微根管法监测膜下滴灌棉花根系生长动态

为了精细监测膜下滴灌条件下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)细根生长形态,于2014年在巴州灌溉试验站开展大田试验,采用微根管法原位监测棉花根系生长,并与传统网格法作对比。分析棉花根系生长动态,构建微根管法测定的形态参数与网格法所测定形态参数的回归模型。结果表明:花期到吐絮期,利用微根管监测10~20 cm处根系生长得到的棉花根长更新速率为1.844 mm/d,期间棉花老根不断死亡和分解。微根管法与网格法测得的根系深度为50 cm,根长密度随着深度增加先增大后减少,根长密度在20~30 cm处最大。两种方法监测得的根长密度具有较好的线性相关,由微根管法测得的剖面根长密度,可通过线性回归方程换算得到实际的体积根长密度。利用微根管法能可靠地监测棉花根系的生长动态变化,今后的研究可进一步加大微根管监测范围和频率,精细监测细根生长全过程,通过构建根系生长模型分析膜下滴灌条件下棉花根系生长时空动态。     

基于生长函数的大豆根系生长的三维可视化模拟

植物的可视化模拟与仿真能为植物生长研究提供直观、迅捷的科学研究方法.植物根系在生长介质中的三维空间造型与分布,对水分养分的利用具有十分重要的作用.为了避免植物根系生长环境的不可见性和次要因素的影响,定量地直观地研究根构型的适应性变化,将植物根构型的多个生长函数和植物根系的形态发生模型耦合起来,结合可视化方法,建立了植物根系生长的三维可视化模拟系统.以大豆根系为研究对象,根构型的生长函数采用前期研究已获得的三次多项式形式;形态发生模型采用微分L系统理论编译其生成规则;可视化方法采用一系列连接在一起并平滑处理的圆台代表根轴.系统设计成只需输入三次多项式形式的生长函数的系数,就可直观地、连续地、可控地获得该根系生长的可视化图形和根构型几何参数.     

集水技术与林木生长的土壤水环境研究

该文依据多种集水技术条件下的降雨径流观测资料和林地不同空间位置上定期土壤水分观测资料，分析了在半干旱黄土地区集水造林技术与土壤水环境的关系，林木对水分的利用状况及林地水量平衡。结果表明：集水技术不仅改善了土壤水环境，而且提高了林木对降水的利用率。     

不同类型滴灌专用肥对棉花根系生长及产量的调节

在新疆气候生态条件下,选用高产棉花品系293和710为试材,采用田间小区对比试验,探讨膜下滴灌条件不同类型固体滴灌专用肥对棉花根系生长及产量的调节。结果表明:与对照相比,滴灌专用肥显著增加了根系生物量及根系活力,其中有机无机肥处理显著增加了40～100 cm土层以下根系的分布比例及根系活力,降低了根冠比,促使光合产物较多向地上部分配比例,尤其向生殖器官分配的比例增加,单株结铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量较高。品种间,293品系籽棉产量表现为有机无机肥处理>生物肥处理>无机肥处理>CK,710品系则表现为有机无机肥处理>无机肥处理>生物肥处理>CK。因此,依据不同品种对不同类型滴灌肥敏感性的差异,结合滴灌棉田土壤水分和养分可控性强的特点,制定相应滴灌专用肥随水施肥方案,对实现膜下滴灌棉田节水高产高效具有重要意义。     

