玉米冠下溅蚀效应及其空间分布特征

为系统测定玉米不同生长阶段冠下的溅蚀速率及其空间分布特征,采用室内人工降雨的方法,系统测定了不同降雨强度、不同生长阶段玉米冠下的穿透雨强度和溅蚀速率,分析了玉米冠下溅蚀速率与叶面积指数和穿透雨强度的关系,探讨了冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布特征。结果表明:玉米在其不同生长阶段冠下平均溅蚀速率较裸地减少了约43%～77%;冠下溅蚀速率随叶面积指数变化规律不显著,但是随降雨强度的增大而显著增加。冠下各点溅蚀速率随相应各点的穿透雨强度的增加而增加。玉米冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布与穿透雨的分布具有较好的对应关系,冠下穿透雨强度较大的区域会导致较高的溅蚀量。该研究揭示的玉米冠下溅蚀速率特征可为坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论指导。     

大豆冠层对降雨再分配的影响

[目的]研究农作物冠层的降雨再分配特征,为区域水土流失治理和生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以大豆作为研究对象,采取人工模拟降雨法以及喷雾法观测大豆不同生育期(幼苗期、始花期、盛花期、结荚期和始粒期)以及降雨强度(40,80 mm/h)下的茎秆流量、穿透雨量以及冠层截留量,探究大豆全生育期的冠层截留分异特征及叶面积指数和降雨强度对大豆降雨再分配的影响。[结果]大豆生育期内,茎秆流率平均值为15.02%,穿透雨率平均值为83.94%,冠层截留率平均值仅为1.04%。表明冠层截留所占降雨再分配的比例很小,其对降雨空间分异的影响所占比例较小。随着叶面积指数的增加,大豆的茎秆流量及茎秆流率,冠层截留量及冠层截留率均显著增加,然而穿透雨强度及穿透雨率显著减小。当降雨强度由40 mm/h增大到80 mm/h时,大豆的茎秆流量显著增加,但茎秆流率随雨强的变化并无显著差异;穿透雨量随着雨强的增大而增大,且随着雨强的变化存在显著性差异,但穿透雨率随降雨强度的变化并无显著差异。[结论]大豆冠层对降雨的再分配主要体现在茎秆流以及穿透雨,冠层截留所占比例很小,且叶面积指数与降雨强度均对降雨再分配有着重要的影响作用。     

模拟降雨条件下作物植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

为系统测定玉米（Zea mays L.）、大豆（Glycine max）、谷子（Setaria italica）和冬小麦（Triticum aestivum Linn.）不同生长阶段的穿透雨、茎秆流和冠层截留,研究采用室内模拟降雨法测定了不同降雨强度、不同叶面积指数作物冠下穿透雨和茎秆流,采用喷雾法测定了作物不同生长阶段的冠层截留。对其进行了量化分析,并探讨了3者与作物叶面积指数和降雨强度的关系。结果表明：在40和80 mm/h降雨强度下降雨30 min,玉米、大豆、谷子和冬小麦冠下穿透雨率分别平均为65.15%、85.52%、80.05%和72.18%;在40和80 mm/h降雨强度下降雨10～20 min,4种茎秆流率分别平均为34.59%、13.58%、19.42%和26.34%;在0.3 mm/min喷雾强度下,作物冠层截留量相对较小,冠层截留率分别为0.26%、0.90%、0.53%和1.48%。随作物生长,穿透雨量逐渐降低,茎秆流量和冠层截留量逐渐增加。降雨强度与穿透雨量和茎秆流量呈正相关关系,但是2者占总降雨量的比例与降雨强度关系不显著（p＞0.05）。随着作物生长,穿透雨冠下空间分布由均匀逐渐趋向于不均匀,具有趋于向行中汇集的趋势。该研究揭示了黄土高原地区主要作物对降雨的再分配作用特征,可为农田水分有效利用和坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

鄱阳湖流域3种典型母质发育红壤溅蚀特征

为了研究鄱阳湖流域3种典型母质对土壤溅蚀的影响,设计一种可收集过程样的溅蚀盘,通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析不同降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和母质(第四纪沉积物母质、花岗岩母质、红砂岩母质)条件下红壤溅蚀特征。结果表明:第四纪沉积物母质红壤总溅蚀量最低,其次是花岗岩母质红壤,红砂岩母质红壤总溅蚀量最高,土壤质地、有机质、游离氧化铁等指标对总溅蚀量影响较大;随着雨强的增大,总溅蚀量呈对数函数关系增加;总溅蚀量80%以上分布在0—15 cm范围内,随着雨强增大,溅蚀颗粒分布越集中。     

