Effects of exogenous applications of cytokinin on the development of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cuttings

Summary Application of 6-benzylaminopurine or its riboside to potato cuttings on four successive days was very effective if the treatment started on day 4 after cutting. These cytokinis caused cuttings that were well induced to express a lower level of induction than they actually had received. There was a shift from sessile tuberization of the central bud to non-sessile tuberization of the central bud or to tuberization of ancillary buds, or a shift from ancillary-bud tuberization to swollen shoots. Effects were largest after a moderate induction. If rooting occurred, cytokinin reduced the proportion of rooted cuttings significantly. Cytokinin increased the levels of fructose and glucose in the tubers if it was applied after day 3. Dry weight of the buds was reduced by cytokinin in those cases where it caused suppression of ancillary-bud development. Paper No 836, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA.     

Potato cuttings as models to study maturation and senescence

Summary Single leaf cuttings with their subtended axillary buds proved to be useful models to study maturation and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Senescence was more rapid if the cultivar was early maturing or if plants were exposed to short days before cuttings were taken. Rooting was decreased by short days before cutting; excision of the buried bud only partially overcame the effects on senescence and rooting. High rates of N to mother plants in the field delayed senescence of cuttings in a way analogous to the delayed senescence of field plants. The tuberization of cuttings from late maturing cultivars was decreased by high rates of N. The color of crisps made from bud tubers was positively correlated with the color of crisps made from ordinary tubers of the same cultivars. Sugar concentrations in bud tubers decreased as cuttings became more senescent and increased after cold storage. Bud tubers harvested while ‘immature’ had greater concentrations of reducing sugars after 90 d at 10°C than did ‘mature’ bud tubers. Paper No. 878, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University. This research was supported through HATCH project NYS161414, a contributing project to Regional Project NC150, and through HATCH project NYS161407.     

顶梢和功能叶对茶树全光照弥雾扦插快繁的影响研究

为进一步缩短茶树无性苗繁育周期,提高无性苗质量,本试验以3年生台茶12号（又名金萱）茶树嫩枝为扦插材料,采用全光照弥雾快繁育苗技术,研究了插穗顶梢保留与摘除、不保留成熟功能叶、保留1~3片成熟功能叶对茶树扦插苗根系和地上部生长的影响,并于扦插前对茶树嫩枝不同部位芽叶的相关生理生化指标进行了测定分析。结果表明,随叶片成熟度增加,可溶性糖和叶绿素含量呈递增趋势。净光合速率也随叶片成熟度的增加呈递增趋势,但以第2片成熟功能叶最高。可溶性蛋白含量随叶片成熟度的增加呈下降趋势,以顶部一芽一叶含量最高。带成熟功能叶插穗成活率和生根率均为100.00%,而不带成熟功能叶的一芽一叶插穗和一芽二叶插穗成活率和生根率均仅为5.00%和23.33%。根系生长以带3片功能叶留梢插穗最好,生根早且根量大,10βd内就有大量白色根点从茎段基部冒出,60%~70%茶苗形成二次根仅需37βd,且地上部新形成的成熟功能叶数也最多,但是新梢高度增长值小于保留顶梢带1片成熟功能叶插穗,基部茎粗增长值小于带2片成熟功能叶插穗。成熟功能叶片数的增加有利于根系生长发育,提高成活率和生根率;保留顶梢插穗的根系和地上部的生长优于去梢插穗。     

Position and Development of Differentiated Lateral Buds in Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)

Abstract:

During sago palm cultivation, many suckers appear from the mother stem as it grows. Some suckers are thinned out, but the rest are left to grow to be harvested several years later after harvesting of the mother stem (trunk). Proper management of the suckers from the mother stem is important to obtain successive sago trunks from a single transplantation. Nevertheless, little scientific knowledge exists about the sucker growth, even the development of its primordium. Our objective is to clarify the differentiation position and the development of the sago palm lateral bud, which is the sucker bud. Results show that in sago palm, the sucker bud differentiates inside of the connate part of the leaf petiole, which is opposite to the axil side. Swelling of tissue is first visible inside of the third leaf from the growth point (rbL 3). Sucker bud initiation is visible at almost all leaf positions lower than rbL 5. Furthermore, at each leaf position, one or two (rarely three) buds are observed. Differentiated buds usually elongate exponentially. Some develop more than two times on average. These sucker buds differentiate inside of the connate part of the thin leaf petiole, which split toward the base gradually as new leaves emerge. The differentiation position of the sucker buds and the thin leaf petiole are expected to be related closely to the further growth of the large sucker buds.     

