森林生态指数在森林资源质量评价中的应用

以森林蓄积量、自然度、群落结构、树种结构、植被总覆盖度、郁闭度、平均树高、枯枝落叶厚度等8个森林特征因子,按其相对重要性确定其权重及得分值,计算经营单位面积的森林生态指数,结果表明:森林生态指数与森林覆盖率的变化并不是完全一致的,它们在森林功能评价上存在着差异,森林生态指数与森林覆盖率相比,更能正确和全面地反映森林的结构和生态功能.本研究对于森林生态指数在森林资源质量评价中的具体应用具有指导意义.     

物种多样性综合指数探讨

从综合丰富度、均匀度、多样性的角度评价林分群落物种多样性,提出物种多样性综合指数的概念,突破传统以单方面描述物种多样性的局限。以湖南省平江县福寿国有林场为案例,利用24块样地数据,对筛选出的指标运用CRITIC法确立权重,得出各样地物种多样性综合指数的计量模型,既反映了物种多样性指数的传统信息,又反映了实际样本数据的信息,使得综合指数的结果更加合理。     

青椆混交林间伐指数初探

提出"间伐指数"这一新概念来量化林木在抚育间伐中被确定为间伐木的概率,突破了传统方法中对间伐木确定笼统定性的局限。选取林木的自由度、混交度、大小比数、健康指数、空间密度指数和目的树种特性指数等6个指标,结合对象林分的经营类型,并运用层次分析法给各指标赋权重,可得出该林分林木间伐指数的计算模型。以湖南省沅江市龙虎山林场青椆混交林的一个试验样地为案例,采用"间伐指数"来确定间伐木,得到了较为理想的抚育间伐方案。     

马尾松容器苗指数施肥技术研究

以稳态营养理论与技术作为指导,在温室内对马尾松容器苗指数施肥技术进行研究。结果表明,在5种不同施肥处理中,相对添加速率为6.1%指数施肥处理的马尾松容器苗各生长指标均为最优,相对添加速率为7.1%的指数施肥处理次之,而对照不施肥处理最差。     

苦槠混交林自然构成指数分析

提出自然构成指数的概念来描述森林的演替方向与进展演替的差异程度。通过参照树与相邻木生长优势和演替等级的对比,以了解不同演替等级的树种在林分中的优势程度,从而得到自然构成指数。以湖北省桂花林场的苦槠混交林为例,对4块样地进行自然构成指数的计算,给出林分结构调整的建议。结果表明:林分的平均自然构成指数为0.76,演替方向为进展演替,4块样地的自然构成指数分别为0.65,0.83,0.79,0.76。结合树种分析,以苦槠、杉木、马尾松为参照树的空间结构单元其平均自然构成指数均较高,说明总体演替方向为进展演替,只有少部分的演替方向为逆行演替;以枫香、小叶栎为参照树的空间结构单元其平均自然构成指数偏低,虽然总体演替方向仍为进展演替,但有相对较多的演替方向为逆行演替,应及时进行结构调整,使得该林分的演替方向更接近进展演替。     

基于AHP-综合指数法的高校校园景观舒适度评价——以中国农业大学(烟台)为例

为对中国农业大学(烟台)校园景观进行科学合理的量化评价,采用层次分析法(AHP法)和综合指数法,从景观设计原则出发,以功能性、生态性、美观性、文化性为4个准则层因子,并进一步细化出17个评价层因子,建立景观评价模型;并经过实地调查,抽取有代表性的样地进行问卷调查统计,最后对校园总体景观进行舒适度得分评价和综合评价等级分析。结果表明,中国农业大学(烟台)校区总体景观舒适度评价等级为Ⅲ级,景观舒适度一般;生态性所占权重为0.2963,在景观设计因素中最为重要;其次是功能性和文化性,权重依次为0.2649和0.2309;最低的是美观性,权重为0.2078。研究结果为大学校园景观建设提供理论依据。     

湖北省水杉立地指数表的编制

立地指数是评价林地质量的数量化指标。本文选用的综合数学模型编表,既能模拟不同立地条件下林木生长过程,又能通过筛选不同的参数与立地指数的相关方程来模拟不同树种的高生长规律。误差检验结果表明:综合模型编表的精度比相对百分数法编表的精度提高3—6倍。该模型较好地解决了模拟并非遵循同一规律的生长曲线这一难题,同时便于电算,因此具有广阔地应用前景。     

渭北黄土高原刺槐林地位指数Fuzzy预测法

本文选用土壤类型、地形部位、坡向、坡度、海拔、土层厚度及土壤含水量等７个立地因子预测刺槐林地位指数。首先凭借专家实践经验对土壤类型、地形部位、坡向进行评分，使定性因子定量化。然后确立隶属函数，根据经验选择适当的模型参数，用模糊关系方程预测地位指数。模型拟合和检验相对系统误差＜±２．２６％，相对均方差＜７．４９％。相对误差ｅ％＜±５％的标准地占总数３７～７７％，ｅ％＜±１０％占８５～１００％，ｅ％最大不超过±１７％。经比较，Ｆｕｚｚｙ预测法的精度较高。     

桉树短周期工业原料林立地指数模型研究

短周期工业原料林包括以下几方面的含义：①轮伐期短或培育周期相对较短;②培育目标明确,即为特定的工业加工提供原料;③实现优质、高产、高效;④采取集约经营措施,适度规模经营[1].     

