Optimal bidding models of power plants considering transmission congestion

In order to achieve optimal bidding strategy of power plants in electricity market, the authors build optimal bidding model by predicting the bidding coefficients of competitors, and the optimal bidding coefficient without considering transmission capacity is achieved. Based on the bidding coefficients, the market clearing model is built, and the expected market clearing price is achieved. According to the expected values, the authors calculate the power flow. When forecasting the transmission congestion, this paper presents an optimal bidding model taking transmission congestion into account. Based on sensitivity analysis, the output regulation of power plants with minimum cost of eliminating congestion is achieved. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can help power plants achieve the optimal profit.     

Ascertainment of the Cost of Construction Product in Construction Tendering and Bidding

The Tendering and Bidding Law" states that the bidder should not compete bidding through quoted price lower the cost, but it does not ascertain the meaning of the cost of building product. It is the purpose of this paper to ascertain the meaning of the building product cost. The calculation bases of both the social average product cost and of the enterprise individual product cost are analyzed and they are compared with each other. The authors point out that for some enterprise there is individual product cost lower the social average product cost. The function of design mechanism of bidding is revealing "private information" on "the lowest price". The purpose of carrying out bidding is introducing competition, reducing the cost for the owner and realizing the maximum yield. Both indicate the cost of building product, mentioned in "The Tendering and Bidding Law" should be the enterprise individual product cost.     

Study on Application of Value - at - Risk to the Risk Evaluation of Construction Project Bidding

The value-at-risk(VaR) model is a statistical model to estimate and control financial risk,and used to measure the most probable loss on the next deal stage of financial asset portfolio.Based on the principle of the value-at-risk,in this paper the value-at-risk is to be applied to the risk evaluation of construction project.Assuming the sub-project prices abide by the BQ model are random variable which conform to normal distribution,this paper has built up the portfolio of project according to biding and quoted price of construction project,and adopted the variance-covariance method to measure the value-at-risk of the biding and quoted price in order to provide a feasible risk analysis tool for the evaluation of construction project bidding.     

Reliability Evaluation Model of Composite Generation and Transmission System Incorporating FACTS Devices

The utilization of Flexible AC Transimssion System(FACTS)technology has significant impact on power system reliability performance.Series FACTS devices such as Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformers(TCPSTs) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators(TCSCs) can change the natural allocation of the power flow and effectively alleviate transmission congestion.Parallel FACTS devices such as Static Var Compensators(SVCs)can provide reactive power support and maintain voltage stability.So it is important to quantitatively evaluate their benefits to the power system reliability.The traditional models of the composite generation and transmission system reliability evaluation are mainly focused on conventional generation and transmission facilities.This paper researches the power flow model of TCPST and TCSC,and then presents the optimal load shedding model incorporating TCPSTs,TCSCs and SVCs and effectively incorporates them into the reliability evaluation model.The proposed method is tested on the RBTS and the obtained results show that the system reliability can be improved effectually by FACTS devices.     

Calculation of Maintenance Cost Based on the Proportional Life Setback Model

Maintenance cost is one of the most difficult parts to calculate in variant-cost, for it s decided by the reliability of components. As an important factor of reliability, life is largely affected by maintenance. The proportional life prolonged model based on maintenance is presented firsdy. Based on this model, the function of Mainenance--Life--Cost is deduced. Which provides a new method for power plant to calculate maintenance cost more accurately.     

Selecting Bid with Reasonably Low Price Without Bottom Price Based On Sector Estimate

For raveling out the main shortage of tendering which is the reasonable sector is unreasonable of making the bid evaluation uncertain. In order to eliminate subjective factor, this paper quantificationally analyses the price in bidding and establishes the sector selecting bid model based on the sector estimate idea, which tries to provide a new method and academic basic for determining the reasonable sector. Finally, the article gives an example to prove that the model is feasible and effective and it tries to ensure the bidding assessment public, equitable and just.     

A Spot Price Model with Var Cost

This paper has applied the var cost to the theory of spot price.An augmented Lagrange method is employed to develop the exact model of spot price of active power and reactive power,and the physical means of Lagrange multipliers are explained.The numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed model.     