Effect of three anti-gibberellin growth retardants on tuberization of induced and non-induced Katahdin potato leaf-bud cuttings

Katahdin potato plants were grown in a growth chamber undernoninducing conditions and treated with three anti-gibberellin growth retardants. Other plants were sprayed with gibberellic acid and placed in aninducing growth chamber adjusted to promote tuber induction. Treatments were repeated the following week. After final treatment, apical, sub-apical, medial and basal leaf-bud cuttings were taken from each plant and placed in a mist chamber. After two weeks, cuttings were examined for tuberization. Two of the retardants were associated with approximately 3 and 2 fold increases in tuberization over the non-induced control. Although induced control cuttings exhibited almost complete tuberization, application of gibberellic acid to plants grown under identical conditions, reduced tuberization 14 fold. Tuberization response of induced control cuttings was unaffected by stem location. In non-induced control and quaternary ammonium compound-treated cuttings, basal cuttings tuberized significantly better than those taken from higher on the stem. This pattern was eliminated for plants treated with the triazole compound. Below-ground portions of donor plants were also examined and showed a significant increase in average rhizome number and total rhizome length associated with inducing conditions. Tuber number of donor plants was also increased for those plants grown under inducing conditions or treated with the triazole compound under noninducing conditions.     

温湿度变化对茶苗芽萌发基因表达的影响

利用数字基因表达谱技术研究了温湿度变化对秋插茶苗芽萌发基因表达的影响。通过保温棚处理日均温度提高约5.15℃,湿度提高5.10%,两者茶苗芽萌发具有明显差异。比较保温棚与对照芽的基因表达共筛选获得949个差异表达基因,其中503个基因受保温棚处理诱导上调表达,446个基因下调表达。对差异表达基因进行GO分类分析,在P值<0.01的情况下,有360个基因与14个GO分类匹配。其中7个GO分类与光合作用相关,P值最小的GO分类为光系统,其11个基因均表现为上调表达,说明高温高湿条件具有促进光合相关基因表达的作用。这些结果将为深入研究理解茶苗的生长机制及相关基因的克隆打下基础。     

芒果MiFRI1和MiFRI2基因的克隆与表达分析

FRIGIDA(FRI)是植物春化途径中影响成花的关键基因之一.本研究克隆了2个芒果FRI基因,分别命名为MiFRI1和MiFRI2.序列生物信息学分析结果显示,MiFRI1和MiFRI2基因的ORF长度分别为1752、1815 bp,编码584、605个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为64.98、66.86 kDa.进化树分析...     

Effect of leaves on microtubers produced from potato single-node cuttingsIn Vitro

Microtubers are used to propagate, to store, and to transport potato clones. Culturing single-node explants from potato plantletsin vitro without subtending leaves was reported to result in plantlets with lower vigor and a higher coefficient of variation. The effect on microtuber productionin vitro of leaf area and the presence or absence of leaves on potato single-node cuttings was investigated as an extension of the above study. Stock plantlets of potato cvs Atlantic, Kennebec, Russet Burbank, and Shepody were cultured under a 16-h photoperiod. Single-node cuttings were excised and grown in a high-sucrose tuberization medium in darkness. Leaf area did not affect the frequency, size, or weight of microtubers of cvs Katahdin and Russet Burbank. The absence of leaves reduced microtuber diameter for Russet Burbank; whereas Atlantic, Kennebec, and Shepody were unaffected. Mean fresh weight of microtubers was reduced when leaves were removed for all cvs except Atlantic. No effect of the removal of the leaf was observed for mean dry weights of microtubers from all cvs, although microtubers from single-node cuttings without leaves accumulated significantly more percent dry matter than those with leaves. Rapid multiplication facilities may therefore wish to consider conserving resources such as media, vessels, and growth room space by culturing explants without leaves for the production of microtubers.     

