温度对截形叶螨抗哒螨灵种群和敏感种群发育与繁殖的影响

为明确温度对截形叶螨抗哒螨灵种群和敏感种群的发育和繁殖的影响,本试验设置了16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃和36℃6个温度梯度,在光照16 h,相对湿度为60%±5%条件下,系统观察了敏感和抗哒螨灵实验种群在不同温度条件下的各螨态发育历期、平均寿命和产卵量情况,并根据计算出的生命参数净生殖率(R0)评价了抗性种群和敏感种群的生物相对适合度。结果表明:截形叶螨的抗性种群和敏感种群在设定的温度范围内均能完成世代发育,并且两个种群的发育历期和平均寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,如抗性种群和敏感种群在16~36℃范围内世代历期分别缩短了20.0 d和.18.7 d。在16~28℃下,即低温和适温条件下,抗性种群的各螨态发育历期、平均寿命和生殖力低于敏感种群;而在高温36℃下,除成螨期和若螨期外,与敏感种群相比,抗性种群的世代历期、平均寿命和产卵期明显延长,且平均每雌总产卵量为17.15粒,高于敏感种群(16.64粒)。以生命参数净生殖率(R0)来评价抗性种群和敏感种群的生物相对适合度,结果显示在16~28℃范围内,相对适合度Rf1,表明截形叶螨抗哒螨灵种群生物适合度下降,存在一定程度的生殖不利性;但在高温32℃和36℃下,Rf1(Rf=1.18和1.19),具有生物适合度优势。说明截形叶螨经哒螨灵长期淘汰选择产生抗性后,对高温的适应能力增强,其存活能力和生殖力优于敏感种群。     

土壤水分对冬小麦气孔导度及光合速率的影响与模拟

为了更精确掌握水分在作物模型中的贡献,通过田间设置5种不同程度的水分控制试验,分别选择冬小麦抽穗期（2011年4月18日）和开花后期（5月5日）两个典型日,利用Li-6400光合作用仪测定冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合速率的日变化及其光响应过程,并利用SPSS软件进行分析;考虑土壤湿度因子,对气孔导度模型（Jarvis模型）和光合模型（非直角双曲线模型）进行修订,利用实测资料拟合得到各项参数,并分析其模拟效果。结果表明,气孔导度、光合速率的日变化与土壤水分含量间呈正相关关系,土壤含水量越少,气孔导度、光合速率越小。加入土壤湿度因子的气孔导度和光合作用模型,两个指标均具有更好的模拟效果,实测值与模拟值之间的相关系数由修订前的0.907、0.769分别提高至0.967、0.987,实测值与模型回代值之间的相关系数也由修订前的0.572、0.316分别提高至0.768、0.874,且均方差均显著降低。因此,土壤湿度对调节冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合作用非常重要,在气孔导度模拟和光合作用模拟中不能忽略土壤湿度的影响。     

土壤水分对冬小麦气孔导度及光合速率的影响与模拟*1

为了更精确掌握水分在作物模型中的贡献,通过田间设置5种不同程度的水分控制试验,分别选择冬小麦抽穗期（2011年4月18日）和开花后期（5月5日）两个典型日,利用Li-6400光合作用仪测定冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合速率的日变化及其光响应过程,并利用SPSS软件进行分析;考虑土壤湿度因子,对气孔导度模型（Jarvis 模型）和光合模型（非直角双曲线模型）进行修订,利用实测资料拟合得到各项参数,并分析其模拟效果。结果表明,气孔导度、光合速率的日变化与土壤水分含量间呈正相关关系,土壤含水量越少,气孔导度、光合速率越小。加入土壤湿度因子的气孔导度和光合作用模型,两个指标均具有更好的模拟效果,实测值与模拟值之间的相关系数由修订前的0.907、0.769分别提高至0.967、0.987,实测值与模型回代值之间的相关系数也由修订前的0.572、0.316分别提高至0.768、0.874,且均方差均显著降低。因此,土壤湿度对调节冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合作用非常重要,在气孔导度模拟和光合作用模拟中不能忽略土壤湿度的影响。     