玉米植株冠层截留分异特征及其影响因素

基于研究区实际降雨频率,采用人工模拟降雨法对玉米全生育期冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量进行测定,分析叶面积和降雨强度对玉米植株冠层截留分异特征的影响。结果表明:不同生育期,玉米冠层截留率平均为8.42%,茎秆流率平均为35.38%,穿透雨率平均为56.19%;不同降雨强度,玉米冠层截留率平均为7.53%,茎秆流率平均为26.79%,穿透雨率平均为65.68%。冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量与雨强呈极显著线性正相关关系,冠层截留量和茎秆流量与叶面积之间呈极显著正相关直线关系,而穿透雨量与叶面积之间呈极显著线性负相关关系。     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土溅蚀的影响

采用人工模拟降雨方法,用摩根溅蚀盘测定土壤的溅蚀量,研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对溅蚀的影响.结果表明,使用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)会改变土壤的溅蚀速率,不同浓度PAM溶液对溅蚀速率的影响程度不同,而且随降雨历时的延长结皮埘溅蚀速率的影响作用会占主导地位.一般来说,在降雨初期,由于PAM的聚合作用,使得土壤团聚体的稳定性增加,土壤溅蚀速率较小,随着时间的延长,溅蚀速率开始上升,但是当土壤表面开始发育结皮时,结皮的形成使土壤表面抗溅蚀的强度增强,土壤溅蚀速率减小.     

模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配的作用

为了辨明成熟期玉米对降雨的再分配作用,有效地防治区域水土流失,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,就川西低山丘陵区成熟期玉米植株对降雨的冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量的作用进行了研究。结果表明:冠层截留率平均为7.5%,茎秆流率平均为28.8%,穿透雨率平均为63.7%。随着降雨强度的增加,单位时间内玉米冠层的截留量呈增加趋势,但随着玉米植株的叶面积增大,有效截留量却呈减少趋势,株高和角度对它的影响较小。随着叶面积和降雨强度的增加,茎秆流量呈增加趋势,角度影响较小。随着叶面积的增加,穿透雨量呈减少趋势;而随着降雨强度的增加,单位时间内穿透雨的数量呈增加的变化趋势,株高影响较小。     

重庆缙云山毛竹林次降雨再分配特征及穿透雨的空间异质性

为分析毛竹林的林冠降雨再分配规律及其穿透雨的空间分布特征和影响因素,在重庆缙云山自然保护区内选择的30m×30m毛竹林标准地内,随机布置72个穿透雨监测点,并选取6株标准木观测干流,于2017年5-8月监测毛竹林水文特征。结果表明:18场典型降雨的合计林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别为32.74,208.09,10.97mm,分别占总降雨量的13.00%,82.64%,4.36%;次穿透雨率随次降雨量增加呈对数函数增长;穿透雨的空间变异系数(CVS)随次降雨量和降雨强度增加呈幂函数递减;当次降雨量小于10mm时,叶面积指数(LAI)与穿透雨率呈显著负相关(p0.05);各监测点不同降雨场次中穿透雨率变异系数(CV_T)为19.2%~47.7%,其空间分布格局与毛竹密度的空间分布较为一致,而与观监测点上方的LAI无显著相关;穿透雨量较大的监测点趋向于分布在毛竹冠区边缘。     

华北土石山区土壤溅蚀影响因素分析

土壤侵蚀会破坏土地吞食农田,降低土壤肥力,直接影响水土资源的利用和保护.雨滴击溅作用下,地表土壤颗粒会发生位移,引起表层土壤颗粒的分离.以华北土石山区作为研究对象,通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,采用改良后的摩根溅蚀盘和雨滴发生器,利用色斑法结合叶面积系数法测定不同条件下的土壤溅蚀量.结果表明:1)溅蚀量随土壤前期含水量增大而增大、与雨滴动能呈正相关(R2＞0.96,P＜0.05);2)溅蚀量和植被覆盖度呈非线性负相关(R2 ＞0.99,P＜0.05)——植被覆盖度越大,土壤溅蚀量随降雨强度增大的幅度越小;3)植被主要通过叶面积改变雨滴直径,通过株高改变降雨高度,对降雨进行再分配,进而改变雨滴动能.叶面积系数越小、株高越低,植被对溅蚀的阻挡作用越强.     