茶赤叶斑病与叶片结构及空间位置的关系

用室内接种和田间调查的方法,研究了茶赤叶斑病（ＰｈｙｌｏｓｔｉｃｔａｔｈｅｉｃｏｌａＰｅｔｃｈ）与茶树叶片结构及空间位置的关系。结果表明：该病原菌容易侵染茶树新梢的嫩叶,在老叶（芽下四叶及其以下）表面则难以形成附着胞,即使侵入了,菌丝的分枝、生长也较缓慢;近平展着生的嫩叶及叶片伤口更易感染;茶树品种间因叶片角质层的厚度、栅栏组织层次和海绵组织细胞排列松紧,其发病率表现出明显的差异,角质层厚和栅栏组织层次多的品种发病率较低     

温度和光照对香蕉组培苗生长和增殖的影响

以“巴西”香蕉为材料,在人工气候箱条件下,研究不同温度（16,19,22,25,28,31,34 ℃）及不同光照（1 000,1 500,3 000,5 000,8 000 lx）对香蕉组培苗增殖和生根的影响。结果表明,温度对香蕉分化芽的增殖和生根均有极显著影响;光照主要影响分化芽和生根苗的长势,而对香蕉分化芽的增殖和生根没有显著影响;温度与光照的互作对香蕉分化芽的增殖没有显著影响,而对分化芽的长势和生根均有显著的影响。31 ℃时香 蕉分化芽的倍增率和生根率均达到最大,分别为 3.07 和 0.98。增殖培养阶段香蕉分化芽的叶绿素含量低于生根培养阶段。当温度在 25～31 ℃之间、光照在 1 000～3 000 lx 之间时,叶绿素含量均相对较高。高、低温及强光照下叶绿素含量均相对较低。     

不同种茎处理对甘蔗萌芽和幼苗生长的影响

以不同部位、不同芽数和不同质量的甘蔗种茎为材料,分析不同种茎来源对甘蔗萌芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：中部种茎萌芽出苗及幼苗生长表现最好,萌芽率和苗高分别为72.81%和46.33 cm;单芽茎的萌芽率较低,苗较矮,而三芽茎、四芽茎和多芽茎的萌芽率和苗高差异不明显。正常种茎的萌芽率与倒伏种茎的差异不显著,与绵蚜危害种茎、螟虫危害种茎和黑穗病危害种茎的差异显著;正常种茎苗高与螟虫危害种茎的差异不显著,与绵蚜危害种茎、倒伏种茎和黑穗病危害种茎的差异显著;而黑穗病危害种茎芽萌发长成的植株只有3.82%为正常植株,其他均为黑穗苗。结果说明生产上选健康的甘蔗中部或梢部茎留种,以双芽段、三芽段、四芽段或多芽段种茎种植有利于甘蔗萌芽和幼苗生长。     

Effect of photoperiod on tuberization in the Livingstone potato (Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. Lamiaceae)

The Livingstone potato (Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br.) produces a cluster of edible tubers at the base of the stem that are used as a potato substitute in many areas of Africa. No information is available on factors affecting tuberization in this species. Photoperiod is known to influence storage organ formation in a wide range of crops, and pilot trials indicated that it also played a role in tuberization in P. esculentus. The critical photoperiod for tuber induction, as well as the number of short-day cycles required to induce tubers, were investigated in glasshouse trials using in vitro plants. Nine photoperiod treatments (30-min intervals from 10 to 14 h of light) were applied in the critical photoperiod experiment. To determine the number of short-day cycles required to induce tuberization, plants were exposed to short days (10 h light) for periods ranging from 0 to 20 days at 2-day intervals. Data were collected from both intact plants and sub-apical two-node cuttings made after the experimental treatments were completed. The critical photoperiod for the specific genotype used in this study was between 12.5 and 13 h, with cuttings giving a slightly exaggerated result over that of intact plants. It was established that exposure to four short-day cycles was sufficient to induce tuberization in this species.     

蓖麻花序特征及花芽分化的初步研究

本文对蓖麻花序特征、顶芽分化及内源IAA和ABA含量变化进行初步研究,结果表明：不同品种（系）间雌花率及雌花密度均存在极显著差异。蓖麻雌花并非完全单性花,各品种（系）雌花均存在退化雄蕊痕迹,但其发生率不同,单雌后代品系明显高于品种材料。单雌花序与两性花序的雌花中均存在退化雄蕊,且无显著差异,但花序中下部与上部之间差异显著。顶芽石蜡切片观察表明：蓖麻在5叶期以前,其顶芽基本处于叶芽生长阶段;在6-9叶期,顶芽逐渐进入花芽分化、生长阶段,而此阶段,顶芽内源IAA、ABA含量变化也十分明显。不同性别花序和花的内源激素含量测定结果显示：IAA含量,单雌花序＞雌花＞两性花序＞雄花;ABA含量,雄花显著高于雌花,但两性花序却明显低于单雌花序;IAA/ABA值,雌花＞单雌花序＞两性花序＞雄花;说明IAA含量和IAA/ABA相对含量可能在花性分化中具有较为重要的作用。     

