北京市平谷区农用地土壤有机质空间变异特征

采用传统统计、地统计及地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法,初步研究了北京市平谷区农田土壤有机质(SOM)含量的空间分布规律及其影响因素.传统统计分析结果表明,研究区土壤样本呈对数正态分布,平均值为15.36 g·kg-1,变异系数为0.32,属中等变异程度.方差分析表明,高程和土地利用类型均对研究区SOM含量的分布有显著影响.地统计分析表明,研究区SOM含量空间变异具有一阶趋势和各向异性特征;由空间自相关部分和随机部分引起的空间变异性程度大体相当,具有中等的空间相关性.结合普通Kriging插值方法,获得了研究区SOM含量的空间分布图,比较分析表明研究区农用地SOM含量的空间分布是自然和人为利用因素共同作用的结果.     

关帝山云杉次生林土壤的空间异质性及其与地形相关性

为揭示森林土壤空间变异特征及其变异机制,参照CTFS样地土壤采样方案,在关帝山4 hm2云杉次生林样地199个采样点进行土壤取样和测定,运用经典统计方法分析寒温性云杉林土壤pH值、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质的水平和垂直空间分布特征,应用地统计学和ArcG IS插值的方法,重点分析了0～ 10 cm层土壤性质的空间异质性及其分布格局,并基于RDA排序和方差分解定量评价地形因子对土壤各指标空间变异的影响程度和解释量.结果表明:云杉次生林土壤的pH值、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质含量呈明显的水平及垂直空间变异,0 ～ 10 cm层土壤上述5个指标的变异系数分别为8.78％、41.15％、58.36％、46.60％和48.38％;土壤变异的空间自相关范围为4.9～58.8 m,pH值和有效氮呈中等程度的空间自相关,有效磷、有效钾和有机质呈强烈的空间自相关变异;有效氮、有机质和有效钾呈相似的空间斑块状分布格局,即样地有效氮含量高的斑块中有机质和有效钾含量也高.pH值和有效磷则表现出相反的斑块分布格局;地形因子中,pH值、有效氮和有效磷受海拔影响最大,其中,海拔与pH值、有效磷呈正相关,分别解释其空间变异的40.43％和28.81％,而与有效氮呈负相关,能单独解释其空间变异的19.48％.凹凸度对有效钾和有机质的影响最大,可分别解释9.37％和6.88％的有效钾和有机质的空间变异,与这2个土壤性质指标为负相关.研究可为深入认识华北地区植物分布和物种共存提供基础依据.     

县域农田土壤有机质空间变异及其影响因素分析

研究县域农田空间变异特征可以为培肥地力,增加作物产量提供指导。本文运用地统计学和 GIS相结合的方法,研究了四川省双流县土壤有机质的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明： ①研究区域土壤有机质含量处于中等偏高水平,平均值为 29.72 g/kg,变异系数为 30.11%,属中等变异强度。②有机质变异函数的理论最佳模型为球状模型,块金值与基台值之比为12.67%,表明有机质含量具有强烈的空间相关性,空间相关距离为 91.10 km,普通Kriging插值表明土壤有机质含量呈现北部向东南部减少的趋势。③影响有机质空间变异的主要因素为土壤类型、地貌类型等结构性因子,而土地利用方式、施肥等随机性因子也对有机质空间变异产生重要影响,其中秸秆还田是有机质含量普遍升高的原因。     

山西临汾盆地土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异特征及其影响因素

揭示耕层土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异规律及其影响因素,为实现土壤肥力评价和养分资源精准管理提供指导。利用GPS定位,在山西省洪洞县采集耕地表层土样(0～20 cm)1186个,应用了经典统计学和地统计学方法,对洪洞县耕层土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明洪洞县土壤有机质和全氮的平均含量分别为16.05 g kg-1和0.82g kg-1,属中等偏上水平;土壤有机质和全氮的变异系数分别为46.10%和32.47%,为中等变异程度。土壤有机质和全氮的空间相关距离分别为20.9 km和21.5 km;它们的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的。土壤有机质和全氮含量的空间分布格局基本一致,大致呈中部高、东部和西部低的趋势,主要受成土母质、地形地貌、土壤类型、土壤质地和施肥状况等因素的影响。     

利用高光谱估算博斯腾湖西岸湖滨绿洲土壤有机质含量

以新疆博斯腾湖西岸湖滨绿洲为研究区,利用实测的土壤有机质含量与高光谱数据,通过多元逐步回归与偏最小二乘回归法分别构建反演土壤有机质含量估算模型.结果表明:(1)研究区土壤有机质含量变化范围为5.09～44.00 g·kg-1,均值为16.87 g·kg-1,变异系数为44.69％,呈中等变异;土壤有机质含量与土壤光谱反...     

