侵害动物皮张主要害虫的综合防治

侵害动物皮张的主要害虫有白腹皮蠹、拟白腹皮蠹以及黑皮蠹等,在其生长过程中,幼虫期是取食生长（繁殖）最旺盛阶段,对皮张造成的侵害最严重,主要防治方法如下。     

侵害动物皮张主要害虫的综合防治

侵害动物皮张的主要害虫有白腹皮蠹、拟白腹皮蠹以及黑皮蠹等.在其生长过程中,幼虫期是取食生长(繁殖)最旺盛阶段,对皮张造成侵害最严重.主要防治方法如下.     

应用磷化锌杀灭皮张害虫

<正> 皮张仓库害虫的种类很多,在分类学上皆属于昆虫纲鞘翅目皮蠹科。危害毛皮的以拟白腹皮蠹、黑皮蠹和白腹皮蠹为主。这些害虫产卵多,孵化时间短,生长发育快,年发生代数多,抗饥抗寒性强,如不积极采取杀灭措施,对毛皮商品的损害极大。     

葫芦茶对椎实螺的杀灭实验

本实验选用椎实螺为实验对象，用葫芦茶粉剂和煎剂做杀灭药剂进行试验。结果认为两种剂型对椎实螺都有杀灭效果。将两种剂型比较，粉剂的杀灭效果、加工方法都较煎剂的好。粉剂有效浓度在0．1％时24小时内可出现死亡，当浓度在0．5％时可在24小时内实现椎实螺全部死亡。煎剂的有效浓度在0．0143％时48小时后出现死亡，当有效浓度在0．572％时，52小时后全部死亡。     

高效灭蛀灵对毛皮害虫的效力与毒性试验

对高效灭蛀灵的药效、安全性、毒理进行测定。结果表明：高效灭蛀灵对各类毛皮及其制品主要害虫的各发育期均具有杀灭和预防作用，杀早率在99.47％－100％；防蛀效果达45个月；室温保存两年或煮沸、冷冻、日晒，药效均无明显变化；对各类毛皮及制品无腐蚀性，对人安全。应用效果证明，本品安全、高效、实用，有灭蛀、防蛀、防霉、消毒之功效，适宜于仓储、宾馆、家庭使用。     

NAS制剂在体外对H5N1、H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的杀灭效果研究

采用Klein—Defors悬浮杀灭方法,考察了那氏（NAS）制剂对H5N1和H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的杀灭效果。将不同浓度的NAS制剂药物组与利巴韦林药物对照组与H5N1亚型和H9N2亚型病毒各分别混合10min和30min。后10倍递进稀释成10个稀释度,接种鸡胚尿囊腔。培养一定时间后采集尿囊液进行血凝试验（HA）,计算NAS制剂对两种亚型禽流感病毒在不同时间的杀灭率。结果表明,以1：40、1：80、1：160、1：320、1：640的稀释浓度与10^7-63 EID50禽流感H5N1亚型病毒液作用10min,病毒杀灭率分别为99．99％、99．99％、32．39％、0、0;作用30min杀灭病毒率分别为100％、99．99％、99．43％、0、0。与10^0.17 EID50 H9N2亚型禽流感病毒液作用10min,其杀灭病毒率分别为99．99％、99．99％、32．39％、0、0;作用30min病毒杀灭率分别为100％、99．99％、90％、0、0。提示NAS制剂对这两种病毒都有较好的杀灭作用,而且杀灭效果与时间有关。     

毛圆线虫冷冻保藏研究

对分离、培养的毛圆线虫三期幼虫，用0．08％次氯酸钠37℃脱鞘30分钟，幼虫脱鞘率可达95％以上。采用慢速致冷法冷冻后三期幼虫的存活率平均为63．3％，最高可达67％。当加入6％兔血清作为冷冻保护剂时，三期幼虫的存活性不受损害。用正常三期幼虫感染试验羊后第17天即可查到虫卵，剖杀后回收率为1．9％。冷冻保藏后的三期幼虫感染后虫卵出现较晚，成虫回收率为0．64％。尽管冷冻保存后的三期幼虫能感染试验动物，但其在体内的发育受阻，排卵推迟，并且每克粪便中虫卵含量低于正常三期幼虫感染后的粪便虫卵数。     