不同水稻种质对稻纵卷叶螟主害代发生的抗性差异及与土壤氮营养的关系

采用盆栽土培法,选用12个不同年代的水稻种质,对6个不同土壤N营养水平下水稻对稻纵卷叶螟主害代(孕穗期前)危害的抗性差异及与土壤N营养的关系进行了研究.结果表明:不同水稻种质对稻纵卷叶螟抗性存在显著差异,可分为低抗、中抗和高抗3类,低抗和高抗的较少,中抗的较多,且筛选鉴定水稻对稻纵卷叶螟抗性的最佳土壤N营养量为N 0.24g/kg土(折合N 122.40 kg/hm2).随土壤N营养量变化,水稻种质对稻纵卷叶螟抗性的响应存在显著基因型差异,可分为低响应、中响应和高响应3类,低、中响应种质较少,高响应种质较多.随土壤N营养量变化,稻纵卷叶螟对水稻种质的危害规律表现为二项式开口向上,二项式开口向下和无规律3类,二项式开口向上的种质危害最低时的最适土壤N营养量平均为N 0.27g/kg土(折合N 136.53kg/hm2),二项式开口向下的种质危害最高时的最适土壤N索营养量平均为N0.12g/kg土(折合N 74.03kg/hm2).     

Effects of temperature regime on the respiratory activity of developmental stages of Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae)

Rates of carbon dioxide production of cocoons, juveniles and matures of Lumbricus rubellus were measured at five constant (2°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C) and three diurnally fluctuating temperature regimes (0–10°C, 5–15°C, 10–20°C) covering the whole range of temperature conditions experienced by this species in forests in Central Germany. Respiration rates of developmental stages significantly increased with temperature both under constant and fluctuating regimes. Overall, at constant temperature regimes Q₁₀ values for cocoons, juvenile and mature earthworms were 1.6, 2.7 and 2.0, respectively. At fluctuating temperature regimes Q₁₀ values were generally higher with 2.4, 3.6 and 3.5 for cocoons, juvenile and mature earthworms, respectively. At the same mean temperature respiration rates at fluctuating regimes exceeded those at constant regimes in all developmental stages.     

长江三角洲地区麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾规律及其对气候因子的响应

森林蒸腾在维系森林生态系统水量平衡上起着重要作用,研究麻栎和栓皮栎的蒸腾耗水规律,有助于了解栎林的水文过程和水量平衡.采用热扩散探针法,对江苏省句容市麻栎和栓皮栎林蒸腾速率进行连续观测,研究蒸腾速率在晴天、阴天和雨天的日变化特征,以及不同天气下气候因子对蒸腾速率的影响机制.结果表明,麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾速率日变化在晴天、阴...     

Growth rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaetae: Lumbricidae) as influenced by soil temperature and moisture in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns

Earthworm growth is affected by fluctuations in soil temperature and moisture and hence, may be used as an indicator of earthworm activity under field conditions. There is no standard methodology for measuring earthworm growth and results obtained in the laboratory with a variety of food sources, soil quantities and container shapes cannot easily be compared or used to estimate earthworm growth in the field. The objective of this experiment was to determine growth rates of the endogeic earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) over a range of temperatures (5–20 °C) and soil water potentials (−5 to−54 kPa) in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns in the laboratory. We used PVC cores (6 cm diameter, 15 cm height) containing undisturbed and disturbed soil, and 1 l cylindrical pots (11 cm diameter, 14 cm height) with disturbed soil. All containers contained about 500 g of moist soil. The growth rates of juvenile A. caliginosa were determined after 14–28 days. The instantaneous growth rate (IGR) was affected significantly by soil moisture, temperature, and the temperature×moisture interaction, ranging from −0.092 to 0.037 d⁻¹. Optimum growth conditions for A. caliginosa were at 20 °C and −5 kPa water potential, and they lost weight when the soil water potential was −54 kPa for all temperatures and also when the temperature was 5 °C for all water potentials. Growth rates were significantly greater in pots than in cores, but the growth rates of earthworms in cores with undisturbed or disturbed soil did not differ significantly. The feeding and burrowing habits of earthworms should be considered when choosing the container for growth experiments in order to improve our ability to extrapolate earthworm growth rates from the laboratory to the field.     

紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

Growth of Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa in an acid forest soil, and their effects on enchytraeid populations and soil properties

A laboratory experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa are able to maintain their populations and reproduce in the acid forest soil of a deciduous forest where no lumbricids were found in the field. The experiment was conducted in 45-l containers in which layers of mineral subsoil, humus and organic topsoil collected from the site were established. Both species survived and at least L. terrestris reproduced during the 60 weeks’ incubation. Burrows and middens of L. terrestris were recorded and quantities of litter were consumed. The presence of lumbricids increased the organic matter content of humus, reduced the acidity of the topsoil and humus layers, and suppressed the population of the enchytraeid Cognettia sphagnetorum. A dense population of Enchytraeus albidus was found in L. terrestris middens. It is concluded that edaphic factors do not explain the absence of earthworms, but isolation from cultural landscapes and lack of opportunity to colonize the site from the surroundings is the decisive factor.     

