高氮和NO2-对中亚热带森林土壤N2O和NO产生的影响

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60%和90% WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3, 300mgN kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2, 1mgN kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响。结果表明,在含水量为60% WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p<0.01);但当含水量增为90% WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进。所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p<0.01)。在60% WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21h),但如果含水量高(90% WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2wk以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用。本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80%以上。Spearman等级相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p<0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高。灭菌土壤添加NO2-能比未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O。     

N2O产生法测定土壤无机态氮15N丰度

用化学方法分别将土壤中微量的铵、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐转化为N2O气体,然后用带自动预浓缩装置的同位素比值质谱仪测定N2O中的15N丰度.N2O中的15N丰度测量值完全符合铵、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的15N参考值.方法快速、简单和准确,不受空气氮的污染.特别是方法的检测限很低,每批次样品中只需含5～ 20μg N.它将有助于土壤氮素的矿化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用的研究.     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

控释肥施用对小麦生长期N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法研究不同施氮水平下控释肥和尿素(N 0、100、200、270 kg hm-2)对麦季N2O排放的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,整个小麦生长季N2O排放量均随尿素和控释肥施用量的增加呈指数增加(32%～164%,p<0.05),但控释肥处理增加程度则较尿素处理缓和;施用控释肥可以有效抑制小麦生长季N2O排放(p<0.05),控释肥对N2O的减排量随着施氮量的增加而增加。小麦产量随尿素施用量的增加呈抛物线增加(24%～43%,p<0.05),随控释肥施用量的增加亦呈抛物线增加(30%～45%,p<0.05);与施用相同水平尿素相比,施用控释肥的小麦产量略有增加,但无显著差异(p>0.05)。单位产量N2O排放量随尿素施用量的增加而呈指数增加(31%～114%,p<0.05),随控释肥施用量的增加而呈抛物线增加(2%～50%,p<0.05);施用控释肥可以有效抑制小麦生长季单位产量N2O排放(p<0.05),控释肥对单位产量N2O的减排量随着施氮量的增加而增加。各处理N2O排放量与土壤水分存在显著正相关(p<0.05),与土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度和土温不呈明显线性关系(p>0.05)。     

氮肥品种对亚热带土壤N2O排放的影响

以亚热带湿热地区红壤性旱地(SU),灌丛(GB),林地(QF)为研究对象,通过在30℃和60%WHC水分条件下,35 d的培养试验,研究了外源铵态氮输入对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,对于pH较高的土壤SU(pH=6.27),施用硫铵、尿素和碳酸氢铵后,硝态氮累积量和N2O排放量均高于未施氮的处理,且随施N量增加而增加。对于酸性土壤GB(pH=4.82)和QF(pH=4.46),施用硫铵明显地抑制硝化作用,但却极大地促进N2O排放;施用尿素和碳酸氢铵对硝化作用有微弱的促进作用或无明显的影响,N2O的排放则略低于对照或无明显差异。酸性土壤中,加入不同类型的氮肥后,N2O排放量与硝态氮含量的比例与加入氮肥后测定的土壤pH具有显著的负相关关系。氮肥品种影响N2O排放量与硝态氮产生量比例的机理值得进一步研究。     

农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究

综述了国内外农田土壤N2 O生成与排放及其影响因素、N2 O排放测定技术及总量估算等方面的研究进展 ,指出硝化与反硝化过程均可产生N2 O ,而影响硝化、反硝化过程的土壤水分含量、温度、pH、有机碳含量和土壤质地等是影响农田土壤N2 O生成与排放的重要因素。根据我国各地农田土壤N2 O排放通量测定结果及相应模型分析 ,初步估算全国农田土壤N2 O年排放总量为N 398Gg ,约占全球农田土壤排放总量的 1 0 % ,其中旱田N2 O年排放总量为N 31 0Gg ,水田为N 88Gg。     

