On the Formation of Civil Engineering Contract

It is the major way to form a civil engineering contract by means of bidding and tendering passing through the following steps as: tendering, bidding, bid opening, evaluation, acceptance and contract signing. The legal nature of the bid is an invitation to offer. The bid has certain legal binding which is different from the ordinary invitation to offer. The legal nature of the tendering is an order, which is sent to the inviter by the bidder. The letter of acceptance takes effect when it is issued and meanwhile the civil engineering contract is formed.     

Investigation on the Theory and Means of Construction Tendering and Bidding in the Period of Economy Transition

The tendering and bidding of engineering construction is a means, which makes use of the function of market mechanism to carry on or transmit the project.It has a history over one hundred years abroad, but it is used in China with great force only twenty years.Because actualizing construction tendering and bidding goes with the reform of market mechanism, the fashion of construction tendering and bidding in China is different from that customarily used internationally and there are many differences in means and procedures.In this paper, beginning with the theory of tendering and bidding, the premises of the first-price-sealed tendering and the current condition of China are compared and the means and development objects of tendering in the period of national economy transition are discussed.Finally, some problems and strategies to the problems of the mold of tendering of bill quantity of construction works are discussed.     

Ascertainment of the Cost of Construction Product in Construction Tendering and Bidding

The Tendering and Bidding Law" states that the bidder should not compete bidding through quoted price lower the cost, but it does not ascertain the meaning of the cost of building product. It is the purpose of this paper to ascertain the meaning of the building product cost. The calculation bases of both the social average product cost and of the enterprise individual product cost are analyzed and they are compared with each other. The authors point out that for some enterprise there is individual product cost lower the social average product cost. The function of design mechanism of bidding is revealing "private information" on "the lowest price". The purpose of carrying out bidding is introducing competition, reducing the cost for the owner and realizing the maximum yield. Both indicate the cost of building product, mentioned in "The Tendering and Bidding Law" should be the enterprise individual product cost.     

Constructing organization network for community-oriented collaborative product design

Community-oriented collaborative design is an emergent form of collaborative product development, in which the range of collaborative partners extends to wide area community members. It is difficult to construct the organization network because the accurate features of the wide area community members are hard to access. Aiming at this problem, an organization network constructing method based on bidding mechanism is proposed. First, the bidding process based on contract net with confirmation protocol (CNCP) is presented. Then, considering the false profit declared by the bidders, a multiple rounds bidding process combined with genetic algorithm (GA) is used to get the best sub-projects allocation scheme, in which the total payment of sub-projects is minimal and the project due time is satisfied. A case analysis shows that the method can eliminate the false profit declared by the bidders and provides an operable way to construct network organization for community-oriented collaborative design.     

On the Non-price Bottom Bidding System under the Mode of Valuation with Bill Quality of Construction Works

It is the direction of the project bidding system reform to apply the non-price bottom bidding system under the mode of valuation with bill quality of construction works in China. In this paper, the significance of implementing the non-price bottom bidding system is analyzed and emphasis is put on the workout of the non-price bottom bidding, valuation and so on. The risk prevention and risk management are studied on the side of tenderee from the qualification examination, engineering guarantee, defending system and so on.     

Optimal bidding models of power plants considering transmission congestion

In order to achieve optimal bidding strategy of power plants in electricity market, the authors build optimal bidding model by predicting the bidding coefficients of competitors, and the optimal bidding coefficient without considering transmission capacity is achieved. Based on the bidding coefficients, the market clearing model is built, and the expected market clearing price is achieved. According to the expected values, the authors calculate the power flow. When forecasting the transmission congestion, this paper presents an optimal bidding model taking transmission congestion into account. Based on sensitivity analysis, the output regulation of power plants with minimum cost of eliminating congestion is achieved. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can help power plants achieve the optimal profit.     

Management System of the Tender and Bidding for Power Projects with a Valuation Based on the Bill of Quantities

Valuation based on the bill of quantifies will change the existing valuation mode of tender and bidding. For the standardized management of tender and bidding for power projects and the inteUigentized information management of power enterprises, it is an inevitable trend of reform to apply the valuation mode based on the bill of quantifies. According to the characteristics of power projects, this paper expounds the working process of the valuation mode based on the bill of quantities and analyzes the goal and function need of the tender and bidding management system. Considering the calculation procedure of the valuation and the quote strategy of quantities bill, the composition of fees for the valuation is settled and the calculation method is designed. To establish the management system of tender and bidding with a valuation based on the bill of quantities is beneficial for the costing reform of power projects and the perfection of the tender and bidding market. Therefore it is of great significance to spread the new management mode of project costing with a valuation based on the bill of quantities.     

