文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展

分析古土壤性质是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤性质来反映古环境和古人类活动日益成为国内外研究的热点。系统地总结了近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤的土壤粒度、土壤微形态、土壤元素、土壤磁化率、多环芳烃、动植物遗存等在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明上述研究方法有效地反映古环境信息和古人类活动。提出了应借鉴相关研究指标,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,加强对文化遗址区土壤的分类研究,逐步建立考古土壤学这一新的学科分支。     

土壤微形态分析在考古应用方面的研究进展

古土壤微形态分析是获取古人类活动信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤微形态特征反映古人类活动和古环境日益成为国内外研究的热点。总结近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤微形态分析在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明土壤微形态分析能够有效地反映古人类活动和古环境信息。提出了应系统建立文化遗址区古土壤微形态特征的诊断指标体系,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上建立文化遗址区不同古人类活动区对应的土壤微形态特征数字图像库,丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,提高土壤微形态分析在考古学领域的研究精度和准确度。     

三峡库区中坝遗址考古地层土壤有机碳的分布及其与人类活动的关系

随着三峡工程的顺利进行,库区的文物保护、考古发掘愈加紧迫,处于三峡库区腹地的忠县中坝遗址始得以发掘,因其文化层包含了新石器时代、夏商周时期、直到唐、宋、明、清,而被誉为地下“二十四史”。遗址延续时间之长,遗迹和遗物之丰富在中外遗址中实属罕见,可以说中坝遗址是重庆三峡库区5000a来历史的缩影。土壤有机碳是进入土壤中的生物残体及其部分分解产物和土壤腐殖质,其含量的高低受气候条件和人类活动的共同影响[1～5]。土壤有机碳库是陆地碳库的核心组成部分,也是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,据估计全球土壤有机碳库高达1400～1500Pg,…     

基于遗址土壤分析的古人类活动研究进展

古文明兴衰变化多以遗物遗迹保存在土壤中,其影响的特殊土壤理化性质可为后人解密古文明起源、发展和衰亡提供宝贵的科学依据。因此,土壤分析应用于考古研究中由来已久,而且近年来取得了丰富的成果。本研究是从土壤分析主要解译古人类活动角度进行梳理,概括了土壤分析在古人类居住、耕作、用火、制陶研究中所起到的作用。提出了加强土壤特征解读,深化对古人类不同活动内涵探索,加强土壤在考古研究中的规范,制定考古研究中土壤采样规范和分析标准,建立无损探测技术与土壤指标的关联,加强土壤文化历史档案功能研究,为遗址地区的土地利用开发保护提供科学依据。     

遗址土壤的系统分类研究

本文选取4个典型遗址土壤剖面为研究对象，基于剖面形态和理化性质的分析，根据世界土壤资源参比基础(WRB)、美国土壤系统分类(ST)、中国土壤系统分类(CST)，对供试土壤进行分类归属研究。结果表明，目前的分类方案均不能较好地体现遗址土壤的特征，因此建议在CST人为土土纲中增加技术人为土亚纲，并先被检索出来，下设缓透技术土和遗址技术土土类，分别下设遗址缓透技术土和含磷遗址技术人为土、普通遗址技术人为土亚类。修改方案不仅可以较少地改动土壤系统分类诊断体系，也能够较好地将古人类影响的土壤特征和产生的技术物质融合到新增的“人为缓透或不透层次”或“人工制品”中，作为从古到今所有人类活动和技术物质的一部分，从而实现遗址土壤在系统分类中的归属。     

基于推理条件和规则的废弃露天矿坑再利用方式选择

为了更好地实现废弃露天矿坑的再利用,并对再利用方式进行科学的选择,该文以废弃露天矿坑为研究对象,从限制性角度着手提取了矿坑条件、自然条件、其他条件3类17个条件项,形成58个推理条件和13条推理规则,构建了基于"推理条件-推理规则"的废弃露天矿坑再利用方式选择方法,并运用此方法对平朔煤矿露天矿坑再利用方式进行选择。研究结果表明:经过初步推理,研究区可用于生态保护基地、垃圾填埋场、旅游文娱、光伏发电基地,且这4种再利用方式可进行组合与协调;决策结果需通过更加详细的分析及多方案比选后确定,一般情况下为推理结果的子集,也可能为空集。该研究可为闭矿或即将闭矿的露天矿坑再利用提供参考。     

