Monitoring nitrogen forms in soil/plant systems under different fertilizer managements. A preliminary investigation

A field experiment was carried out on maize (Zea mays, L.) to study the effects of different fertilizer management on nitrogen status in soil and plant response. Three different fertilizers, mineral (MN), mineral plus buffalo manure (MN + BM) and organo-mineral with peat (OMP), were added at the usual (140, 61 and 116 kg ha⁻¹) and the reduced (70, 31 and 58 kg ha⁻¹) rates of N, P and K. respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for N by both the Kjeldahl method and the electro-ultrafiltration technique (EUF). The soil Kjeldahl-N concentrations were scarcely affected by the different fertilizer treatments, while the EUF-N concentrations were closely correlated with the amounts of N added. The EUF also discriminated between the NO₃-N and the sum of the ammonium and the easily extractable organic N forms (EUF-N_org + NH₄). The largest proportions of EUF-Norg + NH₄ were found in the untreated plots and in the plots treated with buffalo manure. The different fertilizer treatments significantly affected grain yield, which ranged from a minimum of 6.3 t ha⁻¹ from the untreated plots, to a maximum of 11.9 t ha⁻¹ from those supplied with 140 kg N, 61 kg P and 116 kg K ha⁻¹ by OMP fertilizer. The highest agronomic efficiency index for N was exhibited in the OMP treatment at the reduced rate. The grain yield was closely correlated with the total extractable EUF-N, but different relationships were found between the rate of N added, the level of EUF-NO,-N in soil and grain yield for the different fertilizer treatments.     

白洋淀湿地CH4和CO2排放特征及其影响因素初探

本研究旨在探索白洋淀湿地碳排放规律及影响因素,以期为制定该地区的碳管理决策提供技术支持.运用静态箱-气相色谱法,测定了白洋淀湿地不同时间、区域环境下甲烷(Ch4)和二氧化碳(CO2)的排放通量.结果 表明,5-10月CH4和CO2排放通量均呈现先增大后减少的变化趋势,其中7月CH4和CO2排放通量的日变化较大.在空间上...     

A survey on actual agricultural practices and their effects on the mineral nitrogen concentration of the soil solution

In intensive integrated crop-livestock farming systems, the surplus of N at the farm scale may be large and reflects on the N balance at the field scale. A study was conducted to assess the N fertilizer efficiency in four private farms in intensively cropped areas of NW Italy, and to monitor the effects of agricultural practices on the mineral N concentration of the soil solution, sampled every 2 weeks for 2 years and considered as an indicator of potential leaching. Two cultivation systems were compared in each farm, one involving continuous maize rotation, the other assuring a continuous soil cover (permanent meadow or winter cereal-maize double cropping system). The fertilization level in the arable crops was high (369–509 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared to the crop removals, and resulted in a low efficiency, as indicated by the four examined efficiency indexes (calculated N surplus, N removal-fertilizer ratio, N apparent recovery, N use efficiency). The soil-water-nitrate concentration showed large temporal variations in the range of 1–150 mg l⁻¹ for five out of the eight cropping situations, while concentrations smaller than 10 mg l⁻¹ were always recorded in the meadows and in one of the four soils (Aeric epiaquept). The fertilizer management that characterized each cropping system affected the soil-mineral-nitrate content in shallow arable soils. The longer soil cover duration in double-cropping systems did not result in a reduction of soil N compared to maize as a single crop, not even in winter (the bare-soil intercropping period in maize-based systems). However, the temporal oscillations of the concentration were buffered by the crop cover duration and by the presence of a shallow water table (1 m deep) in the soil profile. The average nitrate content of the soil could be predicted by the N uptake of the crop, the N removal–fertilizer ratio, the soil pH and sand content, however no simple explanatory relationship was found with the experimental factors. Hence, in farm conditions, in the absence of sufficient data for a deterministic model approach, the target of reducing the risk of leaching should be achieved by maximizing the fertilizer efficiency.     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机质、不同形态氮含量及作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对河北省低平原区土壤有机质、不同氮形态含量及作物产量的影响,旨在为该区冬小麦–夏玉米轮作系统秸秆全量还田下土壤肥力和作物产量的提高提供理论依据。结果表明,经过36个小麦玉米轮作周期的不同施肥处理后,与不施肥处理（CK）相比,施肥可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,且随化肥施用量的增加而逐渐增加。在化肥施用量≤N 360kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 240kg/hm²时,秸秆还田较不还田可显著提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,在化肥施用量为N 540kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 360kg/hm²时,增加速度减缓。与CK相比,长期施肥提高了土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量,而对土壤铵态氮含量没有显著影响。单施化肥时,表层土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加;在秸秆还田下,N360+P240+S9000处理表层土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量最高。施肥显著提高了作物产量,单施化肥处理,小麦、玉米产量均随施肥量的增加而逐渐增加;秸秆还田条件下,小麦产量在化肥施用量≤N 360kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 240kg/hm²时较单独施用化肥的处理增产。由以上结果可知,长期施肥可提高土壤肥力,增加土壤有机质和全氮含量,适宜的氮肥施用量配合秸秆还田可固持土壤有机碳和全氮,过量氮肥不利于土壤有机质的累积。长期单施化肥或化肥配合秸秆还田均可提高土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量,对土壤铵态氮含量无显著影响。长期施肥可提高作物产量,在秸秆还田条件下,化肥施用量为N 360kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 240kg/hm²时,增产效果较好。     