北京设施菜地N2O和NO排放特征及滴灌优化施肥的减排效果

【目的】量化设施菜地N₂O、NO排放特征,分析其影响因素,以期为科学评估农田生态系统N₂O、NO排放提供关键参数。【方法】以黄瓜品种‘金胚98’为供试材料,在北京房山区窦店乡的温室大棚内进行了田间试验,供试土壤类型为石灰性褐土,质地为壤土。试验共设4个处理:漫灌,不施氮肥 (CK);漫灌,农民习惯施肥 (FP);滴灌,农民习惯施肥 (FPD);滴灌,优化施氮 (OPTD)。常规氮肥施用量为N 1200 kg/hm2,优化后氮肥施用量为N 920 kg/hm2。70%的化肥氮和钾肥,分6次随灌溉追施。采用自动静态箱–氮氧化物分析仪法,对黄瓜生长季的N₂O、NO排放量进行了田间原位观测,同时监测了5 cm深土壤温度、0—15 cm土层土壤孔隙水分含量,分析了N₂O、NO季节排放与土壤温度和湿度的相关性,比较了不同处理措施的减排效果。【结果】施肥和灌溉后1～2天,N₂O会出现明显的排放高峰,NO排放峰出现在施肥和灌溉后2～4天,对照无明显N₂O、NO排放峰值。CK、FP、FPD和OPTD处理N₂O季节排放量分别为N 7.32、28.69、18.62、12.16 kg/hm2;NO季节排放量分别N 0.32、0.86、0.77和0.70 kg/hm2; NO排放量分别占 (N₂O + NO) 总量的4.2%、2.9%、4.0%、5.4%。相同氮肥施用量条件下,滴灌施肥处理 (FPD) 相比漫灌施肥 (FP),不仅能保持作物产量,而且能减少N₂O、NO排放总量34.4%、9.0%;滴灌施肥条件下,减少40%氮肥投入 (OPTD) 比FPD分别减少N₂O和NO排放34.7%和9.1%。FP、FPD和OPTD处理的N₂O排放系数依次为1.78%、0.94%、0.53%,NO排放系数依次为0.08%、0.06%和0.09%。【结论】京郊设施菜地夏季N₂O排放强,NO排放弱。在不改变施肥量前提下,采用滴灌施肥可在保持作物产量的同时,显著减少N₂O和NO排放。采用滴灌的同时,优化肥料施用量可以进一步减少N₂O、NO排放。     

施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响

依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台(2002年—),采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期(2013年10月至2014年10月)农田生态系统N_2O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥(N)、传统猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)等5种,氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg(N)×hm~(-2),玉米季150 kg(N)×hm~(-2)],不施肥对照(CK)用于计算排放系数,对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响,以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O和NO排放速率波动幅度大,且均在施肥初期出现峰值;强降雨激发N_2O排放,但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N_2O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、4.60 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.95 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、2.16kg(N)×hm~(-2)和1.41 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%;NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.39 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.46 kg(N)×hm~(-2)和0.17 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N_2O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响(P0.05),与NPK处理比较,OM和OMNPK处理的N_2O排放分别增加384%和127%,同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%;RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O和NO排放,而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明,土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N_2O和NO排放(P0.01),对玉米季N_2O和NO排放没有显著影响(P0.05),土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N_2O和NO排放的主要限制因子(P0.01)。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。     

灌溉和降水对旱地土壤N2O气态损失的影响

利用土壤探头法和密闭气室法相结合 ,就黄土高原旱地土壤玉米生长期灌溉和降水对N2O气态损失的影响进行了研究 ;并采用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法 ,对土壤由湿变干和由干变湿过程中N2O变化进行了模拟。试验结果表明 ,在旱地土壤上 ,N2O的变化一般较小 ,但在降雨或者灌溉后无论是土壤N2O通量或者土壤剖面中N2O的浓度均呈现上升趋势 ,且这种变化趋势与同时期降雨量的变化趋势相同。培养结果说明 ,在相同的土壤孔隙水含量 (WFPS)条件下 ,土壤由湿变干过程产生的N2O通量高于土壤由干变湿过程中的产生量 ;在土壤由干变湿过程中N2O通量随土壤WFPS含量的增加而上升 ,但在土壤由湿变干过程中土壤N2O通量在WFPS含量为 70%时达到最大 ,而后随土壤WFPS含量的减少而下降。施肥处理与对照相比两者的变化趋势相同 ,但不施肥处理的变化幅度较小     