亮斑扁角水虻幼虫部分替代人工饲料对黑斑蛙生长影响研究

采用武汉品系亮斑扁角水虻老熟幼虫部分替代饲养黑斑蛙的人工饲料，并对黑斑蛙的生长指标和营养指标进行了测定。结果表明，当黑斑蛙人工饲料中添加亮斑扁角水虻幼虫0、25％、50％、75％、100％时．黑斑蛙增重率分别为8．14％、8．52％、3231％、18．19％、18．99％，特定生长率分别为0-22％／d、0．23％／d、0．79％／d、0．47％／d、0．49％／d。当替代量在50％时，黑斑蛙肥满度、肌肉粗脂肪、肌肉粗蛋白的含量达到最高值，收获黑斑蛙的增重率和饲料系数与其余处理组相比也达到了最优值。因此，使用亮斑扁角水虻幼虫部分替代人工饲料养殖黑斑蛙有较好效果，替代量为50％时最佳．为水虻及其衍生产品在蛙类养殖上的应用奠定了实践基础。、     

灭虫丁对甘南藏系绵羊体外寄生虫和体内线虫的驱杀效果

为了证实灭虫丁地甘南藏系绵羊体外寄生虫和体内线虫的驱杀效果，灭虫丁片剂按每千克体重０．２ｍｇ剂量对碌曲县尕海乡加仓三队和郎木寺乡贡巴四队的两群１３７０只藏系绵羊进行了驱治试验和防治示范应用。试验前检查两群试验羊体外寄生虫的感染率均为１００％；加仓和贡巴两村羊群消化道线虫感染率分别为８４．２％和８０．１％，肺线虫幼虫阳性率分别为７３．７％和５４．１％。灌服灭虫丁后羊体表寄生虫的杀灭率为１００％，消化     

益康露对畜禽主要病原微生物杀灭效果试验

经多次反复试验证实：益康露消毒剂对畜禽主要传染病病原微生物有良好的杀灭效果。该药０．００５％中５分钟对猪五号病病毒、猪瘟病毒、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒、鸡大肠杆菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌和禽多杀性巴氏杆菌可完全杀灭，有效率为１００％。０．０１％在５分钟１００％杀灭新城疫病毒。０．０２％１０分钟对鸭传染肝炎病毒杀灭亦为１００％。     

D型肉毒灭鼠剂对高原鼠兔的灭鼠效果研究调查

在黄南州泽库县对D型肉毒灭鼠剂杀灭高原鼠兔的效果进行了调查,结果表明:0.1%浓度组平均灭鼠效果达到92.2%以上;0.15%浓度组平均灭鼠效果达94.2%;两浓度组间无显著差异(P>0.05),对照组平均灭鼠效果为23.5%,与试验组间呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

中草药消毒剂杀菌效果的研究

为研究中草药消毒剂的杀菌效果,选取大黄、艾叶等中草药在实验室制备了复方中草药消毒剂,并对其进行了定量杀菌试验、临床现场消毒试验等研究。结果表明,以大黄、艾叶等中草药组方的中草药消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌作用10 min,杀灭率达99.9%,作用30 min,可达100%;对大肠杆菌作用10 min以上,杀灭率达100%;对枯草芽孢杆菌作用15 min以上杀灭率达99.9%;表面现场消毒对细菌杀灭率达99.96%;54 ℃温箱中放置14 d后,杀菌效果基本不变;有机物的存在对消毒效果有一定影响。结果提示中草药消毒剂用于养殖场消毒稳定有效,并可进行相关消毒剂的开发。     

5种药剂防治大沙鼠试验

大沙鼠(Rhombimys opimus)对甘肃省河西地区沙生荒漠植被造成严重危害。试验选取5种化学药剂,在民勤县荒漠梭梭林内进行大沙鼠药剂防治试验,结果表明:0.5%大卫和磷化锌的防治效果较好,校正灭洞率分别为88.24%和83.39%;克鼠星1号和C型肉毒素的校正灭洞率分别为78.70%和71.24%;鼢鼠灵的防治效果最差,校正灭洞率为9.67%。0.5%大卫与克鼠星1号、C型肉毒素、鼢鼠灵之间均存在显著差异(P0.05),磷化锌与C型肉毒素、鼢鼠灵之间均存在显著差异(P0.05),说明0.5%大卫、磷化锌对大沙鼠的防治效果最佳,克鼠星1号和C型肉毒素对大沙鼠也有较好的防治效果。     