The Bankruptcy System and the Auction Model of Management Buyout

This paper studied how the auction processis influenced by bankruptcy probability, bankruptcy cost, and the corporatetax rate. The study found thatthe bidding price of the management is negatively associated with bankruptcy cost and probability, and positivelyassociated with the corporate tax. However, the expected profit of the outside investor is positivelyassociated with bankruptcy cost and probability, and negatively associated with the corporate tax. When the bankruptcy cost and probabilityis high enough, the acquisition market would be totally inefficient.     

A reliability evaluation model for photovoltaic/diesel hybrid power generation system

Photovoltaic power generation is considered to be one of the most promising power generation forms. It is difficult to accurately assess the reliability of the photovoltaic system (PVS) for the volatility and intermittent of the light intensity. By analyzing PVS component failure modes and their impacts on PVS output power, the reliability model of PVS is built. Then the probability model of PVS output power is presented by considering both illumination uncertainty and PVS component random faults. According to the influence of components random faults outside the intentional islands on the reliability of load points inside the intentional islands, the concepts of repair zone, isolation zone and zero zone are defined. Furthermore, by considering the fail-operation of breaker and fuse, the concept for zone hierarchy is proposed, and the analytical formulas to calculate reliability indices of the load points inside the intentional islands are deduced. The application of the presented reliability evaluation model is clarified using a typical example to show the practicality and validity of the proposed approach.     

Comparatively Research of Methods of Electricity Pricing at Transitional Period in China

With the reform toward power market processing, how to decide electricity price becomes a key problem which one power plant have to face. So in this paper, the authors show two ways to the problem, a pricing model by account and a pricing model by economics, then they analyze the cost structure and counting principle of three-electricity price, which is determined by the methods of repayment of capital with interest (RCI pricing), of the operation period (OP pricing) and of marginal cost (MC pricing). Then similarities and differences among these three pricing methods existing in the transitional period are examined by a case in china. The indicate that it is important and inevitable to reform RCI pricing, to popularize OP pricing and to transfer to MC pricing.     

Power Plant Bid Decision-making Stragegy Based on Accounting Theory

The main theortical basis that management accountant can be regarded as electricity-generating commerce is brought forward.The main contents of management accountant,such as cost analysis,quantity benefit analysis,estimate analysis,the decision analysis,the budget,cost control,responsibility center,the possibility of the indetermination analysis theories on generating electricity,feasibility and advantages,are analyzed and demonstrated in detail.Based on these works and combining knowledge of computer,related knowledge about power and the latest rules of electric power market,the functional design for the power plant biding for on-net assistant system is completed.The power plant bid decision-making stragegy includes following functions: receiving and declareing the data of the electric power market,protecting cost analysis,protecting price decision,predicting load,safe area analysis,superior distribution,settle accounts,sensitivity analysis,controlling plan management and risk analysis etc.     

A New Quantitative Model for Quoted Price and Decision -Making on Project

In this paper,a new quantitative model for quoted price and decision-making on project has been built by means of Operations of Fuzzy Relations and a fuzzy set theory.The established model has many characters,such as multi-objective for bidding,combined subjective opinion with enlightened logic as well as low leanness on data on past project and competitor.There is a case at the end of this paper showing the whole idea and process of the model.This paper provided a new theory base for the contractors in China.     

Measurements to Protect Owners'' Benefits under the Non-price Bottom Bidding

Investment on construction projects has become an important factor in improving the development of economy in China.The non-price bottom bidding is a representation that the investment on projects is becoming standardized.During the years of trying out the non-price bottom bidding,the colluding in bidding or bidding below the cost has happened several times,which have damaged the benefits of owners.To solve theses problems,this paper firstly studies the reason of these problems-the failure in the normal relationship between principal and agent.Then,some measures have been presented as follows: building systematic and scientific system of qualification prejudication,judging behaviors of colluding in bidding and bidding below the cost with reason and providing a surety mechanism of the project.The authors hope that these measures are beneficial to non-price bottom bidding.     

