五种木兰科树种栽培对比试验研究

以树种的单位面积保存株数、平均树高、平均胸径、平均冠幅和单位面积蓄积量作为监测因子,对福建省建瓯市小松镇上仰村引种的12年生巴东木莲、马褂木、红花木莲、金叶含笑、阔瓣含笑5种木兰科树种生长情况进行调查分析,结果表明:树高生长量由高到低排列顺序为马褂木>金叶含笑>巴东木莲>阔瓣含笑>红花木莲;胸径生长量由高到低排列顺序为马褂木>金叶含笑>红花木莲>巴东木莲>阔瓣含笑;单位面积蓄积量由高到低排列顺序为马褂木>金叶含笑>巴东木莲>阔瓣含笑>红花木莲。说明马褂木和金叶含笑较适合当地生长,其余树种应进一步开展引种栽培试验。     

21种木兰科植物的造林效果比较

报道了21种木兰科树种幼树在广东中山市生态公益林示范区的生长表现。结果表明：合果木、紫玉兰、白玉兰、木莲、灰木莲、黄兰、火力楠幼树在移植2a后均保持较高的树高、冠幅、地径生长速度；而桂南木莲、毛桃木莲、二乔木兰、白花玉堂春、天女花幼树在移植2a后树高、冠幅、地径生长速度较慢。     

火力楠等木兰科5树种早期生长比较

2003年在湛江林科所内开展木兰科5个树种生长比较试验,经3年试验结果表明:5个树种早期生长表现良好,适应当地种植,生长最好的是黄兰,其次是火力楠和灰木莲.     

34种阔叶树种早期生长比较

对东莞大岭山林场生态公益林建设中林分改造的34种阔叶树种的早期生长进行了比较研究。结果表明:人面子和猴耳环生长速度最快;黧蒴、南酸枣、火力楠、降香黄檀、阴香、灰木莲、黄兰、木菠萝生长较快;樟树、石梓、青皮、麻楝生长中等,其它树种生长较慢。     

木兰科两种濒危树种早期生长特性的研究*

选择树高、胸径月生长数量化指标，应用逻辑方程Ｙ＝Ｋ／（１＋ｅａ－ｂｉ）描述石碌含笑和华中木兰引种到广州后的早期生长表现，相关系数均大于０．９０．通过各树种年生长节律、连年生长变化和速生长的模型构造与分析，揭示了濒危树种在迁地保存区的早期生长规律、与气候因子的相互关系、随时间序列的变化趋势，对濒危树种的生物学特性和引种适应性作了初步探讨。     

木兰科树种容器育苗技术

根据多年的实践经验,总结了木兰科树种容器育苗技术的主要环节,包括适时采种、种子处理、层积砂藏、圃地选择、营养土配制、容器选择、芽苗移植、容器苗管理等。     

8种木兰科树种苗期在呈贡的适应性研究

从2004年至2009年在昆明市呈贡县进行了绒叶含笑、马关木莲、状丽含笑、香木莲、小果含笑、大果木莲、金花含笑、单性木兰8种木兰科树种的苗期适应性研究。5年多的育苗试验结果表明:单性木兰、金花含笑、大果木莲为该地区不适宜育苗用的木兰科树种。现存的5个木兰科树种苗木的保存率顺序是:绒叶含笑香木莲状丽含笑马关木莲小果含笑。适应性差或抗寒力弱的单性木兰等3个树种的苗木已在逐年的霜冻中被冻死。现存树种是苗期抗寒力较强的树种,其苗木的抗寒力的排序是:绒叶含笑马关木莲小果含笑状丽含笑香木莲。由于树种间苗木的抗寒力差异和生长差异,现存5个木兰科树种苗木的主要生长指标排序是:绒叶含笑马关木莲状丽含笑香木莲小果含笑。绒叶含笑与各树种间其苗木的苗高生长均具有极显著差异或显著差异,地径生长差异也较大;故绒叶含笑是昆明市园林、庭园绿化的一个首选树种,其次是马关木莲、状丽含笑。     