适宜机械采摘的茶树品种筛选

为筛选适宜机采的茶树品种,2012～2014年对14个茶树品种机械采摘和手工采摘芽梢中标准芽叶比重和破碎芽叶比重进行调查。结果表明：丹桂、黄观音、白芽奇兰、茗科1号（金观音）、悦茗香、黄棪、福建水仙、金牡丹等8个品种机械采摘与手工采摘的完整芽叶比重（符合乌龙茶采摘标准）和新梢破碎芽叶比重接近。而肉桂、毛蟹、本山、梅占、铁观音、黄玫瑰等6个品种机械采摘的完整芽叶比重比手工采摘低,新梢破碎芽叶比重均比手工采摘高;初步得出丹桂、黄观音、白芽奇兰、金观音、悦茗香、黄棪、福建水仙、金牡丹等8个品种机采效果较好,且这些品种生长速度较快,产量较高,较适宜机械采摘。     

生根剂处理对于茶树嫩枝扦插内源激素水平和繁殖的影响

为进一步探究茶树不同嫩度的嫩枝插穗根系和地上部生长适宜的生根剂处理时间及内源激素水平,本试验以3年生台茶12号嫩枝为试验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）分析了嫩梢不同部位IAA、ZR、GA₃和ABA含量,同时研究了生根剂处理时间对插穗茎基部激素含量和茶苗扦插快繁的影响。结果表明,在茶树嫩枝顶部一芽一叶至一芽二叶初展梢（BL1）、半功能叶（L2）、第1片功能叶（L3）及其茎段（S1）、第2片功能叶（L4）及其茎段（S2）、第3片功能叶（L5）及其茎段（S3）、第4片功能叶茎段（S4）中,叶片内IAA和ABA以第2片功能叶含量最高,ZR以第3片功能叶含量最高,GA₃含量则随叶片成熟度增加而增大。茎段S1—S3中IAA含量显著高于S4,而ABA含量则为S1显著高于S2—S4。浸泡100βmg·L^-1 ABT-1号生根剂会显著提高插穗茎基部IAA含量,并使IAA/ABA和(IAA+ZR+GA₃)/ABA值增至1.0左右,从而有利于生根。其中,保留顶梢带1片和2片功能叶的插穗（F1-1、F2-1）在浸泡生根剂前期1βh内IAA含量快速增加,且IAA/ABA和(IAA+ZR+GA₃)/ABA值可增至1.0以上,其他插穗则在浸泡生根剂4βh后上述3个指标达到最大值。F1-1、F2-1浸泡生根剂0.5~1βh,摘除顶梢带1片功能叶的插穗（F1-2）浸泡生根剂4βh,F2-2、F3-1、F3-2浸泡生根剂3~4βh,IAA含量达到较高水平,而且IAA/ABA和 (IAA+ZR+GA₃) /ABA值可增至1.0左右。出苗时,平均根系活力、平均生根条数和平均茎粗增加值的最大值出现在浸泡生根剂0~2βh内,其他根系和地上部生长情况以浸泡生根剂4βh表现较好。     

稀土对茶树生殖生长的影响

在茶树花芽分化期和花蕾膨大现白期 ,叶面喷施硝酸稀土 ,观测茶树的花蕾生长动态及生长类内源激素 (IAA、GT和TZ)含量变化 ,结果表明 :在茶树新梢生长旺盛的 9月中旬以前 ,花蕾的累积生长量稀土处理的低于对照。稀土对茶树花蕾的形成并无明显影响。幼蕾及幼果中的内源激素含量也较低 ,而一芽二叶中的内源激素含量却较高 ,9月中旬以后 ,进入了秋末开花结实的旺盛期 ,稀土处理的花蕾中内源激素含量升高 ,但随着花蕾的成熟开放 ,内源激素含量又呈递减趋势 ,尤其是IAA含量急剧下降。这些结果表明 ,稀土并末打破茶树生长发育的节律 ,而是有助于促进IAA及GA等生长类内源激素向旺盛生长的组织和器官分布 ,从而促进它们的生长。文章还就稀土对茶树生长的作用及茶叶生产上的应用问题进行了讨论     