基于小流域自然形态的废弃矿区地形重塑模拟

地貌重塑是废弃矿区土地复垦与生态重建的重要基础部分和重点研究的技术问题之一。该文根据流域地貌学及其自相似原理,利用ArcGIS技术重新规划了废弃矿区的子流域及沟道、计算了矿区邻近未干扰子流域地貌形态特征数据并作为参照的标准;在此基础上结合Geofluv模型重建了北京市房山区黄院废弃采石场的小流域地貌,探讨了基于小流域自然形态的废弃矿区地貌重塑原理与技术方法,分析了重塑后的与未干扰的子流域形态特征间关系。结果表明,重塑后子流域地貌形态是相对稳定的、自然的,并与未干扰的子流域形态特征比较相似;用地貌系统信息熵值判断出重塑后地貌起伏变化小,受侵蚀强度弱,水土流失趋向于非常缓和。该文研究成果为废弃矿区地貌重塑的研究提供了一种新思路。     

绰墩遗址古今水稻土黏土矿物特征比较研究

在江苏绰墩山遗址考古发掘中,发现了在剖面不同深度埋藏的距今约6000年的史前水稻土层、距今约3 000年的商周史前的古水稻土层和现代水稻土层.本研究为了比较古今水稻土黏土矿物特征的差异,以土壤剖面P01(包含史前古水稻土、商周史古水稻土和现代水稻土)与P03(仅含商周时期古水稻土和现代水稻土)为对象,测定其各种形态铁锰...     

北京市矿山生态治理主要技术与典型模式

北京市关停废弃矿山生态环境恶劣,水土流失严重。北京市水务、国土等部门采用创面修复措施、水利措施、植物措施、配套措施4大措施共10项技术,推广龙凤岭废弃采石场、口头采石场、北京首钢铁矿、大安山乡永红煤矿、妙峰山镇废弃石灰场、百花山道路边坡以及自然修复7种典型治理模式,对全市关停废弃矿山进行生态治理。详细介绍了矿山生态修复所采用的主要技术及所取得的效果。     

仰韶村遗址黏土矿物组成特征及古气候演变

在仰韶村遗址内分别选取受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称文化剖面)和未受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称自然剖面),通过两剖面的黏土矿物类型以及测年数据,还原该遗址全新世以来的气候变化,并对古人类活动内容进行了推测。根据自然剖面的黏土矿物类型判断,该遗址10～6.9 ka B. P.增温增湿至稳定,6.9～5.6 ka B. P.气候出现波动,总体向干旱转折,5.6～4 ka B. P.气候变为干冷,4 ka B. P.之后气候进一步变干冷。通过比较,受古人类活动干扰,黏土矿物类型变得简单,并在某一文化时期出现高岭石,推测古人类用黏粒含量高的土壤进行地面铺设,便于塑性和硬化以作为居住地面。     

Effects of crop abandonment and grazing exclusion on available soil water and other soil properties in a semi-arid Mongolian grassland

Improper cropping and overgrazing have led to land degradation in semi-arid regions, resulting in desertification. During desertification, vegetation changes have been widely observed, and are likely controlled to some extent by soil water. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in soil physical properties, organic C, and vegetation induced by land-use changes, with special reference to the dynamics of available soil water. We selected four study sites in a typical Mongolian steppe grassland: grassland protected from grazing, grazed grassland, abandoned cropland, and cultivated cropland. Grazing exclusion increased the cover of perennial grass, with little increase in the root weight. Since there was no difference in available water between the grasslands with and without grazing, there appears to be no serious soil compaction due to overgrazing. On the other hand, vegetation cover and the number of species were poor in both abandoned cropland and cultivated cropland. However, the root weight was greater in abandoned cropland. Although the abandonment of cultivation appeared to increase organic C, available water did not differ significantly in comparison with cultivated cropland. The silt contents were significantly lower in abandoned and cultivated cropland than in both grasslands, suggesting the effects of wind erosion. In addition, the silt contents were positively correlated with the volume fraction of storage pores for available water. Therefore, the lower silt contents may constrain the volume of available water in abandoned cropland. Moreover, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity results indicated that the diameters of storage pores for available water at the present study sites were smaller than those suggested by previous studies. Although the differences in vegetation cover by different land-use types were observed at every site, differences in the volume of available water were observed at between abandoned cropland and cultivated cropland. The reason why the no differences in available water between grazed grassland and grasslands protected from grazing may be short time of grazing exclusion for 2 years for evaluating the effects of exclusion on soil properties.     