施肥对马铃薯农田土壤水分时空变化及产量的影响

为探讨施肥与马铃薯田土壤水分时空变化和产量的关系,采用随机区组设计,在定位施肥条件下,研究了有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK）、有机肥（M）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷（NP）、氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、不施肥对照（CK）对马铃薯田土壤水分含量时空变化及马铃薯产量的影响。施肥量为腐熟羊厩肥22 500kg/hm ²、N 150kg/hm ²、P₂O₅75kg/hm ²、K₂O 270kg/hm ²。结果表明：不同施肥处理各土层土壤含水量随着马铃薯生育期的推进均呈现波动变化;生育期土壤剖面含水量呈现“?”形变化趋势,20~40cm土层为最大蓄水层和耗水层。NPK、MNPK、M处理土壤含水量显著高于NK、NP、PK和CK,说明施用有机肥或氮磷钾化肥配施均能提高土壤持水性能。两年平均产量以M处理最高,其次是NPK处理,再次是MNPK处理;商品薯率也以NPK、M和MNPK处理较高;单株结薯数以M、PK、MNPK、NPK处理较高,NK和CK处理较低。研究结果表明,缺乏磷、钾较缺乏氮素对马铃薯产量、商品薯率、结薯数的影响更为严重。     

Fixation and release of ammonium in flooded rice soils as affected by redox potential

In pot experiments with two typical paddy soils, we studied the significance of ammonium fixation under waterlogged conditions and the availability of this N fraction for wetland rice. Special attention was given to the influence of redox potential (E_h) on the fixation and release of NH⁺₄, since the E_h has been shown to affect the charge conditions of certain expandable clay minerals and may alter their cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results demonstrate that ammonium formed by mineralization after flooding was converted, to a substantial degree, into a non-exchangeable form when sufficient amounts of expandable 2:1 minerals were present. The newly fixed NH⁺₄ was protected from N losses via nitrification-denitrification processes, which may occur, especially during the drying and rewetting of the soil, but was completely available to the following rice crop. The release of fixed NH⁺₄ was highest in the rhizosphere of rice plants (where the E_h was greatly increased by the O₂ secretion of the roots) and decreased with growing distance from the roots. Correlations between the E_h and the concentration of non-exchangeable NH⁺₄ indicate that fixation and mobilization of ammonium are strongly influenced by the redox potential in paddy soils.     

Nitrogen Mineralization Rates and Kinetics in Soils Freshly Amended with Green Manures

Long term incubation studies to determine the nitrogen (N) mineralization rates and kinetics in soils freshly amended with some commonly used green manures such as Sesbania rostrata. Gliricidia maculata. Leucaena leucocephala and Azolla pinnata are scarce. A long term aerobic study was, therefore, conducted by incubating soils freshly amended with the above-mentioned green manures in PVC columns at 35 ± 1 C and with 0.01 Mpa moisture content. The soils were then leached at periodic intervals for up to 36 weeks.
The N-mineralization rates were greatest during the first week and decreased with time in all soils. The green manure amended soils leached 247 mg kg⁻¹ more NO₃+ NO₂– N than the unamended control. In general, the total N mineralized (mean 61%) was almost twice that of net N mineralized (mean 30%) in the amended soils. The percent N mineralized (total and net), however, varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. It was greatest in the soil amended with sesbania and lowest in the soil amended with azolla. The kinetic parameters derived using the double exponential model indicated that green manure amended soils possessed significantly higher N-mineralization potentials and rate constants compared to the unamended control. The kinetic parameters also varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. Among the various parameters lignin content, lignin to N ratio and lignin + polyphenol to N ratio of the green manures were the key factors governing the rate of decomposition and subsequent N mineralization from the amended soils.     