温度对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响研究

以南方亚热带代表性旱田土壤－贵州玉米－油菜轮作田、大豆－冬小麦轮作田和休耕地为研究对象，同步观测了整轮作期土壤N2O排放通量和温度的季节变化。同时，采用DNDC模型定量探讨了未来气温变化对土壤N2O排放的潜在影响。结果表明，温度是土壤N2O排放通量规律性日变化的最主要控制因素；除大豆地外，其他作物生长季节和休耕地的N2O排放通量季节变化与温度之间均存在一定程度的正相关性，其中冬季休耕地的N2O排放通量与温度间存在弱指数函数关系。模型检验结果表明，除大豆地外，其余试验地的N2O排放通量均随年均气温升高而升高，在冬春季，土壤N2O排放通量对气温变化的敏感性强于夏秋季，尤其以冬春季休耕地受体气温变化的影响最为显著。     

N2O and NO fluxes between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere as affected by prolonged summer drought

Global change scenarios predict an increasing frequency and duration of summer drought periods in Central Europe especially for higher elevation areas. Our current knowledge about the effects of soil drought on nitrogen trace gas fluxes from temperate forest soils is scarce. In this study, the effects of experimentally induced drought on soil N₂O and NO emissions were investigated in a mature Norway spruce forest in the Fichtelgebirge (northeastern Bavaria, Germany) in two consecutive years. Drought was induced by roof constructions over a period of 46 days. The experiment was run in three replicates and three non-manipulated plots served as controls. Additionally to the N₂O and NO flux measurements in weekly to monthly intervals, soil gas samples from six different soil depths were analysed in time series for N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundances to investigate N₂O dynamics within the soil. N₂O fluxes from soil to the atmosphere at the experimental plots decreased gradually during the drought period from 0.2 to −0.0 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively, and mean cumulative N₂O emissions from the manipulated plots were reduced by 43% during experimental drought compared to the controls in 2007. N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundance analysis along the soil profiles revealed that a major part of the soil acted as a net sink for N₂O, even during drought. This N₂O sink, together with diminished N₂O production in the organic layers, resulted in successively decreased N₂O fluxes during drought, and may even turn this forest soil into a net sink of atmospheric N₂O as observed in the first year of the experiment. Enhanced N₂O fluxes observed after rewetting up to 0.1 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ were not able to compensate for the preceding drought effect. During the experiment in 2006, with soil matric potentials in 20 cm depth down to −630 hPa, cumulative NO emissions from the throughfall exclusion plots were reduced by 69% compared to the controls, whereas cumulative NO emissions from the experimental plots in 2007, with minimum soil matric potentials of −210 hPa, were 180% of those of the controls. Following wetting, the soil of the throughfall exclusion plots showed significantly larger NO fluxes compared to the controls (up to 9 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ versus 2 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹). These fluxes were responsible for 44% of the total emission of NO throughout the whole course of the experiment. NO emissions from this forest soil usually exceeded N₂O emissions by one order of magnitude or more except during wintertime.     

日本氮素的循环和流向以及减少N2O散发和NO3-污染的对策

To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes, and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N₂O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO₃^- pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N₂O emission and NO₃^- pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth''s biosphere.     

N2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing

Agricultural soils contribute significantly to atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O). A considerable part of the annual N₂O emission may occur during the cold season, possibly supported by high product ratios in denitrification (N₂O/(N₂+N₂O)) and nitrification (N₂O-N/(NO₃⁻-N+NO₂⁻-N)) at low temperatures and/or in response to freeze-thaw perturbation. Water-soluble organic materials released from frost-sensitive catch crops and green manure may further increase winter emissions. We conducted short-term laboratory incubations under standardized moisture and oxygen (O₂) conditions, using nitrogen (N) tracers (¹⁵N) to determine process rates and sources of emitted N₂O after freeze-thaw treatment of soil or after addition of freeze-thaw extract from clover. Soil respiration and N₂O production was stimulated by freeze-thaw or addition of plant extract. The N₂O emission response was inversely related to O₂ concentration, indicating denitrification as the quantitatively prevailing process. Denitrification product ratios in the two studied soils (pH 4.5 and 7.0) remained largely unaltered by freeze-thaw or freeze-thaw-released plant material, refuting the hypothesis that high winter emissions are due to frost damage of N₂O reductase activity. Nitrification rates estimated by nitrate (NO₃⁻) pool enrichment were 1.5-1.8 μg NO₃-N g⁻¹ dw soil d⁻¹ in freeze-thaw-treated soil when incubated at O₂ concentrations above 2.3 vol% and one order of magnitude lower at 0.8 vol% O₂. Thus, the experiments captured a situation with severely O₂-limited nitrification. As expected, the O₂ stress at 0.8 vol% resulted in a high nitrification product ratio (0.3 g g⁻¹). Despite this high product ratio, only 4.4% of the measured N₂O accumulation originated from nitrification, reaffirming that denitrification was the main N₂O source at the various tested O₂ concentrations in freeze-thaw-affected soil. N₂O emission response to both freeze-thaw and plant extract addition appeared strongly linked to stimulation of carbon (C) respiration, suggesting that freeze-thaw-induced release of decomposable organic C was the major driving force for N₂O emissions in our soils, both by fuelling denitrifiers and by depleting O₂. The soluble C (applied as plant extract) necessary to induce a CO₂ and N₂O production rate comparable with that of freeze-thaw was 20-30 μg C g⁻¹ soil dw. This is in the range of estimates for over-winter soluble C loss from catch crops and green manure plots reported in the literature. Thus, freeze-thaw-released organic C from plants may play a significant role in freeze-thaw-related N₂O emissions.     

Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting

Soil compaction and soil moisture are important factors influencing denitrification and N₂O emission from fertilized soils. We analyzed the combined effects of these factors on the emission of N₂O, N₂ and CO₂ from undisturbed soil cores fertilized with (150 kg N ha⁻¹) in a laboratory experiment. The soil cores were collected from differently compacted areas in a potato field, i.e. the ridges (ρ_D=1.03 g cm⁻³), the interrow area (ρ_D=1.24 g cm⁻³), and the tractor compacted interrow area (ρ_D=1.64 g cm⁻³), and adjusted to constant soil moisture levels between 40 and 98% water-filled pore space (WFPS).High N₂O emissions were a result of denitrification and occurred at a WFPS≥70% in all compaction treatments. N₂ production occurred only at the highest soil moisture level (≥90% WFPS) but it was considerably smaller than the N₂O-N emission in most cases. There was no soil moisture effect on CO₂ emission from the differently compacted soils with the exception of the highest soil moisture level (98% WFPS) of the tractor-compacted soil in which soil respiration was significantly reduced. The maximum N₂O emission rates from all treatments occurred after rewetting of dry soil. This rewetting effect increased with the amount of water added. The results show the importance of increased carbon availability and associated respiratory O₂ consumption induced by soil drying and rewetting for the emissions of N₂O.     

Microbial processes and the site of N2O production in a temperate grassland soil

To understand nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems it is necessary to understand the processes leading to N₂O production. Here, for the first time, results are presented which identify in situ the processes of N₂O production in a temperate grassland soil. A small portion of the nitrogen (N) applied in the summer to the grassland soil was rapidly transported below the main rooting zone (>20 cm) and resulted in large N₂O productions at depths of 20-50 cm. Preferential pathways must have been responsible for this movement because the soil conditions were not conducive to leaching by piston flow. The N₂O was entirely produced by nitrate (NO₃⁻) reduction which was surprising because the bulk soil was aerobic. Therefore, reduction processes can operate during times of the year when it is least expected and cause large N₂O concentrations deep in the soil profile.     

Dinitrogen emissions and the N2:N2O emission ratio of a Rendzic Leptosol as influenced by pH and forest thinning

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to dinitrogen (N₂) by denitrification in soils is of outstanding ecological significance since it is the prevailing natural process converting reactive nitrogen back into inert molecular dinitrogen. Furthermore, the extent to which N₂O is reduced to N₂ via denitrification is a major regulating factor affecting the magnitude of N₂O emission from soils. However, due to methodological problems in the past, extremely little information is available on N₂ emission and the N₂:N₂O emission ratio for soils of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we simultaneously determined N₂ and N₂O emissions from intact soil cores taken from a mountainous beech forest ecosystem. The soil cores were taken from plots with distinct differences in microclimate (warm-dry versus cool-moist) and silvicultural treatment (untreated control versus heavy thinning). Due to different microclimates, the plots showed pronounced differences in pH values (range: 6.3–7.3). N₂O emission from the soil cores was generally very low (2.0 ± 0.5–6.3 ± 3.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the warm-dry site and 7.1 ± 3.1–57.4 ± 28.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the cool-moist site), thus confirming results from field measurements. However, N₂ emission exceeded N₂O emission by a factor of 21 ± 6–220 ± 122 at the investigated plots. This illustrates that the dominant end product of denitrification at our plots and under the given environmental conditions is N₂ rather than N₂O. N₂ emission showed a huge variability (range: 161 ± 64–1070 ± 499 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹), so that potential effects of microclimate or silvicultural treatment on N₂ emission could not be identified with certainty. However, there was a significant effect of microclimate on the magnitude of N₂O emission as well as on the mean N₂:N₂O emission ratio. N₂:N₂O emission ratios were higher and N₂O emissions were lower for soil cores taken from the plots with warm-dry microclimate as compared to soil cores taken from the cool-moist microclimate plots. We hypothesize that the increase in the N₂:N₂O emission ratio at the warm-dry site was due to higher N₂O reductase activity provoked by the higher soil pH value of this site. Overall, the results of this study show that the N₂:N₂O emission ratio is crucial for understanding the regulation of N₂O fluxes of the investigated soil and that reliable estimates of N₂ emissions are an indispensable prerequisite for accurately calculating total N gas budgets for the investigated ecosystem and very likely for many other terrestrial upland ecosystems as well.     