Impact of land-use change on nitrogen mineralization in subalpine grasslands in the Southern Alps

 A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of abandonment of management on net N mineralization (NNM) in subalpine meadows. NNM, soil microbial biomass N (SMBN), fungal biomass and physicochemical characteristics (total C, total N, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH) were determined in surface (0–10 cm) soil from May to October 1997 in an intensively managed and an abandoned meadow at 1770 m a.s.l.. The cumulative NNM was lower in the abandoned area and ranged from 150 to 373 and from 25 to 85 μg N g^–1 soil in the intensively managed and the abandoned areas, respectively. The total organic C increased in the abandoned area, while total N showed no difference between abandoned and managed meadow. SMBN showed no difference between the investigated sites, whereas ergosterol, a measure of fungal biomass, increased significantly at the abandoned site. The cumulative NNM was negatively correlated with total organic C, C : N ratio, DOC and ergosterol content, and positively correlated with the NH₄ ⁺-N content of soil. The decrease in NNM at the abandoned site may be explained by the lower availability of N in substrates characterized by a high C : N ratio which, together with a decrease in pH in the litter layer, may have increased fungal biomass. Received: 8 January 1999     

Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal propagules and colonization from abandoned agricultural fields and semi-arid grasslands in riparian floodplains

Prior to the onset of extensive grazing and clearing for agriculture, riparian floodplains of southeastern Arizona, USA, historically supported large grassland communities dominated by Sporobolus wrightii Munro ex Scribn., big sacaton grass. Large-scale abandonment of agricultural operations has occurred in this region in the past 50 years, but natural re-establishment of big sacaton into abandoned fields has typically been slow. This study assesses whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be one factor in recovery rates of abandoned fields within three riparian areas in southeastern Arizona (San Pedro river, the Babocomari river and Cienega creek). In each riparian area, soil samples were collected along paired 100 m transects, one in an extant grassland and one in a neighboring abandoned agricultural field. At one site (San Pedro), a third transect was established in a second adjoining abandoned agricultural field to enable comparisons between fields showing differing rates of recovery at a single site. Roots were assessed for mycorrhizal colonization using the modified intercept method and the modified mean infection percentage (MIP) method was used to determine inoculum potential of each soil sample. No significant differences were found between the levels of mycorrhizal colonization in roots collected from the grassland and those collected from the abandoned field for any of the sample sites. Levels of colonization did differ among the three sample sites, with higher levels seen at the San Pedro site than at the Babocomari and Cienega sites. With one exception, MIPs were greater in the soil from the abandoned agricultural field than in the soil from the nearby grassland. In the exception, no difference was detected in inoculum potentials at the San Pedro site between the paired grassland and the abandoned field that had the lower level of sacaton recovery. MIPs were also greater in the soil from the abandoned agricultural field at Babocomari, where Salsola tragus L. growth for cattle feed was promoted by discing every 3–4 years. These results indicate that higher inoculum potentials in abandoned fields were not always linked to the high levels of recovery of native vegetation.     

Bodenkundlicher Vergleich von Kultur- und Brachland im Schweizer Jura

Comparison of soil properties in agricultural and abandoned fields in Swiss Jura Changes of physico-chemical soil properties occurring after abandonment of agricultural fields were investigated at 14 north exposed locations situated between elevations 500 and 900 m in the Jura mountains of Switzerland. These old fields were compared with adjacent fertilized and non-fertilized meadows. All investigated soils were silty clay loams of the type slightly acid brown earth. In old fields the real density remained unchanged but the bulk density decreased significantly to a depth of 20 cm and with it, the soil water content increased. The pH fell from about 6 to 5 probably due to increased leaching, large production of plant litter and different decomposition of soil organic matter. The increase of C/N-ratio in abandoned fields from 10 to 15 further contributes to the deterioration of the site. The absence of fertilization and important N-fixing plants may be the major reasons why soils in old fields are poorer in nitrogen. In spite of the fact, that the entire primary production is left on the field, the organic carbon content mostly decreased upon abandonment of the meadows.     