藏草乌水煎提取液体外杀灭羊虱蝇药效及皮肤毒性试验研究

试验旨在研究藏草乌的水煎提取液在体外杀灭羊虱蝇的药效作用及其皮肤毒性、刺激性、过敏性试验,为藏草乌的开发利用和临床应用提供理论依据。将1%、2%、4%、8%、10%藏草乌水煎提取液分别滴于衬有吸水纸和羊虱蝇的平皿中,在1、2、4、8 h时分别观察其对羊虱蝇的杀灭情况。取相同剂量1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液均匀涂于大白兔的完整皮肤和破损皮肤,进行皮肤毒性、刺激性和过敏性试验。结果显示,给药1 h后各浓度的藏草乌水煎提取液及阳性对照组均出现了不同程度的羊虱蝇杀灭效果,4 h后阳性对照组杀灭率为100%,8 h时,1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液杀灭率达到70%,而2%藏草乌水煎提取液较1%药物组杀灭羊虱蝇效果好;皮肤毒性试验显示,大白兔皮肤无红斑、水肿,体重变化正常;皮肤刺激性试验结果显示,藏草乌提取液对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;皮肤致敏反应结果表明,藏草乌提取液对大白兔不具有致敏性。综上所述,藏草乌水煎提取液具有良好的体外杀灭羊虱蝇作用,且皮肤用药安全。     

Airflow and device effects on aerosol delivery for large animals

Aerosol delivery of medications has recently gained acceptance in large animal veterinary medicine. However, delivery of therapeutic aerosols currently relies on equipment modified from human use and delivery of medical aerosols may be adversely affected by the equipment design. In this study, we demonstrate the effect of typical large animal inspiratory flow rates on aerosol delivery characteristics. A benchtop system was assembled to simulate aerosol delivery to large animals. Phasic airflow was generated using a large animal anesthesia machine set to deliver 6 bpm (7 L/breath) at 100, 150 and 180 L/min mean inspiratory airflow. Aerosol from a DeVilbis ultrasonic nebulizer was delivered to a simulated facemask using standard 22 mm tubing and fittings. Total mass, delivery efficiency and mass median aerosol diameter (MMAD) was measured with and without an inspiratory one-way valve on the facemask. Delivered aerosol mass ranged from 0.26 to 0.08 g/min and delivery efficiency ranged from 30 to 6%. Both parameters were significantly reduced by both increasing flow rates and the presence of a one-way valve between the nebulizer and the facemask. Average MMAD was 0.7 microm and was not affected by any experimental variable. These results demonstrate that current aerosol equipment used on large animals has a substantial adverse effect on aerosol delivery. Elimination of one-way valves between the aerosol source and the patient is expected to improve delivery of the aerosol in these patients.     

用杀鼠剂和饵料对达乌尔黄鼠进行防治正交试验研究

为筛选出防治达乌尔黄鼠的杀鼠剂及其施用技术,用3种杀鼠剂、3个用药浓度、3个投饵量和3种饵料进行L9(34)正交试验,经方差分析和F检验发现,各因子对灭洞率的有效性自大至小顺序为:杀鼠剂用药浓度投饵量饵料种类。以灭洞率为评价指标,对不同因子各水平进行SSR测验证明:3种参试杀鼠剂的有效性依次为溴鼠灵(87.56%)C型肉毒梭菌生物毒素(80.00%)敌鼠钠盐(73.89%);灭洞率随用药浓度和投饵量变化,用药浓度越大、投饵量越多,灭洞率亦越高;用玉米、苜蓿草颗粒和玉米秸秆草颗粒作饵料灭洞率差异不显著,表明用苜蓿草颗粒和玉米秸秆草颗粒代替粮食作达乌尔黄鼠的饵料是可行;A2B3C2D3(0.15%的溴鼠灵、苜蓿草颗粒作饵料、每个有效洞口投25粒毒饵)是最佳处理组合。     

Fragment Bb of bovine complement factor B: stimulatory effect on the microbicidal activity of bovine monocytes.