Relationships between soil fertility,herbage quality and manure composition on grassland-based dairy farms

It is reasonable to expect that compliance with grassland fertilization recommendations in the long run results in optimal soil fertility, and subsequent herbage quality. Here, we evaluate the development of soil, herbage and manure characteristics and their relation over the last decades. We hypothesized that herbage and manure quality are related with soil fertility. We used a large database with results of soil tests, spring forage quality characteristics, and manure analyses, which were made on demand of dairy farmers. We considered the Netherlands as a whole and three selected regions with contrasting soil types (sandy soil, riverine clay, and peaty marine clay). Effects of soil fertility on herbage quality were evident when comparing farms. Farms higher in soil P and K generally have correspondingly higher contents in forage. On average, soil fertility and herbage characteristics were within or just above the agronomical optimal range during the last decades. Herbage crude protein content decreased in all regions during last two decades, which is likely an effect of legislative measures on decreasing the application of N. Selenium (Se) and sulphur (S) contents increased sharply on sandy soils, likely because of increased use of Se and S containing fertilizers. Manure composition did not differ between soil types. In conclusion, at farm level, the element composition of herbage reflected the soil fertility status. The contents of S, P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca in the herbage were all significantly influenced by soil fertility characteristics. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining soil fertility for high quality roughage production.     

长期定位施肥对设施番茄土壤酶活性及土壤养分动态变化的影响

为探究不同施肥处理对设施大棚土壤微环境的影响,以寿光市长期定位设施番茄试验大棚为基础,设置4种施肥处理,不施肥(CK)、鸡粪+秸秆施肥(M+S)、鸡粪+尿素施肥(M+U)及鸡粪+尿素+秸秆施肥(M+U+S),对设施番茄生长期内土壤养分及酶活性的动态变化进行了研究和分析。结果表明,番茄生长期内,土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量动态变化,蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性高峰出现在番茄生长的初果期;脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性高峰出现在盛果期;拉秧期土壤有机质含量最高。增施高碳氮比作物秸秆显著降低了土壤盐分浓度,明显缓解土壤p H值的下降,番茄生长各时期内土壤全氮、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量显著提高,增幅分别为8.92%~40.71%,9.54%~18.52%,23.65%~27.87%,13.53%~58.81%,13.20%~18.25%,各时期土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高了13.95~17.93,79.35~103.56,11.50~15.73,4.30~8.00个酶活力单位;相较于不施肥处理,长期氮肥的投入,显著加剧了M+U处理土壤次生盐渍化水平,明显降低了土壤酸碱度,并使该处理土壤脲酶活性显著降低;施用有机肥显著提高了土壤全氮、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量,明显增强了土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。土壤酶活性之间相关性较好,其中蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶之间极显著正相关。蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与全氮、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量之间,脲酶活性与全氮、碱解氮含量均呈极显著正相关,而过氧化氢酶活性与土壤养分含量无明显相关性。     

Inner farm nutrient flows between arable land and permanent grassland via the stable in organic cropping systems

Organic farming systems are characterized by the strong regulation of the import of nutrients into the farming system. Recently, nutrient budgets in organic farming especially with regard to potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) have gained interest. In the present study inner farm mineral nutrient flows of P, K and magnesium (Mg) among the farmland sub-compartments arable land and permanent grassland via the dairy stable were analysed. The objectives of the current study were (1) to quantify the inner farm nutrient flows among different farmland sub-compartments, and (2) to assess the effect of purchased biomass on inner farm nutrient cycles. Results indicated that the ratio of the nutrients N, P and K in the stable inputs (feed, bedding) greatly differed depending on the kind of biomass introduced into the stable (roughage in comparison to concentrates or straw for bedding), i.e. via grassland biomass much more K (7.9 kg) per kg P were introduced than with feeds harvested on arable land like silage maize (4.9 kg K per kg P), concentrates like cereals (1.3–1.6 kg K per kg P) or grain pulses like peas (2.4 kg K per kg P). The different inputs are mixed in the manures leading to intermediate concentration in the stable manures, with the consequence that nutrient composition of the manures does not match the composition of the single stable inputs. Therefore, balances of nutrient flows in such mixed systems indicate a relative transfer of K from grassland to arable land via the stable manure (approximately 10–30% of the manure derived from grassland K, depending among others on the amounts of straw high in K needed for animal bedding), if P was used as reference nutrient for stable manure allocation to permanent grassland and arable land. Yields of non-legumes in arable cropping in organic farming systems is very often limited by nitrogen (N) supply, whereas it is well known that manure additions are rather ineffective on permanent grassland high in legumes. The higher N demand of arable crops as well as P and K offtakes from arable land via sold animal and plant products give some scope for a preferable use of stable manures for manuring arable land to replace mineral nutrient outputs and to improve the soil N and the soil humus status, increasing the demand for supplement of mineral nutrients on the permanent grassland area to avoid long-term impoverishment of soil fertility.     

