贺兰山油松林根系空间分布特征研究

通过根钻法对贺兰山油松林木细根分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:在40 cm以上土层中,各径级根系均有大量分布,而在40 cm以下土层中根系分布逐渐减少;92.9％的＜2 mm的细根集中分布于0 60 cm土层中,0 10 cm表层中的细根量占30.8％;油松根系具有深根性特征,但粗根集中于40 cm以上土层中,占粗根总量的88.6％;在距油松样木不同距离处的土壤中,油松细根随着距样木距离的加大而不断减少,一般在距样木2.0m的位置,油松细根量减至最低,同时细根根长、表面积、体积及根尖数都在此处降至最低.     

桑粮间作田条桑根系分布格局及其对土壤水分、养分的影响

条桑在河北省东部平原沙地和丘陵梯田广泛种植,与农作物间作是其主要栽培模式。2006年在河北省迁安市进行了桑粮间作田条桑根系断面积、根量、根系直径分布特征及其对土壤水分、养分影响的研究。结果表明：根系分布主要集中在20～40 cm土层内,此范围内的根系重量占总根量的60%～80%。根系以直径小于3 mm的细根居多,占总根量的30%～40%,大于7 mm的粗根数量很少,占总根数的5%～15%。平原沙地条桑根系主要分布在距桑丛中心100 cm范围内,桑丛外缘100 cm处的根量仅为总根量的6.52%,水平延伸幅度较窄,根系垂直分布明显;丘陵梯田条桑根系水平延伸可达桑丛外250 cm处,只有少量根系垂直深入岩石中,水平分布趋势明显。条桑根量、根系直径、根系断面积分布依立地条件及土层深度的不同而异。桑丛中心外1 m处深层土壤含水量增加,桑丛附近2.5 m内没有存在严重的土壤水分亏缺。平原沙地和丘陵梯田桑丛附近条桑富集土壤养分作用明显。     

膜下滴灌条件下水分对棉花根系分布特征的影响

通过分层土柱挖掘法，研究膜下滴灌条件下不同滴灌量棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L．）根系的分布特征。结果表明：直径〉1mm的粗根只分布在40cm以上的土层；随着土层深度增加，棉花根系生物量逐渐减少；但随着滴灌量减少，土壤深层根系生物量有增加趋势。不同处理的根系生物量的分布与土层深度呈显著的负指数关系，棉花细根生物量、根长、根表面积在土壤中垂直分布都呈“单峰型”曲线变化规律；但随着滴灌量的减少，棉花根系消弱系数β呈增加趋势。     

大汶河流域杨树根系的生物量组成和空间分布

根系生物量在不同直径根系中的分配是根系重要的结构特征,采用分层挖掘法,研究大汶河流域杨树不同径级根系的生物量组成和空间分布.结果表明：1）不同直径根系的生物量差异显著,其中根系直径d为10mm＜d＜20 mm的根系生物量最大,其次是d＜2mm的根系,d＞20 mm根系的生物量最小.2）不同直径根系生物量的空间分布规律基本一致,在水平方向上各土层间分布的根系生物量差异性极显著,距离树干愈远,土层中的根系生物量愈小.垂直方向上杨树根系生物量集中于0～60 cm土层中,各土层间根系生物量差异性显著,但其空间分布无明显规律.3）土壤有机质及有效氮、磷、钾等养分质量分数总体上随着土层的加深递减,细根生物量的空间分布与土壤养分呈弱正相关性.     

滴灌苜蓿田间土壤水盐及苜蓿细根的空间分布

为了明确滴灌苜蓿土壤水、盐运移,细根分布及细根生物量动态,该文对苜蓿进行滴灌和漫灌试验,结果表明,漫灌水分集中在15 cm浅层土壤内且分布均匀,含水率在19.5%~20.5%之间。滴灌水分高值区集中在水平方向距滴头15 cm,深度为40 cm的土层中,含水率达到18.0%~20.0%。漫灌对0~25 cm深度土层盐分淋洗作用明显,土水比1:5土壤水提液的电导率由灌前的0.4~0.5 m S/cm下降到0.3 m S/cm以下;滴灌可使根区盐分下降至0.2 m S/cm,显著低于灌溉初始的盐分含量(P0.05)。与漫灌比较,滴灌苜蓿细根集中分布在水平方向距滴头0~30 cm,垂直深度0~50 cm范围内。生长季各时间节点滴灌细根总量高于漫灌,其平均值分别为211.6和198.3 g/m2。滴灌和漫灌各时间节点细根量表现出明显的波动,其范围分别在193.2~243.6和182.7~219.1 g/m2之间。在整个生长期内,滴灌活根量高于漫灌,且生长前期滴灌死根量变化较漫灌平稳。活细根和死细根之间的周转使得两者呈现出此消彼涨的状态,表明细根具有生长-凋亡-再生长的周期性。该研究可为滴灌技术在苜蓿栽培上的应用提供参考。     