玉米品种抗顶腐病遗传多样性分析及其应用

经鉴定和调查, 从25个玉米品种中选择抗病性较稳定的14个品种为材料, 其中6个品种包括病、健株, 共20个样品, 进行抗病遗传多样性的RAPD分析.结果表明, 不同品种的抗性遗传背景丰富, 20个样品经PCR扩增聚类后, 以遗传距离15划分, 可分为7个类群, 同一类群内的品种在抗病性方面有较强的相似性;同一品种的健株与病株间能产生特异性条带, 且存在一定的遗传距离, 说明植株感病后, 其遗传特性会发生改变.田间试验表明, 遗传特性差异大的感病品种与抗病品种轮作对顶腐病有较高的防效, 可一定程度缓解生产中倒茬难而造成病害流行的难题.     

菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、中杆属和拟丽突属线虫毒性效应研究

采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。     

Factors related to the distribution and prevalence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Rana cascadae and other amphibians in the Klamath Mountains

The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been associated with declines and extinctions of montane amphibians worldwide. To gain insight into factors affecting its distribution and prevalence we focus on the amphibian community of the Klamath Mountains in northwest California. The Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), one of the most common amphibians in these mountains, experienced increased mortality as a result of Bd exposure in laboratory trials and has experienced recent, dramatic declines in other parts of California. We surveyed 112 sites in the Klamaths, all of which supported R. cascadae between 1999 and 2002, for amphibians and Bd to (1) determine the distribution of Bd, (2) evaluate changes in the distribution of R. cascadae, and (3) assess associations between potential biotic and abiotic drivers and Bd infection. Bd was widely distributed in the Klamath Mountains – we detected the pathogen at 64% of sites. R. cascadae was found at 79% of sites, and was often infected with Bd. These results suggest that Bd has not caused dramatic declines in R. cascadae in the Klamaths in recent years. Subadult R. cascadae had a higher Bd prevalence than other R. cascadae life stages (subadults: 36%, adults: 25%, metamorphs: 4%, larvae: 1%), and while the probability of infection decreased over the season for adults, it did not for subadults, suggesting that subadults may be more vulnerable to chytridiomycosis than other R. cascadae life stages. Bd prevalence in R. cascadae was highest early in the season at high-elevation sites, which may indicate that populations inhabiting high elevation sites may have a greater risk of being affected by chytridiomycosis. Three other common amphibian species also tested positive for Bd: Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa).     

Responses of co-occurring populations of Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) and Cognettia sphagnetorum (Enchytraeidae) to soil pH, moisture and resource addition

Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) and Cognettia sphagnetorum (Enchytraeidae) are the two most dominating soil invertebrates in terms of biomass in boreal coniferous forest soils. A microcosm experiment was set up in order to study the influence of pH, moisture and resource addition on D. octaedra and C. sphagnetorum when both species are simultaneously present. Two kinds of coniferous forest humus were used as substrate, pine stand humus (pH 4.2), and spruce stand humus (pH 4.6); in the third treatment the pine stand humus was adjusted with slaked lime (CaOH₂) to the same initial pH as the spruce stand humus. Each substrate was adjusted to water contents of 25%, 42.5% and 60% of WHC (referred to as ‘dry’, ‘moist’ and ‘wet’). In the second part of the experiment, spruce needle litter and birch leaf litter were separately added into the pine stand humus (‘moist’, unlimed) and compared with a control without litter. The microcosms were plastic jars with 75 g (d.m.) of humus, into which 4 specimens of D. octaedra and 70 specimens of C. sphagnetorum were added. D. octaedra showed the highest biomass and C. sphagnetorum the lowest biomass in the spruce stand humus with higher pH. Moisture did not affect earthworms, while C. sphagnetorum thrived best at the highest moisture. Addition of both kinds of litter increased the numbers and biomass of D. octaedra, while on C. sphagnetorum resource addition had little effect. The results help to explain the abundance of these two species in coniferous forests differing in soil acidity, moisture and fertility.