不同水分环境下玉米叶面积QTL定位及候选基因分析

玉米叶面积的大小及分布特征不仅影响其光合效率、蒸腾速率,而且与其耐旱性、耐密性、抗倒伏性及产量形成紧密相关。深入剖析不同水旱环境下玉米不同生育时期不同叶位叶面积的分子遗传机理对玉米耐旱高产新品种的选育具有重要意义。本研究以构建的2套F_2∶3群体为试材,在8种水分环境下,采用复合区间作图法（CIM）和基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法（MCIM）对玉米相应叶（V₁₈时期第10片叶、R₁时期穗三叶）叶面积进行单环境和多环境联合QTL分析;参考玉米基因组B73 RefGen_v3挖掘稳定表达的QTLs （sQTLs）区间内的候选基因,并对其进行功能分析。结果表明,采用CIM法,单环境下2个生育时期2套F_2∶3群体间总共定位到了7个玉米相应叶叶面积QTLs,主要受显性（81.0%）、部分显性（14.3%）和超显性（4.7%）等遗传效应的调控,其中在干旱环境下定位到了5个QTLs。采用MCIM法,在2套F_2∶3群体间总共检测到6个相应叶叶面积的联合QTLs,其中1个表现为显著的QTL与环境的互作（QTL×E, Bin 2.08~2.09）,1对QTLs （Bin 1.08~1.10与 Bin 2.08~2.09）参与了显著的加性与加性（AA）上位性互作。结合CIM和MCIM法进一步分析在2套F_2∶3群体间检测到了6个sQTLs,其分别位于Bin 1.08~1.10、Bin 2.08~2.09、Bin 4.08~4.09、Bin 6.05、Bin 8.03和Bin 10.03处,并在这些sQTLs区间内确定了12个玉米叶发育相关候选基因。采用生物信息学,总共收集了75个玉米叶发育相关候选基因,通过系统进化树分析表明,这些候选基因划分为3大进化分支,且上述检测到的12个候选基因分布于这3大进化分支上。这些结果为系统地解析玉米不同生育时期不同水旱环境下相应叶叶面积的分子遗传机理提供理论依据,检测到的sQTLs可作为叶面积改良的重要染色体区段,检测到的候选基因为其进一步克隆、功能分析及育种应用提供了信息参考。     

利用玉米骨干系进行产量及相关性状的QTL分析

玉米重要性状QTL定位是分子标记辅助选择的前提条件,对于提高育种效率有重要意义。本研究以当前大面积推广的一个优良玉米杂交种郑单958的两个亲本(郑58x昌7.2)构建含有225个家系的F2:3群体为基础材料,构建了SSR分子标记遗传连锁图谱,并对产量和相关性状进行了QTL作图。     

猪肉色性状的QTL和候选基因的研究进展

在养猪业中,猪肉颜色是一个非常重要的肉质指标,它影响消费者的感官判断.本文综述了该性状的QTL和候选基因的研究进展.同时也分析了限制猪肉颜色QTL研究中的一些因素.     

红三叶遗传图谱构建及抗白粉病基因QTL定位

本研究以感(岷山红三叶)、抗(澳大利亚红三叶品种♀Sensation×Renegade♂杂交新品系“甘农PR1”)白粉病红三叶材料为父母本杂交并种植成苗经人工接菌后筛选出抗、感白粉病的F₁群体为作图群体,利用AFLP标记构建红三叶高密度遗传图谱,并利用区间作图法对抗白粉病QTL进行了定位分析,可以为红三叶抗白粉病基因克隆和转基因等分子辅助育种奠定基础。结果表明,149个AFLP标记构建得到的遗传图谱包含7个连锁群(LG1,LG2,LG3,LG4,LG5,LG6和LG7),遗传图谱的总距离为640.5 cM。其中,LG1连锁群的遗传距离(140.6 cM)和标记间平均距离(9.4 cM)均最大;LG4连锁群的遗传距离(55.2 cM)和标记间平均距离(1.8 cM)最小。应用区间作图法对红三叶抗白粉病基因进行QTL分析定位,共检测到5个抗白粉病相关QTL位点(qrp-1,qrp-2,qrp-3,qrp-4和qrp-5),其中qrp-1、qrp-2、qrp-3和qrp-4位于LG4连锁群上,qrp-5位于LG5连锁群上。5个QTL位点对抗白粉病的贡献率为29%~90%,qrp-1对红三叶白粉病抗性的贡献率最大(90%),为主效QTL。     