酸枣根系构型特征研究

对半干旱地区酸枣根系构型的研究结果表明:酸枣的根系水平分布可达300 cm,主要分布于0—60 cm范围内;60—240 cm范围根表面积和细根数量变化不大,二级侧根和细根分布比较均匀,在接近侧根末端,根长度、根表面积和细根长度数值明显增大,二级侧根数量增加。垂直方向根系分布可达120 cm,但主要分布在0—60 cm的土层中。0—60 cm土层含水量高,与根系在土层中的主要分布深度一致,因此,酸枣主要吸收土壤浅层和中层水分。尽管在深层土壤中细根的比例很少,但对酸枣吸收水分发挥着非常重要的作用,在干旱季节土壤浅层水分不足时,60 cm以下深层土壤中的水分能够维持酸枣的生存和生长。     

安徽省大别山区上舍小流域植被根系与土壤抗冲性研究

 采用标准地调查方法,对大别山区上舍小流域不同植被类型根系,在040 cm土壤深度范围内按照10cm间隔分层采样,室内测定不同径级（<0.5,0.5～1.0,1.0～2.0和2.0～5.0mm）根系生物量和根系长度,同时在各标准地根系相似地段内,采用C.C.索波列抗冲仪,在0～40 cm深度范围内按照10cm间隔分层测定土壤的抗冲性。结果表明:植被根系主要分布在0～40 cm土层内,表土层根量最大,根径<1.0mm的细根在根长上占有绝对优势;同一植被类型表土层土壤抗冲能力大于心土层;植物根系,尤其是根径<1.0mm的细根具有较强的固持土壤功能,细根长、根质量、根密度与土壤抗冲指数之间的相关系数分别为0.817 3、0.715 9和0.6434,可知,细根长是影响土壤抗冲性的关键因子;不同植被类型土壤的抗冲性与土壤非毛管孔隙度具有很高的相关性,表明森林植被的固土功能是通过根系改善土壤的物理性质,创造具有抗冲能力的生物土壤复合体结构实现的。     

红壤丘陵区林地根系对土壤抗冲增强效应的研究

对不同林地根系分布特征及其对土壤抗冲增强效应进行研究,结果表明:毛竹林根系的63%集中在0～30cm土层;混交林有64%的根系分布在0～20cm土层;杉木林0～20cm土层中有占总根数42%的根系;柑橘林41%的根系分布在0～10cm土层,各林区根系随土层深度增加而迅速减少。根系对土壤抗冲性增强值表现出随土层深度增加而减小,同时也得出根系对土壤抗冲性增强值在小雨强下>中雨强下>大雨强下。直径≤1mm根系密度与土壤抗冲性增强值相关性达到极显著水平,并得出它们之间的函数关系。土壤抗冲性随冲刷历时的增加而迅速增强,增强值的大小表现出毛竹林>混交林>杉木林>柑橘林。     

灌水下限与毛管埋深对温室番茄生长的影响

为探明番茄根系生长与水分分布之间的互反馈机制,通过日光温室地下滴灌试验,设置了4种毛管埋深(0 cm、10 cm、20 cm和30 cm)和3种灌水下限(保持土壤含水量为50%、60%和75%田间持水量),研究了不同灌水下限与毛管埋深对番茄根系生长及干物质分配的影响。研究结果表明,轻度、中轻度水分亏缺(灌水下限为75%和60%田间持水量)时,毛管埋深对番茄耗水量有显著影响,10~20 cm毛管埋深提高番茄耗水量。毛管埋深增加会减少0~20 cm土层根系分布,促进20~60 cm土层根系生长;毛管埋深对0~10 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm土层根系生长影响显著,对50~60 cm土层根系生长无显著影响。灌水下限对细根(d1 mm)、粗根(d1mm)的根长与根表面积影响显著,毛管埋深对细根的根长与根表面积有显著影响;轻度水分亏缺及20 cm毛管埋深有利于细根根长和根表面积生长,减少粗根比例。本研究结果表明,轻度水分亏缺及毛管埋深为20 cm更有利于全株干物质积累,灌水下限为75%田间持水量能够增加根系干物质分配比例,而20 cm毛管埋深则能促进干物质向茎叶转移且减少根系干物质的分配比例。     

蒋家沟泥石流区新银合欢细根固土效应

以蒋家沟泥石流区不同龄级新银合欢根系为研究对象,在分析其垂直分布与构成特征的基础上,运用加筋原理研究其固土效应。结果显示,不同龄级新银合欢根系表聚现象明显,随土层深度的增加呈减少趋势,约80%集中在0—120cm土层范围内;细根（D≤1mm）在整个细根根系中所占比例较大,决定着整个细根的分布趋势;10年生新银合欢D≤1mm细根较5年生增幅明显,15年生1mm     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.