Study on Approach to Optimize Network Planning Schedule for Fixed Resources Constraint

Network planning schedule optimization is one of the pivotal issues in engineering project management. The current studies on schedule optimization aim at achieving the optimal goals by least additional resources. In this paper, from transferring the critical path, the authors suggest a schedule optimization algorithm through transferring partial resource of un-critical activities to the critical activities. The result of applying the model shows that it is helpful for resolving schedule optimization issue for fixed resources.     

Study on Application of Value - at - Risk to the Risk Evaluation of Construction Project Bidding

The value-at-risk(VaR) model is a statistical model to estimate and control financial risk,and used to measure the most probable loss on the next deal stage of financial asset portfolio.Based on the principle of the value-at-risk,in this paper the value-at-risk is to be applied to the risk evaluation of construction project.Assuming the sub-project prices abide by the BQ model are random variable which conform to normal distribution,this paper has built up the portfolio of project according to biding and quoted price of construction project,and adopted the variance-covariance method to measure the value-at-risk of the biding and quoted price in order to provide a feasible risk analysis tool for the evaluation of construction project bidding.     

Improvement Algorithm of Generation Cost Based on Reliability

This paper discusses the influenced manner of reliability on bidding, and establishes the direct functional relationship among reliability, generation cost and electricity price in different risk of power generation. In this function model, the generation cost and the price could reflect the current reliability of equipment in a dynamic way. The generation risk is also considered in competitive bidding. The bidding strategy based on this model helps the power plant acquire the optimal benefit.     

皖江地区湿地生态服务价值评估

皖江地区湿地是长江中下游流域的重要湿地,也是安徽省水网集中分布区,河流水系众多、湖泊库塘星罗棋布。【研究目的】通过对皖江地区湿地生态服务价值的估算,期望为有关部门进行区域规划和合理利用湿地资源提供科学依据;【方法】在调查和资料收集的基础上,参考Costanza等提出的17项生态系统服务功能,利用市场价值法、资产价值法、影子工程法、旅行费用法等评估方法,对皖江地区湿地9项生态服务价值进行了评估。【结果】表明：皖江地区湿地生态服务总价值为1061.21亿元/a,其中固碳价值最高,达434.22亿元/a,其次是水文调节价值、物质生产价值和净化环境价值,分别达到220.75亿元/a、163.50亿元/a和108.13亿元/a,再次是释放O2价值、供水蓄水价值和休闲旅游价值,最小的是文化科研和栖息地价值;皖江地区湿地直接价值214.84亿元/a,间接价值846.37亿元/a,间接价值远远大于直接价值。【结论】并提出了湿地的固碳功能对于全球气候变暖有很大的影响,应合理开发利用和保护湿地资源。     

Constitutive Equations for Thermo-mechanical Coupling Problems

The conflict events that occurred in construction engineering project(CEP) bring about a lot of adverse influence on project implementation.Furthermore,there is a limitation for five modes used to deal with the conflicts in favor of the project management,which is proved by the practice.On the basis of investigation,the authors bring to light the multi-attributive characteristics of the conflict events through clustering analysis,and put forward a new concept as co-adaptability aiming at solving the conflict events in CEP,and building up a new project management mechanism based on the new concept and a new mode to deal with the conflict events based on the whole project benefit.So,this research offers not only a new idea but also a new method of solving conflict events in CEP.     

Microcomputer Network Management Information System for Construction Engineering Invite and Bidding

To assure that inviting and bidding are accomplished legally, normally and orderly in the construction engineering, a tangible market came into being by means of novel technologies, such as computers, networks and information managing so that exoteric, fair and equitable principles are embodied during inviting and bidding in the construction engineering. A framework model of the information managing system for inviting and bidding is proposed, which owns common functions and can be applied to usual construction engineering bargaining. Functions and characteristics of the computer network management system, which was developed and applied on the basis of the framework model, for construction engineering inviting and bidding information are demonstrated. In addition, pivotal technologies of developing the system also are expatiated.Anticipated effects are gained and the system is proved to own a friendly man machine interface after running and applying near a year. Maneuverability and expansibility is competent for inviting and bidding in the tangible construction market.     