金安桥水电站弃渣场土壤种子库与地面植被的关系

通过研究金安桥水电站废弃渣场种子库和周边群落种子库以及渣场地面和周边群落地面植被的变化特征,结果表明：①周边群落土壤种子库和地面植物的物种丰富度大于渣场,从地面与种子库的物种组成分析得出,渣场植被恢复正处于由一年生草本植物向多年生草本植物过渡的阶段;②周边群落地面植物与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（30,33）及数量（186,1962）,渣场地面植物与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（10,12）及数量（35,1784）;③由于植物种子寿命短,加之土壤环境差,导致周边群落地面植物与种子库相似度（0．09）和渣场地面植物与种子库的相似度（0）差异性大。     

模糊优选理论在泰安抽水蓄能电站弃渣场位置选择中的应用

泰安抽水蓄能电站弃渣场址方案的确定涉及到众多因素的影响,既有确定性因素,又有不确定性因素;既有定性指标,又有定量指标,方案的确定具有模糊性。抽水蓄能电站弃渣场址的选择,是一项系统工程,应综合考虑各因素的影响,经分析选定评价指标主要为A（生态指标）、B（经济指标）、C（社会效益指标）三大类。采用模糊优选理论模型进行抽水蓄能电站弃渣场址方案的选择是科学的,合理的。     

Colony site selection and abandonment by least terns Sterna antillarum in New Jersey,USA

To develop habitat and management procedures to protect declining populations of least terns, colony site selection and abandonment by this species was investigated at 26 sites in New Jersey. Multivariate analysis was used to compare (1) colony sites to adjacent unused areas, (2) those located on beaches to dredge spoil sites and (3) abandoned to occupied colony sites.The presence of shells or pebbles in a sandy substrate, and short, sparse vegetation, were the habitat characteristics of New Jersey least tern colony sites most strongly correlated with colony site selection. Dredge spoil sites had significantly greater evidence of human disturbance, distance to water, and proportion of coarse particles in the substrate than beach sites. These differences may have contributed to the smaller colonines and greater colony turnover rates at spoil sites relative to beach sites. Overall, abandoned colony site characteristics did not differ significantly from occupied sites. However, human disturbance, over-growth of vegetation, predation, and flooding were all prevalent at colonies prior to abandonment. The results of this study suggest techniques for habitat management of both least and little terns.     

鄂东南弃耕地自然恢复过程中微生物碳动态变化

耕地弃耕后植被次生演替过程中土壤微生物碳的大小和活性的研究结果表明,土壤有机碳和微生物碳呈现先下降后增大的趋势;在75 a的弃耕地中,有机碳和微生物碳的含量达到天然植被的115%和82.9%,而且有机碳与微生物碳呈现显著正相关(P<0.05);微生物代谢熵与微生物碳呈现极显著负相关(P<0.01),呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在次生演替初期,土壤有效基质逐渐降低,而在演替后期有效基质不断增加,有益于土壤有机碳和微生物碳的提高,有利于土壤肥力的提高.     

黄土丘陵区退耕地植被恢复过程中土壤入渗特征的变化

采用空间代替时间的方法,将黄土丘陵区1,4,8 a退耕地上的植物群落组成演替序列,并以当地较稳定的天然狼牙刺群落和人工柠条群落作对照,用圆盘入渗仪(Z—700)对上述群落下土壤稳定入渗过程和入渗特征进行了对比研究。(1)天然狼牙刺群落下土壤稳定入渗速率小于人工柠条群落下的稳定入渗速率,因为人工柠条群落生物量较高,植被对土壤的改善作用更大。(2)随着退耕年限的增加,土壤的平均入渗速率和饱和导水率也在增加,其中1,4,8 a退耕地上饱和导水率分别达到狼牙刺群落下的52%,74%和98%。稳定入渗率能够达到狼牙刺群落下的57%,88%和91%。说明随着退耕地上植被的恢复,土壤稳定入渗速率不断提高。(3)土壤的入渗特征受土壤理化性质影响很大。其中土壤孔隙度对土壤稳定入渗影响最大,因为随着退耕地植被的恢复,通过根系的穿插分割作用,以及根系死亡后形成的生物性大孔,使土壤中有效孔隙数量不断增加,土壤入渗性能得到提高。     

Soil-Archaeological Study of the Votikeevo Medieval Archeological Site in the Northern Forest-Steppe Zone of the Southern Cis-Ural Region

Eurasian Soil Science - Soil-archaeological studies were performed in the area of the Votikeevo archaeological site dating back to the Bakhmutin culture of the early Middle Ages (5th–7th...