不同光强对胡椒扦插苗光合作用和抽穗的影响

随着作物设施栽培技术的发展,遮荫与补光栽培成为提高作物产量与品质的重要手段。本研究以胡椒扦插苗为材料,采用室内营养液浇灌法培养,研究不同光照强度环境对胡椒扦插苗抽穗生理过程的影响。结果表明：在135 μmol/(m ²·s)光强环境下胡椒叶片的光合速率相对较低,植株同化的生物量较少,花芽抽生少,叶片厚且单叶面积较大;270 μmol/(m ²·s)光强环境下,胡椒的光合速率维持较高水平;405 μmol/(m ²·s)光照强度下,胡椒扦插苗成熟叶片中可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉等糖类物质含量与赤霉素水平较高,叶片抽生数多,净增生物量最大,胡椒成花数多;540 μmol/(m ²·s)光照环境下,胡椒扦插苗生长发育受到轻微抑制;相关性分析表明可溶性糖、果糖、GA₃含量与胡椒抽穗量成显著相关。此次研究结果表明：胡椒扦插苗在405 μmol/(m ²·s)光强环境下糖类物质含量与赤霉素水平相对较高,最有利于胡椒多抽穗。本研究可以为我国胡椒控光栽培技术的改进提供理论参考。     

Jasmonate effect on in vitro tuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars under light and dark conditions

Summary Effects of jasmonic acid (JA) on in vitro tuberization of six potato cultivars were examined. Tuberization was carried out in the dark, or with 8 h photoperiod on MS media with vitamins, 8% sucrose, 0.6% agar and either 2.5 μM JA (JAMed) or no JA using explants either preconditioned with 2.5 μM JA (JAPret) or not. Cultivars Amisk, Russet Burbank, Sangre and Umatilla Russet produced the most (1.0–1.7) and the largest microtubers per explant. Tuberization was inconsistent in Shepody and poor in Atlantic. All cultivars tuberized significantly better in 8 h than in the dark. JA effects were cultivar specific and larger in the dark than in light. In the dark, Amisk, Atlantic and Umatila Russet tuberized better in JAMed than in JAPret. These cultivars did not benefit from JA treatments in light. Russet Burbank and Sangre tuberized in the dark better from JAPret cuttings than on JAMed medium. JA had no effect on tuberization in Shepody. JA double treatment in light vs. control and individual JA treatments significantly reduced tuberization in Shepody and Russet Burbank.     

大叶龙茶解剖学、肌动蛋白基因及分子标记的研究

大叶龙茶是来源于江西修水茶科所宁州群体茶园中一株自然突变体形成的大叶并无蕾无性繁殖新品种。对大叶龙茶及其母株的成熟叶片和不同时期的芽进行石蜡切片研究表明,大叶龙茶叶片栅栏组织细胞较长、海绵组织层数增加;大叶龙茶无蕾的原因是由于所有的芽始终保持营养芽的状态所致。首次克隆了茶树3个肌动蛋白基因片段(CS-ACT1,CS-ACT2,CS-ACT3),且都编码225个氨基酸,大叶龙茶与母株及500个BlastX分析获得的肌动蛋白序列在保守结构域F、G、H区有相应的四个氨基酸不同。对大叶龙茶及其母株进行AFLP分析表明,大叶龙茶总带数比母株少,并出现一部分特有带;利用EST-SSR分子标记技术对大叶龙茶及其它常见品种进行研究,表明大叶龙茶等4个修水品种与龙井43有相似的遗传基础。     

基于转录组测序对茶树GST基因表达的研究

谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)在植物体内普遍存在,是一类具有多种生物学功能的超家族蛋白酶。本研究通过对中黄2号、龙井43在正常光照和遮荫处理下的转录组测序,筛选获得了49个Cs GSTs基因家族成员,并对其中19个在芽叶中表达量较高的Cs GSTs基因进行了序列分析和聚类分析。另外对表达量较高的8个候选基因进行荧光定量表达分析,研究它们在龙井43不同叶位中的表达模式。结果表明这些Cs GSTs基因在一芽一叶到第六叶中均有表达,但各自呈现出不同的变化规律。Cs GST20在龙井43一芽一叶到第六叶中的表达量逐渐上升,可能与植物抗胁迫有关,而Cs GST24的表达量则显著下降,可能与花青素代谢有关。