N-Aufnahme und -Verwertung verschiedener N-Düngerformen durch Winterweizen – Gefäßversuche mit 15N

N-uptake and N utilization of different fertilizer types by winter wheat – pot experiments with ¹⁵N
The efficiency of top dressing urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate fertilizers on winter wheat grown on loamy sand and loessial black soil was studied. At a rate of 0.5 g N per pot on the loamy sand 20 % volatilization losses of NH₃ occurred with urea and 10 % on the loessial black soil with urea resp. ammonium sulphate.
The grain yields an N removal correspond to these results. At an amount of 1.6 g N per pot the N-uptake of ¹⁵N ranged from 0.589 g (urea) on sandy soils to 1.279 g (ammonium nitrate) which agrees with 76 % an 91 % of the total N uptake. On black soil 0.675 g (urea) and 1.038 g (ammonium nitrate) or 44 % and 51 % of the total uptake are found.     

Stickstoff-Eintrag und -Verbleib im Boden unter offenen und abgedeckten Mistmieten

Nitrogen penetration and persistence in soil under uncovered and covered farmyard manure heaps
After deposition of cattle manure for 308 days neither the total nitrogen nor the nitrate but onlv the ammonia content in the soil (0–70 cm) was significantly increased. During a 258 days period from autumn to spring the observed microbial oxidation of penetrated ammonia to nitrate was tardy and by no means quantitative. So leaching of nitrate was hardly to be detected during the whole period. In the soil layer 40–70 cm a maximum of 1.6 g NO₃⁻-N/m² was measured, which was in an equivalent range with the amounts detected by large scale investigations in agricultural soils at the same season. Therefore the manure heaps in question did not lead to an uncommon increase of nitrate in soil. The protection of the heaps against precipitation simply brought about small and only a few times significant reductions in soil N_min content.     

长期不同施肥对农田土壤养分与微生物群落结构的影响

为了阐明长期不同施肥对土壤养分与微生物群落的影响及影响机理,以杭嘉湖平原典型稻麦轮作区长期定位施肥试验土壤为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA)分析方法,研究了施用化肥(NPK)、秸秆(Straw)、栏肥(Manure)、化肥与秸秆配施(S+NPK)、化肥与栏肥配施(M+NPK)5种不同施肥方式对土壤主要养分指标与微生物量及微生物群落结构的影响,试验以不施肥处理为对照。结果表明,所有施肥处理均提高了土壤有机碳,其中秸秆与化肥配施、栏肥无论是单独施用还是与化肥配施所提高的有机碳含量均达到显著水平;施用化肥、有机肥、秸秆+化肥及有机肥+化肥均可在一定程度增加土壤氮、磷、钾养分。施用秸秆和栏肥显著提高了土壤中总PLFA、细菌、真菌、放线菌等含量以及微生物群落Shannon指数(P＜0.05),但施用化肥可引起土壤微生物量和多样性指数的下降。相关分析结果表明,土壤微生物PLFA含量及Shannon指数与土壤碳氮比呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。典范对应分析结果表明,土壤有机碳含量(F=2.18,P=0.027)是影响微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。可得出结论,长期秸秆还田或施用栏肥可显著提高土壤微生物量并改变其群落结构,土壤有机碳含量及碳氮比对于土壤质量和肥力的提高具有至关重要的作用。     