北京市鸡蛋及其相关行业市场分析及展望

为了确定北京市鸡蛋价格波动规律及其影响因素,本研究采用指标分析、变异系数、季节调整模型以及HP滤波等方法,结合鸡蛋生产、商品代蛋雏鸡、饲料市场等鸡蛋相关行业市场情况,对北京市鸡蛋批发市场行情进行了分析。结果表明：2002—2012年,北京市批发市场鸡蛋月度价格呈上升趋势,振幅呈阶段性放大特征,大致经历了三个完整的波动周期,每个周期持续时间为37个月,年度内鸡蛋价格呈“一峰一谷”型,高价区集中在7—12月;年度内上市量与鸡蛋价格呈反向关系。玉米、蛋鸡配合饲料以及商品代蛋雏鸡等主要养殖成本增加是鸡蛋价格上升的重要原因之一。因此,应加强监测预警、建立鸡蛋价格保险制度、发展鸡蛋期货,以稳定鸡蛋价格、减少生产经营损失。     

On the Non-price Bottom Bidding System under the Mode of Valuation with Bill Quality of Construction Works

It is the direction of the project bidding system reform to apply the non-price bottom bidding system under the mode of valuation with bill quality of construction works in China. In this paper, the significance of implementing the non-price bottom bidding system is analyzed and emphasis is put on the workout of the non-price bottom bidding, valuation and so on. The risk prevention and risk management are studied on the side of tenderee from the qualification examination, engineering guarantee, defending system and so on.     

Optimal Standby Capacity and Its Valuation in Power Pool

The problem of optimal standby capacity and its valuation in Power Pool is very important and complicated. On the basis of researching literatures concerned, this paper constructs an optimal standby capacity model and researches the problem of pricing optimal standby capacity and determining power price on the user-side. The result shows that the optimal standby capacity at some period t is completely determined by the probability distribution density function of power load demand at this period and surplus power loss and insufficient power loss, and the price of optimal standby capacity is determined by real power price of entering power grid and the power price of forecasting load demand, and the expected power price on the user-side consists of the settlement price with grid loss on generation-side and reasonable gains and expected additional loss.     

Management System of the Tender and Bidding for Power Projects with a Valuation Based on the Bill of Quantities

Valuation based on the bill of quantifies will change the existing valuation mode of tender and bidding. For the standardized management of tender and bidding for power projects and the inteUigentized information management of power enterprises, it is an inevitable trend of reform to apply the valuation mode based on the bill of quantifies. According to the characteristics of power projects, this paper expounds the working process of the valuation mode based on the bill of quantities and analyzes the goal and function need of the tender and bidding management system. Considering the calculation procedure of the valuation and the quote strategy of quantities bill, the composition of fees for the valuation is settled and the calculation method is designed. To establish the management system of tender and bidding with a valuation based on the bill of quantities is beneficial for the costing reform of power projects and the perfection of the tender and bidding market. Therefore it is of great significance to spread the new management mode of project costing with a valuation based on the bill of quantities.     

基于决策树的农产品供应商竞标能力的数据挖掘分析

应用基于决策树的数据挖掘算法对农产品电子商务B2B系统中的历史竞标样本进行了分类,通过给出一个结合实例的算法实现过程,说明了供应商在竞标过程中产品报价等部分影响因素间的一些潜在性规则,从而得出不同特征的农产品供应商在虚拟市场中的竞标能力高低差异依次由产品报价、配送及时率、市场需求水平等因素决定。     

The Probability Risk Analysis of Bidding and Pricing for the Use of Land

In this paper by the probability method the effect of the undefinite indexes and the risk indexes on interior revenue rate(IRR) the main economic evaluation index in bidding and pricing of the use of land, is researched. The risk of the item is appreciated and the basis of bidding and pricing for the use of land is acquired. An example is presented.     

Transaction Cost During Reform Process of Separation ofNetwork Operations and Generation, and Making Electric Generation Market Competitive in Power Market

This paper analyzes interior transaction cost before the reform of separation of network operations and generation, and making electric generation market competitive in power industry, and market transaction cost in complete power market with the theory of transaction cost in china on the basis of the actuality and characteristic of Chinese power industry,then the describtion and the scalar comparisim are done between two costs by curve and mathematics. Based on the economic theory,the authors analyze the compare result,and come out the economic term of separation of network operations and generation in power industry, that is to say that there isn't economic reason when the electric plant lies in the phase of scale reward increasing by degrees,on contrast,when the electric plant lies in the phase of scale reward decreasing by degrees,the reform should be done step by step.