基于多光谱数据的荒漠矿区土壤有机质估算模型

目前运用高光谱数据估算土壤有机质的模型精度已经可以达到精准农业的要求,但其数据的整理和运算过程较为复杂且观测尺度较小.为节省资源,提高效率并为多光谱遥感估算土壤有机质积累经验,该文将Landsat8_OLI多光谱遥感影像各波段的反射率数据与地面土壤有机质SOM(soil organic matter)实测数据相结合,利用SPSS软件及多元线性回归分析方法建立基于反射率R、反射率倒数1/R、反射率倒数对数LN(1/R)、反射率一阶导数FDR(first derivative reflectance)的土壤有机质定量估算模型,精度检验后择取最优模型通过多光谱遥感波段运算的方式推广至整个研究区.结果表明:FDR模型的精度更高,RMSE为0.215,F检验结果为4.072,预测值与实际值之间的决定系数R2为0.963.基于该模型估算研究区空间范围的土壤有机质含量,得出土壤有机质含量在0～5 g/kg之间的面积占总研究区的84.065％,＞10 g/kg的面积仅仅为0.001 5％.在4种土地类型中工矿用地SOM平均含量为最高的7.35 g/kg,受开采的煤炭中有机质影响较大.裸地面积2 674.44 km2,占研究区面积的63％,SOM平均含量6.12 g/kg;盐渍地和荒漠林地SOM含量偏低.总之,运用多光谱遥感数据估算干旱区土壤有机质的方法可行,也为遥感估算其他地表参数提供参考.     

南通市城市边缘带土壤肥力时空特征分析

基于野外土壤调查与样品分析数据,应用数理统计分析方法,揭示了南通市城市边缘带土壤肥力特征、影响因素、变化趋势以及时空规律。结果表明,研究区土壤表层有机质、土壤全量与速效养分含量空间变异明显,速效养分尤其具有高度的空间可变性,表现出城市边缘带土壤属性的重要特征。样点土壤肥力要素方差分析结果显示,土壤肥力特征的空间变异与本区土地利用变化历史与人为活动的时空分异密切相关;而土壤机械组成及全K含量空间变化不大,受控于土壤类型的空间分布,反映了本区土壤的发生学特点。经过过去20年的农业生产实践,研究区土壤多数肥力要素明显改善、肥力水平明显提高,但影响土壤肥力质量、制约土壤资源可持续利用的不利因素依然存在。     

江苏北部县域土壤有机质空间变异特征

苏北地区是江苏省的粮食主产区,掌握该地区的土壤有机质空间变异特征对苏北乃至全省农业生产均有重要意义。以江苏省沛县为案例,利用网格法采集了324个土壤样品,通过经典统计和地统计方法研究了该县的土壤有机质空间分布特征。结果表明:该县土壤有机质含量均值为20.10 g/kg,变异系数为0.42,属中等变异程度;土壤有机质空间自相关性为中等程度,自相关距离为26 700 m;全县土壤有机质含量主要集中在12～18,18～24 g/kg和24～30 g/kg三个等级,且在空间上由东向西逐渐降低,分布规律明显,主要受土壤类型与土地利用方式的空间分布的影响,并分析了该县不同区域土壤有机质含量的提升潜力,为该县乃至苏北地区制定合理的农业管理措施提供参考。     

广元植烟土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征及影响因素

为揭示广元植烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素,采用地统计学、相关分析及回归分析等研究方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术对研究区土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌钼及硼等6种土壤有效态微量元素进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤有效铁、锰及铜含量丰富,总体处于中等以上水平;有效钼含量适中;有效锌和硼缺乏,总体处于缺乏或极度缺乏水平。半方差分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素块金系数均在29.72%~67.59%之间,具有中等强度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。空间分布上,土壤有效铁、锰、铜及钼含量表现出北高南低的空间分布趋势,土壤有效锌和硼含量呈现出西高东低的空间分布格局。影响因素分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素与土壤有机质呈正相关,与p H值呈负相关,相关性总体高于地形因子。土壤有机质对有效铁、铜、锌及硼有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.5%~27.2%。除有效锌外,土壤p H值对其余5种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异均有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.0%~30.4%。土类对土壤有效铁、锰及铜有极显著影响,其空间变异性8.4%~12.3%。熟制和种植制度对6种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响较弱,进一步说明研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,但结构性因素的作用强于随机性因素。本研究结果为广元植烟区土壤微肥施肥管理及优质烤烟栽培提供了可靠的参考依据。     

贵州表层土壤有机质空间变异特征及其影响因素分析

为探究贵州表层土壤有机质的空间变异特征及其主要影响因素,使用贵州省第二次土壤普查资料中193个土壤剖面数据,结合贵州省气象资料、土地利用类型图及土壤类型图等资料,运用地统计学和多元回归分析各因素对表层土壤有机质空间变异的解释能力。结果表明：(1)贵州省表层土壤有机质含量范围为0.05%～36.68%,平均含量为5.23%±4.96%,变异系数为94.90%;(2)表层土壤有机质在空间分布上表现出东北部高,西南部较低的格局;(3)半变异函数分析表明,贵州省土壤有机质主要受自然因素影响,海拔、CEC、耕作方式和土壤质地对表层土壤有机质含量变异的综合解释能力为35.9%,海拔作为最重要的影响因素能独立解释其变异的25.6%,CEC和耕作方式分别能解释11.3%,7.4%。贵州表层土壤有机质与年均气温呈负相关关系,与海拔呈正相关关系。研究区表层土壤有机质的分布与碳酸盐岩分布面积比例存在相关关系,整体上,随着喀斯特分布面积比例增大而受自然因素影响增大。喀斯特分布面积比例为0～10%区域主要受农业耕作施肥等人类活动的影响,11%～30%区域主要受海拔影响,31%～50%区域受年均温和CEC影响,5...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.