平谷桃园养分投入对土壤养分的影响

以平谷区101个桃园为研究对象,调查了施肥现状及其对土壤养分的影响。【结论】所调查的桃园施用的有机肥以鸡粪、羊粪、猪粪、牛粪为主,化肥投入以复合肥或氮磷钾配合施用居多;2016年比2006年总N、总P2O5和总K2O投入量高出1.6倍、1.6倍和1.8倍。由于桃园多年的过量养分投入,2016年调查结果与2006年调查结果和1981年二次土壤普查结果比较,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均有大幅度提高;调查结果还显示,随着氮肥的施入土壤中平均碱解氮含量变化趋势不明显,随着磷肥的施入土壤中平均有效磷含量成显著的上升趋势,随着钾肥投入量的增加土壤中速效钾含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势。调查结果还显示平谷土壤氮素盈余量为444.6 kg N/ hm2,作物氮素吸收量/施氮量占比仅为45%;平谷土壤磷素盈余量为516.6 kg N/ hm2,作物磷素吸收量/施磷量占比仅为22%;由此可见,桃园氮养分和磷养分盈余造成了果园土壤氮和磷环境风险加大。因此,桃园要进行合理的养分管理以保证产量和品质的形成,以及桃园的可持续发展。     

不同土壤改良措施对机械压实酸化蔗地土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响

探讨不同土壤改良措施对土壤物理性质、养分、微生物和甘蔗产量的影响,对机械压实后酸性土壤改良策略的制定具有较为重要的意义。本研究设置添加松土精(B2)、添加生物菌肥(B3)、添加有机肥(B4)、添加生石灰(B5)4种土壤改良处理,以不添加土壤改良剂作为对照(B1),连续2个作物季对蔗地土壤物理性质、养分、微生物和甘蔗产量构成等指标进行研究。结果表明, B4处理可显著降低土壤容重、紧实度、贯入阻力和抗剪强度,提高土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度和毛孔孔隙度,其固相容积率显著低于对照,液相容积率显著高于对照,土壤有机质含量、全氮含量得到显著提升, B2、B3处理紧实度和总孔隙度降低,土壤物理性状得到一定改善, B5处理土壤pH值显著提升,土壤酸性得到改善, B3、B5处理土壤有效磷含量得到显著提升。4种土壤改良措施土壤细菌和真菌Shannon指数、Chao1指数和ACE指数均高于对照,均能提升土壤耕层细菌和真菌的物种多样性和物种丰富度,降低土壤细菌中Proteobacteria (变形菌门)和Acidobacteria (酸杆菌门)的相对丰度、真菌中Basidiomycota (担子菌门)的相对丰度,增加细菌中Actinobacteria (放线菌)和Chloroflexi (绿弯菌门)的相对丰度、真菌中Ascomycota (子囊菌门)的相对丰度,并改变其他真菌群落组成。4种土壤改良措施均可不同程度地提高成熟期甘蔗有效茎数和单茎重,从而增加甘蔗产量;效果以添加有机肥最好,生物菌肥其次。本研究为筛选适合改良和培肥机械压实酸性土壤措施,提高甘蔗产量提供了科学依据。     

小麦宽幅匀播技术氮、磷、钾施肥效果及推荐施肥量研究

为了探讨宽幅匀播小麦的肥料高效利用和土壤养分吸收的机理,采用多点田间小区试验,应用“3414”田间肥料试验设计方法,分析在不同肥力水平下小麦宽幅匀播技术氮、磷、钾的施肥效果和推荐用量。结果得出,宽幅匀播小麦氮、磷、钾养分利用率随施肥水平提高而显著降低,随土壤肥力增加呈先增高后降低,从高到低依次为：中肥力＞较低肥力＞低肥力＞较高肥力＞高肥力。随土壤肥力由低到高增加,宽幅匀播小麦最佳施肥效益的推荐施肥量分别是N 107.9~171.8 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 88.2~112.1 kg/hm²和K₂O 35.4~56.2 kg/hm²,平均分别为：N 138.3 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 101.4 kg/hm²、K₂O 45.4 kg/hm²,三要素比例为N:P₂O₅:K₂O=1:0.73:0.33。由于不同土壤类型的速效氮磷钾含量有一定差异,小麦宽幅匀播适宜施肥量应因土壤类型而适当调整。     