基于交角的林木竞争指数

建立基于交角的林木竞争指数(u_a_CIi),该指数能够同时表达出竞争木对对象木的上方遮盖和侧翼挤压。该指数取值范围为[0,1),无量纲,指数值越大,表明树体越小,所承受的竞争压力越大,清晰直观地表达林木在林分中所处的相对竞争态势。从理论上阐明大的竞争邻体比小的竞争邻体对对象木有更大影响,不仅反映在上方的遮盖也体现在侧方的挤压中。该指数与林木大小的相关性明显高于常用的HEGYI竞争指数。在测量技术飞速发展的今天,该竞争指数将具有很大的应用前景。     

湖南省森林火灾应急资源规模测度指标体系研究

从影响森林火灾应急资源建设规模的因素入手,分析其与应急资源规模之间的关系,并采用统计学的变异系数法和相关系数法对指标进行筛选,从而构建起确定森林火灾应急资源规模的指标体系.结果表明,湖南省森林火灾应急资源的建设规模与当地的经济、交通、人口密度、森林资源分布、火灾频度等密切相关.     

木质粉尘燃爆的爆炸指数理论评估

从燃烧化学反应动力学出发,结合热力学原理以及气体分子动理论,提出了木粉燃爆的动力学理论模型,对木粉燃爆试验的测量数据进行了理论计算。在不同木粉浓度以及不同木粉粒径下,将本模型的计算结果与已有模型的理论计算结果对比。结果表明:本模型的理论结果更接近试验测量结果,最大爆炸压力以及最大压力上升速率理论计算值与试验数据的平均偏差仅为9%。此外,利用本理论模型计算了最大压力上升速率随连续木粉浓度的变化曲线,得到在木粉质量浓度845 g/m3附近,爆炸指数的极大值为14.57 MPa·m/s。爆炸指数大于10 MPa·m/s的木粉质量浓度为330～1 945 g/m3,在此区间,利用本理论模型可以对不同浓度木粉的爆炸指数进行理论估算。研究得到的相关结果对试验测量以及实际生产中的燃爆防控技术均有理论指导意义。     

Site index for teak in Colombia

Determination of site quality is a basic tool for proper selection of locations and species, in management of forest plantations.Throughout the Caribbean studies of site quality are few and are hampered by statistical limitations, inappropriate growth models, and limited data. We fitted growth curves for dominant height to evaluate and classify site quality of teak (Tectona grandis) plantations by using data from 44 permanent sample plots established since 1990 in 3 22 years old teak plantations in the Colombian Caribbean region. We used Korf’s and von Bertalanffy’s models to fit curves as nonlinear effects models. Both models, with a single random parameter, were considered as adequate for dominant height growth modelling, but Korf’s model was superior. There sulting curves were anamorphic and closely reflected high variability insite quality. Five site classes were clarified: at a base age of 12 years old,teak reached a mean dominant height of 24.8 m on the best sites, 9.8 m inthe worst sites, and in the averages sites, 15.8-18.8 m. Using this model,we identified the best and the worst sites for teak plantations in the Caribbean region. This model proved a useful tool, not only for site quality evaluation, but also for improved teak plantation planning and management.     

雪峰山杉木、马尾松地位指数互导模型的研究

在同一立地条件下，实现不同树种地位指数之间的转换，建立地位指数互导模型具有重要的现实意义和理论研究价值。本文采用SPSS12．0对雪峰山地区324块同时具有杉木和马尾松地位指数值数据的样地进行11种方程的模拟分析，并进行误差分析，最终得出最优的杉木、马尾松地位指数互导模型。     

Predicting the site index of sugi plantations from GIS-derived environmental factors in Miyazaki Prefecture