基于小鼠表达谱芯片和比较基因组学分析猪生长发育相关候选基因集

为了在更宽、更深的层面上研究猪生长发育机制,得到以通路为单位的候选基因集以克服传统单基因分析方法的缺点。试验利用模式生物小鼠中的芯片技术,通过基因集富集分析方法(GSEA法)分析基因芯片,确定候选通路。对候选通路成员与猪生长发育相关的数量性状基因座(QTL)数据库进行映射,缩小其作用跨度区域,找出作用的关键基因集。结果表明:得到了56个与猪生长发育相关的候选基因集。     

Genetic analysis of litter size in mice

We performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis for litter size (total number of pups born and/or number of pups born alive) in 255 backcross mice derived from C57BL/6J and RR/Sgn inbred mice. We identified one significant QTL on chromosome 7 and 4 suggestive QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5, 10 and 13. In addition, two suggestive QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1 and 4 for the number of stillbirth. These results suggested that both litter size and number of stillbirth were heritable traits, although they were controlled by distinct genes. The RR allele was associated with reduced litter size and increased stillbirth at all QTLs. Therefore, RR mothers were observed to have reduced prolificacy in this particular genetic cross.     

玉米品种真实性和纯度鉴定的SSR标记多重PCR体系优化

 为了建立稳定可靠的玉米真实性和纯度鉴定ＳＳＲ 标记,对ＤＮＡ 提取方法、ＳＳＲ 引物和多重ＰＣＲ 反应程序进行了优化。结果表明,用预热到７５℃以上的研钵和９５℃的１．５×ＣＴＡＢ提取缓冲液进行材料研磨,可得到纯度高、完整性好的ＤＮＡ,并且提取成本较低。利用软件ＰｒｉｍｅｒＰｒｅｍｉｅｒ５．０和Ｏｌｉｇｏ６．７２对玉米指纹鉴定的ＳＳＲ 核心引物进行重新分析与设计,建立了２１对ＳＳＲ 通用引物构成的８组多重ＰＣＲ 复合扩增体系和３步法扩增程序,均能在统一的ＰＣＲ 扩增条件下进行,扩增片段之间不存在交叉现象,扩增条带清晰,扩增结果稳定,这一扩增体系检测效率比单对ＳＳＲ 引物提高２．６倍以上。     

用于鸡生长和肉质性状定位资源群体的构建

采用远交F-2设计,以杏花鸡(A系)为亲本,分别与隐性白洛克鸡(B系)、泰和丝羽乌骨鸡(C系)进行全同胞和半同胞的正反交,产生了包含A♂×B♀、B♂×A♀、A♂×C♀、C♂×A♀4个杂交组合的各两组F2群体,并进行详细的性状表型记录,建立了可用于定位生长和肉质的数量性状座位(quantitative trait loci,QTL)的4个资源群体。对F2群体的各种性状表型值进行分析,结果显示,F2群体各生长性状和肉质性状都分离得很好。资源群体有足够的群体规模,并有利于校正母体效应和环境影响,保证有效单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide poly-morphism,SNP)检测数量和QTL定位的准确性,使资源群体的构建达到了预期的效果。     

不同休眠玉米种子内源激素的含量测定和分析

本研究利用高效液相色谱法,对7个不同休眠性的玉米自交系鲜种子内源激素ZT、GA₃、IAA和ABA的含量进行了测定和分析。分析了各种激素及其相互作用对玉米种子休眠的影响,为阐明玉米种子休眠机理奠定了基础。结果表明,ZT含量在一定程度上与种子休眠性呈负相关性,具有对种子萌发抑制物的拮抗作用;GA₃具有解除休眠和促进萌发的功能,在种子萌发过程中是必需的;IAA与休眠不具有相关性;ABA具有拮抗GA₃的作用,诱导种子休眠,抑制萌发。种子的休眠是几种激素综合作用的结果,种子休眠程度与种子内起促进作用和起抑制作用的激素之间的比例密切相关。强休眠特性玉米自交系具有以下特征:ZT和GA₃含量低,ABA含量高,ZT/ABA值与GA₃/ABA值较小,各激素相对平衡。     