We have previously shown that the Bb fragment of bovine complement factor B activates bovine monocytes and neutrophils. The activation was demonstrated by the enhanced uptake of 3H-deoxyglucose. To investigate the potential effect of fragment Bb on the microbicidal activity of bovine monocytes, a direct method was used. This method involves an initial ingestion period at 37 degrees C followed by repeated washing. The decrease in the total number of viable intracellular Staphylococcus aureus during the reincubation of the bacteria with bovine monocytes determines the intracellular killing. Maximal intracellular killing was seen when the monocytes containing the ingested S. aureus was incubated with fresh bovine serum (mean +/- SEM = 73.4 +/- 1.4%). On incubation of the monocytes, containing the ingested bacteria with heat-inactivated bovine serum, 32.5 +/- 0.7% of the intracellular bacteria were killed. When affinity-purified bovine factor Bb was added to the heat-inactivated serum, the intracellular killing capacity was almost restored (65.8 +/- 1.5%). When monocytes were incubated with medium alone, they killed 22.4% of the intracellular microorganisms. When fragment Bb (25 micrograms/mL) was added to the medium, the intracellular killing of S. aureus doubled (46 +/- 1.29%). We conclude that the Bb fragment of bovine complement factor B stimulates bovine monocytes in their microbicidal activity.     

“芪蓝饮”及不同提取成分对NDV在鸡胚成纤维细胞中增殖的影响

为评价新兽药"芪蓝饮"及其不同提取成分的体外抗病毒活性,本试验通过细胞病变抑制法和MTT比色法检测了各提取成分对新城疫病毒(NDV)感染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)过程的影响。结果显示,在3种加药方式中"芪蓝饮"原药(QLY)直接杀灭NDV的作用最强,其抑制率最高为128.85%;原药总多糖(TPS)干扰NDV的增殖作用最强,其抑制率最高为130.23%;原药总萜类(TT)直接杀灭NDV的作用最强,其抑制率最高为146.15%;板蓝根总生物碱(RIA)及其水溶性部位(RIAw)和酸性部位(RIAa)对抗NDV的方式是多环节的。综上所述,"芪蓝饮"及其提取成分表现出较强的干扰NDV增殖和直接杀灭NDV的作用,而阻断作用稍弱。     

Response of heifer mammary gland macrophages and neutrophils to interferon-gamma stimulation in vitro.

The phagocytic and killing abilities of heifer mammary gland macrophages (M phi) and neutrophils were evaluated after exposure to recombinant bovine interferon-gamma (rBoIFN-gamma) stimulation in vitro. Macrophages or neutrophils were cultured for 2 h with 0, 10(2), 10(4) and 10(5) units rBoIFN-gamma/mL. Phagocytosis assays were performed by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus at a leukocyte:bacteria ratio of 1:10. After 45 min, cells were stained with acridine-orange and phagocytic and killing abilities were determined. Although rBoIFN-gamma had no effect on M phi phagocytic activity, neutrophil phagocytic activity after incubation in 10(4) units rBoIFN-gamma (41.62%) was significantly higher than 0 (25.24%) or 10(2) units rBoIFN-gamma (24.73%). Neutrophil and M Phi killing abilities were not affected by any dose of rBoIFN-gamma. Results suggested that rBoIFN-gamma promoted neutrophil phagocytic activity, but did not affect neutrophil killing or overall M phi function in vitro.     

Cytotoxicity of bovine leucocytes for parainfluenza type-3 virus-infected cells.

The cytotoxic effect of bovine neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes for parainfluenza type-3 (PI-3) virus-infected cells in 51chromium-release assays is described. Specific lysis of virus-infected target cells with PI-3 virus antibody and complement was first observed 8 h after infection coincident with the appearance of haemadsorption-positive cells. Specific lysis increased rapidly reaching a peak 18-24 h after infection. This increase was paralleled by the increase in the percentage of cells with surface haemagglutinin. Target cells were subsequently used in 51chromium-release assays between 18 and 20 h after virus infection. Antibody-independent killing of PI-3 virus-infected cells was observed with neutrophils, alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. Levels of specific lysis up to 30% for neutrophils and 68% for alveolar macrophages were observed, although there was considerable variation in activity from animal to animal. Lymphocyte preparations showed levels of cytotoxicity up to 20% in some cases while monocytes had low killing ability. Addition of PI-3 virus-specific antibodies enhanced killing by neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes but inhibited killing by alveolar macrophages. Complement, particularly guinea pig complement, was cytotoxic for virus-infected but not for uninfected cells, and also considerably enhanced the cytotoxic effect of neutrophils and lymphocytes.