10种乡土阔叶树种在增城的早期生长

调查了增城市林科所生态公益林试验地10种乡土阔叶树种造林后1年生与2年生幼树的早期生长。结果显示，山乌桕、米老排和枫香幼树生长较快，移植后2年生平均树高分别为360，297，247cm，平均冠幅为329，177，202cm；鹅掌楸和红苞木幼树长势良好，树高生长较快；乐昌含笑和火力楠幼树在苗木移植后1年生较快，但2年生后的生长速度减缓；红花油荼、仪花和秋枫幼树长势不良，适应能力较差。根据试验林的生长情况，探讨了有关树种在生态公益林中的应用前景及造林技术。     

5种木兰科树种育苗技术及苗木生长规律研究

木兰科中的金叶含笑、野含笑、木莲、毛桃木莲、观光木均为树形优美、树冠宽广、花大美丽的常绿乔木,对5个树种的种子主要参数及育苗方法进行了观测试验,对苗木物候、苗高生长规律进行初步研究,结果表明：5树种1年生苗根系发达．可出圃造林。其中毛桃木莲在国内尚无育苗技术及生产规律的研究报道。     

16种木兰科树种光合特性比较

使用Li-6400便捷式光合仪测定了16种不同的木兰科乡土树种的光合特性,结果表明：16个树种的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度品种间差异显著,其中合果木、鹅掌楸、亮叶含笑的Pn、Gs和Pn/Ci都较高,表现了较好的光资源利用能力,可作为重点推荐种植的绿化树种。     

粤西地区23个阔叶树种早期生长比较

对南亚热带森林群落恢复标准化示范区23个阔叶树种的早期生长进行了调查与分析。结果表明：23个阔叶树种在本地区有极强的适应性,且在树高、胸径、冠幅生长上均存在着极显著差异,为树种选择提供了依据;米老排、黎蒴栲生长速度最快;红锥、灰木莲、山杜英、锥栗、枫香、樟树生长较快;非洲桃花心木生长速度中等;其他树种生长较慢。     

燕山北部山地干旱阳坡不同造林树种生长状况的比较

为了了解燕山山地干旱阳坡人工造林树种生长状况的差异,对人工栽植的油松、樟子松及蒙古栎的生长状况及其幼林的空间分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:栽植5a后,油松、樟子松和蒙古栎的存活率分别达到了93.79%、87.98%和66.69%,其地径分别为4.68cm、5.34cm、1.52cm,树高分别为1.58m、1.75m、0.80m,油松、樟子松、蒙古栎的单株生物量分别为1 857.36g、2 018.30g、234.35g,形成的人工幼林的密度在867.00~2 183.00株/hm~2之间;立地条件较好的样地幼林的空间分布格局为均匀型,立地条件较差的样地空间分布格局为聚集型。油松、樟子松、蒙古栎均为燕山北部山地干旱阳坡的适宜造林树种,栽植5a后已基本形成稳定的乔木层,人工造林加速了干旱阳坡由绣线菊灌丛向乔木林的更新与恢复。     

The establishment and early growth of three leguminous tree species for use in silvopastoral systems of the southeastern USA

Demand for goat meat in the eastern USA is growing as a result of preference by ethnic communities. Meat goat production systems in the southeastern USA should be designed to take advantage of the goats' natural preference for browse. Trees could contribute to system productivity by supplying required nutrients when demand by growing animals is critical and the quality of forage is limited. A field study was established in Wake County, NC to evaluate the establishment and early growth characteristics of three leguminous tree species, Robinia pseudoacacia, Gleditsia triacanthos, and Albizia julibrissin. The three tree species were planted in single-row plots following a randomized complete block design (3 × 2 × 2, replicated six times) with two planting densities (intra-row spacing of 50 or 100 cm) and two coppice heights (25 or 50 cm). Bare-root seedlings were planted in March 1995, evaluated for browse quality (composited samples) in August 1995, coppiced in February 1996, evaluated for herbage mass and quality in July 1996, and evaluated for goat preference in August 1996. Herbage mass produced during the second season ranged from about 200 (G. tricanthos) to 3,200 kg/ha (R. pseudoacacia). Estimates of herbage quality were high for all species. Crude protein and acid detergent fiber of leaflets ranged from 23 to 28% and 12 to 22%, respectively. Robinia pseudoacacia has a high potential as a browse species for goats due to high herbage production (mean of 2,390 kg/ha) and goat preference. Gleditsia triacanthos was judged to be a low value browse species. Albizia julibrissin, although not highly preferred by goats in the trial holds sufficient potential to warrant further investigation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Establishment and early growth of introduced indigenous tree species in typical plantations and shrubland in South China