We constructed sugi site index models using digital-terrain-analysis-based environmental factors for Miyazaki Prefecture. We selected 18 sugi plantation stands which were pure, undisturbed, and over 40 years old, planted with the same sugi-cutting cultivar, and managed by normal forest operations. The dominant tree in each stand was felled for stem analysis. Site index, defined here as dominant tree height at 40 years old, was estimated by stem analysis for each stand. Five types of DEMs were used: 100- and 50-m resolution derived from DEMs published by the Geographical Survey Institute, and 50-, 25-, and 12.5-m resolution derived from digital contour map manually generated from a 1:25,000 topographic map. A total of 14 indices categorized into solar radiation index, wetness index, and topographic exposure index were used to model the site index by multiple linear regression analysis. Through model selection procedures, the best-fitted site index models were selected for each type of DEM. The most precise model was that of the 12.5-m-resolution DEM (R ² = 0.692), following the model of the published 50-m-resolution DEM (R ² = 0.665). Site productivity of sugi was severely limited by direct solar radiation. Soil wetness also affected sugi site productivity; however, it can only be represented using a high-resolution DEM derived from fine-scale data. Our results suggest that the 50-m-resolution DEM published by the Geographical Survey Institute can be used for site index modeling.     

Adjustment approach to boundary effect on aggregation index and its application

Calculating aggregation index by the sample-plot data used to lead to computing error due to the existence of a boundary effect. Here, we suggest a method for adjusting boundary effect in the analysis of spatial patterns at different stages of development of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. This method is good for the reasonable management and biological control of the forests. The total station was used to sample the relative coordinates data at four corners of the temporary sample plot and of each tree in the field. Based on the sampling data, a correct approach to the boundary effect on aggregation index was put forward to the spatial pattern analysis of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in its different stages of development. The results showed that the forest trees grew in a clumped pattern in the stage dominated by the pioneer trees, and that the trees were distributed in a random pattern in the stage dominated by the companion trees or in the mature stage. The spatial pattern of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest changing from clumped to random distribution is influenced by biological characteristic, the adaptive strategy of tree species and the natural disturbance in its entire development. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2005, 29(3): 57–60 [译自: 南京林业大学学报, 2005, 29(3): 57–60]     

Calibrating the liana crown occupancy index in Amazonian forests

Lianas hold an important, but understudied, role in forest dynamics, however they are difficult to measure and detailed liana measurements are time consuming. Many researchers have therefore used an ordinal scale index, the crown occupancy index (COI), to describe the liana load carried by trees. Here we assess the overall effectiveness, in terms of accuracy, precision, repeatability and efficiency, of the COI in tropical forests. We relate the COI to more detailed liana measurements at the individual tree-level and site-level, comparing sites with different levels of liana infestation. Our results show (1) that the COI accurately measures individual tree and plot level liana loads, indicated by the strong correlations between the COI and the number and basal area of lianas. However, (2) as expected, the COI is only weakly related to the basal area of lianas rooted close to the tree, which is a proxy for competition for below-ground resources. The COI is also (3) an efficient measure of liana loads, as the input time needed for a COI survey is considerably less than that of a detailed liana survey. We also (4) found a high degree of repeatability in COI classification between observers. Additionally (5), the COI can be used to differentiate between sites in terms of their overall liana canopy competition (precision), but (6) may not be a precise indicator of the site-level mean basal area of lianas in tree crowns.     

棕背(鼠平)生长指标的主成分分析

测量了棕背Ping129例标本的外形和头骨共18项指标，采用主成分分析法分析生长指标。雄鼠的代表性指标有体长，胴体重，颅全长，基底长，腭长，鼻骨长和下颌长，雌鼠的代表性指标除上述指标外，还有眶间宽和齿隙，雌性雄性合并代表性指标与雌鼠的相同。     

基于高光谱信息的107杨叶片等效水厚度估算模型的研究

[目的]为实现杨树叶片水分高光谱信息进行快速、准确估算,[方法]将实测杨树叶片等效水厚度作为水分含量表征量,并测定叶片高光谱数据,同时,利用辐射传输模型模拟不同等效水厚度条件下的叶片尺度和冠层尺度的高光谱反射数据,通过分析常用水分植被指数对等效水厚度的敏感性,利用植被指数比值的方法构建新等效水厚度植被指数(GVMI/MSI)。通过GVMI/MSI、全球植被水分指数(GVMI)、水分胁迫指数(MSI)分别对杨树叶片尺度和冠层尺度等效水厚度估算精度进行比较分析。[结果]表明:GVMI指数、MSI指数以及新建GVMI/MSI指数的叶片尺度杨树叶片等效水厚度估算模型的精度R2分别为0.997、0.995、0.998;冠层尺度杨树叶片等效水厚度估算模型精度分别为0.837、0.836、0.973,其中,新建GVMI/MSI指数为杨树叶片等效水厚度估算最佳指数。[结论]GVMI/MSI构建的杨树叶片等效水厚度模型的预测精度较高,是杨树叶片等效水厚度的最佳估算模型。