Precision of estimated QTL positions in granddaughter designs using combined haplotype sharing TDT and linkage analysis

The aim of this study was to develop the linear haplotype sharing transmission disequilibrium test (LHS-TDT) method and combine this method with the simple regression method to estimate the precision of QTL positions in granddaughter designs. This precision was determined by Monte Carlo simulation in granddaughter designs. A single bi-allelic QTL at the midpoint of a linkage group and 26 markers with 1 cM intervals and with two alleles each were simulated. Three linear models, (i.e. the simple regression model, the linear haplotype sharing TDT method and the combination of these two models) were compared. The mean of absolute differences (A) between the estimated and true QTL position of each method was considered for six different scenarios consisting of combinations of a number of markers and the most frequent haplotypes. The mean of A, using the simple regression method, was 4.38 centimorgan (cM). The means of A using the LHS-TDT method were less than the simple regression method in all scenarios and ranged from 1.86 to 3.82 cM depending on the scenario. The mean of A using the combined method was more than the LHS-TDT method and less than the simple regression method. The means of A using the combined method ranged from 2.32 to 4.36 cM. Therefore, for populations similar to those population simulated in this study, the LHS-TDT was better than the simple regression method and the combined method for precision of estimated QTL position in granddaughter designs.     

猪4、8和13染色体上肉质性状的QTL定位

214头猪(180头F2个体)组成的资源家系中,在猪的第4、8和13染色体上共选取23个微卫星标记,对11种肉质性状做了QTL定位,这些肉质性状包括:背最长肌肌内脂肪率(IMF)、背最长肌含水量(WM)、背最长肌系水力(WHC)、背最长肌失水率(DLR)、背最长肌pH(pH1)、股二头肌pH(pH2)、头半棘肌pH(pH3)、背最长肌肉色值(MCV1)、股二头肌色值(MCV2)、背最长肌大理石纹评分(MMS1)和股二头肌大理石纹评分(MMS2)。结果表明:检测到2个染色体极显著水平的QTL(P≤0.01),它们是定位在SSC13上55 cM处的IMF QTL,和定位在SSC4上10 cM处的WM QTL;4个染色体显著水平的QTL(P≤0.05),它们是2个MCV2 QTL(SSC8上110 cM处和SSC13上70 cM处)、1个MMS1 QTL(SSC8上185 cM处)和1个MMS2 QTL(SSC8上185 cM处)。上述QTL解释的表型变异从0.16%(SSC8上MCV2 QTL)到17.84%(SSC8上MMS2 QTL)。     

Mapping the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body shape and conformation measurements on BTA1 in Japanese Black cattle

The detection and mapping of segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) that influence withers height, hip height, hip width, body length, chest width, chest depth, shoulder width, lumbar width, thurl width, pin bone width, rump length, cannon circumference, chest girth, abdominal width and abdominal girth at weaning was conducted on chromosomal regions of bovine chromosome one. The QTL analysis was performed by genotyping half‐sib progeny of five Japanese Black sires using microsatellite DNA markers. Probability coefficients of inheriting allele 1 or 2 from the sire at specific chromosomal locations were computed. The phenotypic data of progeny were regressed on these probability coefficients in a within‐common‐parent regression analysis using a linear model that included fixed effects of sex, parity and season of birth, as well as age as a covariate. F‐statistics were calculated every 1 cM on a linkage map. Permutation tests of 10 000 iterations were conducted to obtain chromosome‐wide significance thresholds. A significant QTL for chest width was detected at 91 cM in family 3. The detection of this QTL boosts the prospects of implementing marker‐assisted selection for body conformation traits in Japanese Black beef cattle.