降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应

地表糙度是影响坡耕地土壤侵蚀的主要因素之一,为了进一步明确耕作方式对地表糙度的侵蚀效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就单雨强与组合雨强条件下耕作方式对溅蚀的作用以及地表糙度的变化进行了研究。结果表明,从对照坡面,经耙耱地、人工锄耕、人工掏挖到等高耕作方式的坡面,在雨强0.62 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡溅蚀量呈先增加再减小的变化,向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;除耙耱地外,其他耕作方式坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化。在雨强1.53 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡、向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;地表糙度与对照坡面相反,均呈增加的变化。组合雨强条件下,随降雨强度的增加,耙耱地总溅蚀量与地表糙度呈一直增加的变化趋势;其他耕作方式下,随降雨强度的增加,坡面总溅蚀量呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,地表糙度却呈先减小后增大的变化。这为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理。     

Estimation of soil splash detachment rates on the forest floor of an unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation based on field measurements of throughfall drop sizes and velocities

To study and model the interrill erosion process in an unmanaged Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation, soil splash detachment rates were estimated based on the quantification of throughfall raindrop indices. Throughfall drops and soil splash detachment were simultaneously observed in the field, and observed data were compared with estimates produced by previous models. Observations took place over five months in 2005, during six observation periods. Raindrop indices of kinetic energy (KE), momentum (M), and momentum multiplied by the drop diameter (MD) were calculated from drop diameters and velocities. The median volume diameter of 1.99 mm for the overall observation period was well bounded by those from other Japanese cypress plantations. Throughfall consisted of large drops, generated as drips, exceeding 3 mm in diameter. The fall height was insufficient for the drops to attain terminal velocity, with 91% of the drops reaching less than 90% terminal velocity. The observed throughfall raindrop indices had strong correlation with throughfall rainfall intensity, even though throughfall raindrops occurred in seven rainfall events with different meteorological conditions. The values of observed KE and M were lower than previous model-derived estimations. Earlier models tended to overestimate throughfall KE and M, partly because the expected velocity was greater than that observed, and partly because they did not consider the effect of the splash water component during throughfall. The splash detachment rate in forests was weakly correlated with the total-amount raindrop indices but strongly correlated with the maximum value of raindrop indices over a short time scale such as 1 h. This result indicates that continuous and concentrated raindrop impacts over a short time duration cause splash detachment in the forest floor. Development of a comprehensive model of the process of forest floor soil surface erosion requires more detailed measurement of actual throughfall drops.     

Characterization of the drop-size distribution and velocity-diameter relation of the throughfall under the maize canopy

In this study, we used a pair of optical disdrometers, one under and one outside the maize canopy, to measure the drop-size and the velocity distribution of hydrometeors during 12 storms and identified four distinct regions by examining how the fraction of drops recorded on the throughfall changed with respect to the drop diameter. The first region, containing drops with diameters smaller than 0.5 mm, showed an elevated number on the throughfall. Their numbers were comparable to the numbers of drops that lacked enough energy to adhere to the leaf. The second region, featuring drops with diameters larger than 0.5 mm and smaller than 3 mm, had a number ratio very close to the canopy gap fraction, indicating that their most likely origin was direct throughfall. The third region entailed drops with diameters ranging from 3 mm to 5.5 mm that featured a high throughfall to rainfall count ratio, with one of the diameter classes having higher counts under the canopy than outside of it. Through simplified calculations, we showed that drop weights in this region should exceed surface tension forces and lead to their detachment. In the fourth and final region, the throughfall to rainfall ratio decreased converging to the canopy gap fraction. By comparing the number of drops on each of the 440 diameter/velocity classes under and outside of the canopy, we were able to identify preferential drop sizes on the throughfall, i.e. classes of drop diameters with higher drop-size distributions under the canopy. The drop classes presenting higher counts under the canopy had diameters ranging from 3.25 mm to 5.75 mm with velocities between 1.4 m s⁻¹ and 5 m s⁻¹. We were able to trace the origin of those drops to heights of between 0.10 m and 1.05 m within the canopy, confirming that these drops constitute the indirect throughfall. The capability to estimate the detachment height of drops allows us to reconstruct the drop-size distribution at different levels of the canopy and offers unique insight into the mechanics of interception, indirect throughfall formation and re-interception of raindrops by the maize canopy.     

THE EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE, SLOPE, RAIN INTENSITY AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ON SPLASH DETACHMENT AND TRANSPORT

From a factorial experiment using a graded sand and three soils (sand, clay loam, and clay), five slopes (0.0, 3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 per cent) and four intensities (50, 80, 110, and 140 mm h^?1), splash detachment and splash transport are described in terms of the direct effects and the first and second order interactions of these variables. The graded sand and three soils tested are significantly different in the mean weight of soil detached and transported. They can be placed in rank order of graded sand, sand, clay, and clay loam with increasing resistance to splash detachment. The amount of material transported is in the order of graded sand > clay > sand > clay loam. For each soil there are significant increases in splash detachment and splash transport with increasing rainfall intensity. Both splash parameters are significantly correlated with slope steepness. The most important interactions that influence splash detachment and splash transport are soil × intensity and slope × intensity respectively. Significant interactions show that the factors are not independent of each other; the simple effects of a factor differ, and the magnitude of any simple effect varies according to the level of the other factors of the interaction term. These interactions have not been explicitly studied in previous research on splash erosion. Power equations are established between splash activity and the above variables and reasonable working ranges for the exponents are suggested.     