三氯生和三氯卡班对水稻土好氧氮转化及N_2O排放的影响

三氯生(Triclosan, TCS)和三氯卡班(Triclocarban, TCC)是典型的药品与个人护理用品,在土壤生态系统中被广泛检出,且存在增加土壤微生物抗药性及抑制土壤呼吸的潜在风险,但目前有关TCS和TCC对土壤氮转化过程及氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响尚不清楚。基于此,采用室内培养实验和15N稀释-富集法,结合氮转化数值模型,研究了不同浓度梯度下TCS(2和5mg·kg~(-1))和TCC(1和2 mg·kg~(-1))的单独及联合存在对水稻土氮初级转化速率以及N_2O排放的影响。结果表明,1mg·kg~(-1)TCC及5mg·kg~(-1)TCS+2mg·kg~(-1)TCC处理对水稻土氮素的矿化-同化无显著影响,其余TCS和TCC处理均显著促进了氮的矿化-同化循环。此外,TCS和TCC处理显著降低了自养硝化速率、硝态氮的微生物固定速率以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵(Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNRA)速率(2 mg·kg~(-1)TCS处理及5mg·kg~(-1)TCS+2mg·kg~(-1)TCC对DNRA速率无显著影响)。值得关注的是,TCS和TCC单一和联合处理均显著增加了N_2O的累积排放量,其累积排放量为对照的1.13倍～1.44倍。本研究表明,TCS和TCC改变了水稻土好氧氮转化过程,可能对稻田生态系统氮循环产生不利影响;TCC和TCS对水稻土N_2O排放的促进作用也增加了稻田生态系统对温室效应和臭氧层破坏的潜在贡献,因此,未来评价TCS和TCC土壤生态风险时,应考虑其对氮转化过程和N_2O排放的潜在影响。     

Fractionation of N2O isotopomers during production by denitrifier

Isotopomer ratios of N₂O, which include intramolecular ¹⁵N-site preference in addition to conventional isotope ratios for N and O in NNO (we designate N^α and N^β for the center and end N atom, respectively, in the asymmetric molecule), reflect production and consumption processes of this greenhouse gas. Therefore, they are useful parameters for deducing global N₂O budget. This paper reports the first precise measurement of ¹⁵N-site preference in N₂O produced by two species of denitrifying bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and Paracoccus denitrificans (ATCC 17741).Cultures were incubated in a batch mode with a liquid medium that contains KNO₃ as unique nitrogen supply under acetylene/helium (10% v/v) atmosphere at 27 °C. Enrichment factors for ¹⁵N in bulk nitrogen in N₂O (average for N^α and N^β) fluctuated in a few tens permil showing a slight difference between the species. In contrast, ¹⁵N-site preference (difference in isotope ratios between N^α and N^β) showed nearly constant and distinct value for the two species (23.3±4.2 and −5.1±1.8‰ for P. fluorescens and P. denitrificans, respectively). The site preference was also measured for N₂O produced by inorganic reactions (nitrite reduction and hydroxylamine oxidation); a unique value (about 30‰ for the both reactions) was obtained. These results and those recently reported for nitrifying bacteria suggest that ¹⁵N-site preference in N₂O can be used to identify the production processes of N₂O on the level of bacterial species or enzymes involved.