雷电引起接触电压、跨步电压导致生物伤害的损害概率计算方法探析

为了提高人员生命损失风险计算的针对性、准确性,为人工接地装置安全布设提出建设性的指导意见,通过对人工接地装置泄流时接触电压、跨步电压的计算方法的分析,确定了人工接地体泄流时接触电压、跨步电压导致人身伤亡的损害概率的定量计算方法。计算时,通过对接触电压、跨步电压计算值与人体耐受接触电压、跨步电压阈值的比较分析,确定能达到该阈值的最小雷电流幅值,再通过对项目所在位置雷电活动特征的分析,确定可能超过灾害阈值对应的雷电流幅值,即可能产生风险的雷电流所占的频率,认为该频率即为接触电压、跨步电压导致生物伤害的损害概率。对人工接地装置接触电压、跨步电压的计算以垂直接地极为例,同时考虑了冲击电流较工频电流对计算方法的影响。     

A New Quantitative Model for Quoted Price and Decision -Making on Project

In this paper,a new quantitative model for quoted price and decision-making on project has been built by means of Operations of Fuzzy Relations and a fuzzy set theory.The established model has many characters,such as multi-objective for bidding,combined subjective opinion with enlightened logic as well as low leanness on data on past project and competitor.There is a case at the end of this paper showing the whole idea and process of the model.This paper provided a new theory base for the contractors in China.     

Measurements to Protect Owners'' Benefits under the Non-price Bottom Bidding

Investment on construction projects has become an important factor in improving the development of economy in China.The non-price bottom bidding is a representation that the investment on projects is becoming standardized.During the years of trying out the non-price bottom bidding,the colluding in bidding or bidding below the cost has happened several times,which have damaged the benefits of owners.To solve theses problems,this paper firstly studies the reason of these problems-the failure in the normal relationship between principal and agent.Then,some measures have been presented as follows: building systematic and scientific system of qualification prejudication,judging behaviors of colluding in bidding and bidding below the cost with reason and providing a surety mechanism of the project.The authors hope that these measures are beneficial to non-price bottom bidding.     

基于霍尔三维结构的农村土地整治项目管理体系构建

当前农村土地整治项目仍处于初级阶段,项目管理水平不高,乡村转型发展过程中,农村土地整治需要从原来的单一目标导向向实现区域功能的综合目标转变。要实现其综合功能,就需要运用系统思维有效协调各种矛盾,解决项目管理中存在的问题。本文通过借鉴系统工程方法理论中的霍尔三维结构模型,构建符合农村土地整治项目管理特征的管理体系,为科学组织农村土地整治项目管理提供参考,助力农村土地整治项目在乡村振兴中发挥重要作用。     

河北省柏乡县土地整理项目的碳排放效应研究

为研究土地整理项目中的碳排放效应,明确土地整理的碳排放及其测算方法,分析土地整理碳减排潜力,以河北省柏乡县固城店镇土地整理项目区为研究区域,基于能源消费及土地利用变化,采用IPCC清单法,分析土地整理施工工程中包含土地平整工程、灌溉和排水工程、田间道路工程以及农田防护工程4个方面的碳排放及区域土地利用变化导致的碳排放。结果表明：柏乡县土地整理项目能源消费导致的碳排放总量为469.77 tC,土地平整工程的碳排放比例最大,高达78.44%,田间道路工程及灌溉和排水工程分别占15.69%,5.86%。从单位投资额碳排放量和单位投资比率的碳排放比例上看,田间道路工程和灌溉与排水工程投资的生态效应优于土地平整工程。柏乡县土地整理导致的土地利用变化使得区域土壤和植被碳储量增加了748.58 tC,其中未利用土地的碳储量变化最大。土地利用结构调整后增加的碳储量是整个施工过程中的碳排放量的1.59倍。柏乡县土地整理后项目区碳储量增加了278.81 tC,表现出碳汇效应。研究结果表明,为了降低土地整理的碳排放量,应当减少土地平整工程量,提倡使用清洁型燃料,并优先考虑碳密度较低的地类作为耕地来源,并在耕种过程中减少化肥和农药施用量,提高耕地产能。     

工程项目社会影响评价的回顾与展望

随着社会发展日益强调以人为中心和可持续发展原则,工程项目社会影响评价已越来越得到人们的重视,但目前工程项目社会影响评价尚未规范化。通过回顾社会影响评价的发展历史,归纳了工程项目社会影响评价的概念、内容和方法,探讨社会影响评价中需要解决的重点问题,对未来工程项目社会影响评价进行了展望     

Advance of Management Performance Evaluation in Petrochemical Engineering Construction Project

Toward the characteristics of petrochemical engineering construction project and the need of project management performance evaluation, this paper analyzed the status of project management performance evaluation study and the status of project management performance evaluation study in petrochemical engineering construction project. This paper suggested the direction of project management performance evaluation study in petrochemical engineering construction project, which is to establish the performance evaluation index system of petrochemical engineering construction project management and performance evaluation method, to establish process performance evaluation system of petrochemical engineering construction project management, to develop performance evaluation software of petrochemical engineering construction project management.