降雨特征对南亚热带马尾松人工林降水分配格局的影响

探究马尾松人工林降雨特征对降水分配格局的影响,为南亚热带人工林经营管理提供科技支撑。依托广西友谊关森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站降水分配观测场,采用野外定位研究方法,以30年马尾松人工林为研究对象,观测了2018年1—12月的林外降雨、林内透流、干流和冠层截留。结果表明:研究区年降雨总量1303.6 mm,马尾松林的透流、干流及截留量分别占同期降雨的60.9%,0.4%,38.7%。产生透流和干流的最小雨量分别为0.4,2.2 mm。4个降雨特征指标中(雨量、雨强、历时和2次降水间隔时间),降雨量在马尾松降水格局分布中影响最大,雨强和历时对透流量、透流率、干流量、冠层截留量及冠层截留率均有显著影响,而2次降水间隔时间仅对透流量、干流量和冠层截留量有显著影响。SPSS多元线性回归分析表明,3个冠层水文分量对降雨特征的响应并非同步,降雨特征对林内透流和截留的影响大于干流。     

北亚热带次生毛竹林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析

对长江三角洲森林生态定位站北亚热带次生毛竹林(Phyllostachys edulis)林冠水文作用进行了观测研究.结果表明:(1)毛竹林林冠截留量、透流量、树干茎流量变化范围分别为0.21～4.55 mm,0～105.88 mm,0～2.8 mm;截留率、透流率、树干茎流率变化范围分别为1.3%～100%,0～96.3%,0～11.8%;年截留量、透流量、干流量分别为171.7,864.78,74.3 mm;年截留率、透流率、树干茎流率分别为15.5%,77.9%,6.7%.(2)毛竹林林冠截留量(率)、透流量(率)、树干茎流量(率)均与降雨量、降雨强度存在着不同程度的相关性,降雨特征对毛竹林林冠分配降雨的各环节影响最大.(3)不同雨量级、雨强条件下,毛竹林分配降雨效果差异显著.     

冬小麦冠层降雨截留过程及其模拟研究

冬小麦冠层截留直接影响冬小麦对降雨的有效利用,通过模拟降雨试验和统计分析,系统研究了降雨量、降雨强度对冬小麦冠层截留特征的影响,建立了适于降雨冬小麦冠层截留的模型。结果表明:棵间雨量与降雨量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);冠层截留量与降雨量呈显著的幂函数关系(P<0.01)。降雨强度与棵间雨量百分比呈负指数函数关系(P<0.01),与冠层截留量百分比呈负幂函数关系(P<0.01)。不同降雨强度下冬小麦冠层截留过程趋势一致,降雨强度越小,其达到冠层截留容量时所需时间越长。降雨强度对冠层截留容量没有明显影响。在雨量恒定条件下,冠层截留量随雨强的增加而减小,呈明显的负相关关系。叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)与冬小麦冠层截留容量呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。构建了具有较好截留机制的冬小麦冠层降雨截留过程模型,并基于模拟降雨和天然降雨的数据拟合了模型参数,表征冬小麦降雨蒸发能力的参数α为0.008。模拟值和实测值有较好的一致性,显示了修正模型适用于冬小麦冠层截留计算。     

Erosion Potential under Miconia calvescens Stands on the Island of Hawai‘i

This study provides evidence that Miconia calvescens has the potential to accelerate surface erosion in stands where it invades by (i) reducing under‐canopy light levels, thereby reducing the establishment of ground cover vegetation, and (ii) producing highly erosive throughfall drops on large leaves in a single‐layer canopy. The throughfall energy in a stand of invasive miconia on the Island of Hawai‘i (USA), assessed by measuring the drop size and drop velocity distributions with a laser disdrometer, was significantly higher than that in a stand of native ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and ambient rainfall. Median throughfall drop size for miconia (3·83 mm) was twice that of ambient rainfall (1·62 mm). Highly erosive throughfall resulted from large drops forming on large miconia leaves and relatively high fall velocities associated with the single‐story miconia canopy. In contrast, multi‐storied natural ‘ōhi‘a had a larger median drop size; however, a lower fall height reduced throughfall effective kinetic energy. Furthermore, the effective kinetic energy for miconia was high because large drops (> 3·8 mm) with high kinetic energy accounted for 60 per cent of the total energy (versus 30–40 per cent for other vegetation types). Consequently, unit kinetic energy of throughfall was 28 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ under miconia, compared with <24 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ for rainfall and <20 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ under ‘ōhi‘a . These data, combined with the observation of limited protective ground cover under miconia, show the potential for accelerated erosion occurring on forest floors in stands of invasive miconia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.