砂姜黑土区小麦玉米轮作制下有机肥适宜替代比例研究

以砂姜黑土区小麦玉米轮作制为研究对象,探讨不同有机肥替代化肥比例对小麦、玉米产量和土壤物理、化学性质的影响,为砂姜黑土区有机肥合理施用提供理论依据。2012—2020年,在安徽省蒙城县开展了定位试验,试验设置不施氮肥对照(CK)、常量化肥(F)、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代20%化肥氮(F_0.8M_0.2)、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代40%化肥氮(F_0.6M_0.4)、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代60%化肥氮(F_0.4M_0.6)、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代80%化肥氮(F_0.2M_0.8)、有机肥氮替代100%化肥氮(M)等7个处理,小区面积30 m²,重复3 次。结果表明：有机肥替代比例为20%时,小麦多年平均产量增加1.8%,玉米上有机肥替代比例为40%时,多年平均产量增加0.2%,随有机肥替代化肥比例的增加,作物产量有降低趋势。回归分析表明,小麦上有机肥替代比例为10.4%、玉米上为25.6%时可获得最高小麦、玉米产量。随着试验年限的延长,高比例有机替代处理小麦、玉米相对产量逐渐提高。有机肥替代化肥能提高土壤pH,能降低土壤容重。有机肥替代化肥可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,随着有机肥替代比例的增加,土壤有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势;有机肥替代化肥对土壤有效磷和速效钾含量的影响受磷钾素投入量、作物产量、土壤中磷钾素的有效性等因素综合影响。砂姜黑土区小麦玉米轮作下,小麦季适宜的有机替代比例为20%,玉米上为40%,高于这一比例,小麦、玉米产量下降,随着试验年限的延长,有机肥残效迭加效应增加;有机肥替代部分化肥可以改善土壤生态环境,提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,提高土壤肥力水平;有机肥替代化肥作物的产量效应受有机肥替代比例、试验持续年限等众多因素的影响,只有通过连续多年的定位研究,才能得出适合区域的有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳比例。     

秸秆还田下水稻丰产与甲烷减排的技术模式

依托作者主持的“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目,提出了一种新型实用的秸秆好氧还田耕作与水稻丰产减排栽培的稻作新模式,并总结分析了该模式大面积示范的综合效益及推广应用的技术要点。该稻作模式以秸秆切碎匀抛、稻田旱耕湿整和增密调氮控水为关键技术,改善稻田耕层的通透性和水稻通气组织的输氧能力及抗倒防衰性能,提高耕层和水稻根际氧含量,实现秸秆还田下水稻丰产与甲烷减排协同。在我国水稻主产区大面积示范中,高产条件下取得氮肥利用增效30.2%~36.0%、稻作节本增收8.3%~9.7%和甲烷减排31.7%~75.7%的显著效果。最后就该稻作模式的大面积推广应用,从政府激励机制和配套技术等层面提出了一些建议。     

长期施肥下红壤旱地CO2、N2O排放特征

摘 要：基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地小麦生长季节不同施肥处理(CK、NP、NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM)下土壤CO2、N2O排放差异。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理形成不同的土壤肥力以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放的重要因素,红壤旱地小麦季土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放具有明显的季节变化特征;在小麦生长季,不同施肥处理之间土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放通量差异显著,土壤呼吸CO2年累积排放量在8284.02 kg?ha-1～15863.48 kg?ha-1之间,N2O年累积排放量在0.37 kg?ha-1～2.04 kg?ha-1之间。各处理土壤呼吸CO2排放通量的大小变化：1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>CK>NP;土壤呼吸N2O平均排放通量大小顺序为1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>NP>CK;有机肥的施用显著增加了土壤呼吸CO2和N2O的排放(P<0.05)。土壤呼吸CO2与N2O排放分别与土壤温度和土壤水分显著相关性。     

不同地质年代火山森林土壤甲烷氧化通量及其影响因素

CH₄作为一种强效的温室气体对全球气候变暖贡献巨大,森林土壤是重要的大气甲烷汇。明确不同地质年代火山岩母质发育的森林土壤甲烷氧化通量特征,以期为温带森林生态系统碳循环规律研究提供一定的科学依据。以五大连池火山保护区内3座不同地质的年代火山为对象,山口湖保护区内一座海拔高度相似的山丘为对照,采用静态气箱-气相色谱法,分析了甲烷氧化通量及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,不同采样点南北坡间土壤总有机碳含量均存在显著差异(P<0.05),老黑山(300年)与东焦得布(17万～19万年)和北格拉球(70万～80万年)之间存在显著差异,呈逐渐增加的趋势;土壤总氮含量除老黑山外,不同坡向间差异显著(P<0.05)。土壤速效养分含量呈逐渐增加的变化趋势且北坡均高于南坡。老黑山、东焦得布、北格拉球和山口湖甲烷氧化通量日变化范围分别为44.58～68.35、108.65～138.23、74.72～118.05、78.26～105.34μg/(m²·h);上午8:00—10:00左右甲烷氧化通量为全天最大值;甲烷氧化通量24 h平均值东焦得布最高,与其...