化树种规划的建议。