Unsuccessful colonization by indigenous tree species into established plantations has retarded the succession of artificial plantations to more natural, secondary forests in South China. To understand how to improve colonization by seedlings of indigenous species, we determined how performance of indigenous seedlings is affected by seedling species (the shade-intolerant Castanopsis chinensis, the moderately shade-intolerant Michelia chapensis, and the shade-tolerant Psychotria rubra), the site into which the seedlings were transplanted (a mixed-legume plantation, a eucalyptus plantation, a mixed-native plantation, a mixed-conifer plantation, and a shrubland), and site preparation (removal or retention of understory vegetation and litter). Seedling survival and growth were generally increased by removal of understory vegetation and litter. C. chinensis and M. chapensis grew better in the mixed-legume and mixed-conifer plantations, while P. rubra grew better in mixed-native and mixed-conifer plantations. Responses of the transplanted seedlings to environmental factors were species specific. The effects of light on seedling survival and growth were correlated with the shade tolerance of the species. Soil moisture was important; it was positively correlated with survival but negatively correlated with growth of C. chinensis seedlings. Growth of C. chinensis and M. chapensis was positively correlated with soil potassium, while growth of P. rubra was positively correlated with soil organic matter but negatively correlated with soil hydrolyzed nitrogen. These findings suggest that we should select suitable native species under the different plantations before improvement of plantations. Light and soil moisture are most important environmental factors for the selection of species specific. Site preparation and fertilizer are needed during the improvement of those plantations.     

Emergence,early survival,and growth of seedlings of six tree species in Mediterranean forest of Western Australia

This paper reports an experimental and comparative field study of germination, early survival, and height growth of six tree species in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. The species are Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla (comprising the overstorey) and Banksia grandis, Allocasuarina fraseriana, Persoonia longifolia and Persoonia elliptica (all understorey).Seed weight does not correlate with germination success, survival or height growth. Germination success is greatest for B. grandis (90%) and zero for Persoonia spp. Survival of caged germinants is highest for B. grandis and E. calophylla; that of uncaged seedlings is least for E. marginata, E. calophylla and B. grandis because of browsing.Over 40% of seeds of E. marginata, E. calophylla and B. grandis do not germinate because they are harvested and presumably eaten. Viability of seeds of all species exceeds 70%. Germination is influenced by type and depth of litter but not by artificial shading or root competition from forest trees. Browsing by herbivores (kangaroos) is an important cause of death of seedlings of E. marginata, E. calophylla and B. grandis. Litter type and depth affect survival of E. calophylla, B. grandis and A. fraseriana but root competition and shading are unimportant. Height growth of E. marginata, E. calophylla and B. grandis is reduced by root competition and browsers further reduce height growth of B. grandis. Litter affects growth of E. marginata and B. grandis and shading influences growth of E. marginata and E. calophylla. Poor germination explains the low abundance of both Persoonia spp. in the jarrah forest but differential seedling establishment does not explain the adult representation of the other four species.     

Agroforestry tree selection in central Chile: biological nitrogen fixation and early plant growth in six dryland species

Growth rate, resource partitioning, and several biological traits related to biological N₂ fixation for six native or non-native tree species were compared using ¹⁵N isotope dilution techniques. The trees were field grown for six years in a semiarid mediterranean-climate region with five to six months a year of absolute drought. Trees were tested as candidates for new agroforestry systems being developed in central Chile to improve soil fertility and land health, while also increasing productivity and profitability for landowners and animal breeders. Four nitrogen-fixing legume trees (NFTs) were tested: Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol.Prosopis alba Griseb., P. chilensis (Mol.) Steuntz. emend. Burk., and Tagasaste ( Chamaecytisus proliferus L.f. subsp. palmensis (Christ.)Kunkel). Additional, non-nitrogen-fixing trees were the slow-growing native Huingán (Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Caberera and the fast-growing European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Among the NFTs, highly contrasting patterns in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) were detected, for N_dfa (proportion of N derived from atmosphere), nodule efficiency (NE = gN fixed g^–1 nodules), and N content in leaves, stems and roots. Tagasaste produced 2.5–25 times more biomass and fixed 4.5 to 30 times more atmospheric nitrogen than the South American Acacia and Prosopis species. N_dfa reached 250 g plant^–1 in Tagastaste, in the sixth year, with NE = maximum 2.68 in the 4th year, and 1.12 in the 6th year. In contrast, Acacia caven had by far the highest NE of the four NFTs – 12.13 in the 4th year and 6.6 in the 6th year. Whereas BNF in Tagasaste peaked in the fourth year, and declined thereafter, BNF in Acacia caven increased steadily over six years. Fraxinus excelsiorand Schinus polygamus had growth rates and biomass accumulation intermediate between that of Tagasaste and the South American NFTs.Results are discussed in relation to agroforestry, restoration of soil fertility, and ecological and economic rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems and landscapes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

帽儿山地区四种树种树干呼吸的比较研究

树干呼吸是森林生态系统碳平衡的重要组成部分,它每年消耗碳同化总量(NPP) 的11%～33 %.本文采用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸气室于2010 年5 月测定了帽儿山地区4个主要树种(白桦、落叶松、山杨、红松)在不同高度、不同方位的树干呼吸速率,同时监测了树干表面温度.研究结果表明:树干呼吸速率随树干表面温度的升高而...     

不同树种幼林生长差异及对土壤营养的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量及其林地土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究其生长及对土壤营养的影响.结果为：光皮桦、四川桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松6年生树高分别为8.2、7.7、7.4、7.0、5.3 m;不同树种造林后对土壤营养物质含量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后效果排序的先后次序为光皮桦、四川桤木、栾木、楸树、湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤营养含量明显下降,第2年起逐年增加,第3～5年超过造林前水平.     

木荷等6种阔叶树种光合生理特性比较

在东江中上游,对6年生木荷、红锥、火力楠、藜蒴、灰木莲和枫香的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）等生理生态指标开展观测研究,结果表明：8月,6种树种均表现较强的生活力,保持了较高的净光合速率与蒸腾速率;10月,6树种均通过降低光合、蒸腾和提高水分利用效率来适应逆境。8月平均Pn和Tr要比10月均值分别高71.86%和129.22%,10月WUE却要比8月均值高25.78%。6树种Pn、WUE的平均值高低排序,均表现为木荷〉红锥、藜蒴和火力楠〉枫香和灰木莲,说明木荷有较强的环境适应能力和抗旱能力,其次为红锥、火力楠和藜蒴,而灰木莲和枫香较低。     

Comparison of the growth traits of a commercial pioneer tree species,paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent.), with those of shade-tolerant tree species: investigation of the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying shade-intolerance

In rural areas of northern Laos, a commercially valuable pioneer tree species, paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent.) has been recommended for intercropping under plantations of commercial trees. However, less is understood about the growth of this pioneer tree species in the understorey and the mechanism underlying the shade intolerance. We measured growth characteristics for seedlings of paper mulberry under four light intensities. We compared the relative growth rates in aboveground biomass and standing leaf area (RGR_mass and RGR_leaf), light-capture efficiency, and seeding-level mass-based daily photosynthetic rates (A _mass) with those of field-grown seedlings of eight shade-tolerant species to identify factors potentially responsible for shade-intolerance. Most growth traits of the paper mulberry seedlings did not differ consistently from those of the shade tolerant species. The ecophysiological–architectural model software showed higher A _mass and RGR_mass capacity in paper mulberry than in shade-tolerant species. Despite their higher RGR_mass, paper mulberry seedlings had negative RGR_leaf under shaded conditions due to short leaf lifespan. The linear RGR_mass–RGR_leaf relationship for paper mulberry had a high RGR_mass intercept, indicating that a high RGR_mass was required to provide positive RGR_leaf. Progressive decreases in standing leaf area with time, and possibly photosynthesis, appear to be responsible for the shade-intolerance of paper mulberry. Although intercropping of paper mulberry has been suggested in the species’ native region, understorey cultivation of paper mulberry would only be possible with relatively open canopies.