基于实时含水率数据的土壤墒情动态建模及预测

实时准确地预测墒情是进行灌溉预报,实现农田水分精准化管理,提高水分利用效率的重要措施。基于根区（0−60cm土层）水量平衡原理,利用泰勒级数对根区下界面水分通量和作物蒸腾量进行了线性化处理,并以实时根区平均土壤含水率为自变量构建了动态的土壤墒情预测模型。采用天津市武清区西吕村无线土壤墒情监测系统（包含3个监测点）实时监测数据（地表下30cm和60cm处的土壤含水率）,分别选取5d、10d、15d和20d作为建模系列长度进行回归分析,确定模型参数,对10d和15d两种预见期进行了土壤墒情预测精度分析。结果表明：（1）实时预测模型拟合程度较好,三种建模系列长度条件下的确定性系数均达到0.80以上（样本数均大于550）;（2）15d建模系列长度下相对误差最小;（3）15d建模系列长度、15d预见期、10%相对误差界限值条件下,3个监测点的墒情预测合格率分别达到98%、100%和89%。由此可见,研究提出的实时墒情预测模型预测精度较高,便于建模分析,为土壤墒情的预测提供了新方法。     

温室长季节栽培番茄发育动态模拟模型的研究

根据番茄生物学特性、发育阶段有效积温恒定的原理和多年的栽培经验，对温室长季节栽培番茄的发育阶段进行划分，其生长发育阶段包括播种期、幼苗期、开花座果期、果实膨大期、果实采收初期、果实采收盛期和果实采收末期。将不同播期各生育阶段的生长度日的平均值确定为建模过程中的参数Ai：自幼苗期至果实采收末期分别为710.5、110.5、152.3、302.9、245.6、2156.7、200.5度日。确定了发育阶段有效积温参数后，建立了温室番茄长季节栽培的发育动态模拟模型，系统的预测番茄发育阶段。模型检验结果表明，温室番茄发育动态模拟模型具有较高的精确性、机理性和实用性。     

温室长季节栽培番茄发育动态模拟模型的研究

根据番茄生物学特性、发育阶段有效积温恒定的原理和多年的栽培经验,对温室长季节栽培番茄的发育阶段进行划分,其生长发育阶段包括播种期、幼苗期、开花座果期、果实膨大期、果实采收初期、果实采收盛期和果实采收末期.将不同播期各生育阶段的生长度日的平均值确定为建模过程中的参数Ai自幼苗期至果实采收末期分别为710.5、110.5、152.3、302.9、245.6、2156.7、200.5度日.确定了发育阶段有效积温参数后,建立了温室番茄长季节栽培的发育动态模拟模型,系统的预测番茄发育阶段.模型检验结果表明,温室番茄发育动态模拟模型具有较高的精确性、机理性和实用性.     

结构与功能反馈机制下根系生长向性模拟

借助于根系生长发育的功能-结构模型,模拟了根系生长的向地性、向水性与向肥性。研究中采用Voxel体元对根系生长的土壤区域进行离散化,并设定各Voxel元8个顶点的土壤含水量、养分浓度;采用根系功能-结构模型描述了不同生长周期下根系在三维土壤空间的生长;采用空间碰撞检测技术,确定各根元所占据的Voxel元,并以根元中点坐标与其所占据的Voxel元的各顶点距离倒数作为权重,计算根元生长区域的土壤平均含水量与养分浓度;利用三基点阻力法,计算得到土壤含水量、养分浓度对根元库强的校正系数,重新计算当前周期下根系可利用的生物量在组成根系的各根元中的分配,并调整根元的生长方向。最后,在设定的不同土壤含水量与土壤养分分布情景下,模拟了根系的空间生长与分布。模拟结果显示借助根系的功能-结构模型,在特定的情景下,能够模拟根系生长过程中的向地性、向水性与向肥性。根系在空间生长是一个复杂的过程,在特定的条件下,能够通过一定的农业措施,如灌溉、施肥,改变其空间生长与分布,使得作物高效地利用土壤水分、养分资源,从而实现可持续发展的生态农业     

基于COSIM模型的新疆棉花产量动态预报方法

该文在对棉花生长模拟模型COSIM进行模型调试、验证实现本地化应用的基础上,探讨运用作物模型进行棉花产量动态预报的方法,重点解决未知气象数据替代问题。作物模型应用于产量预报时,未来天气的不确定性是影响预报准确率的关键因子,该影响随着当年实际天气数据增多而减小。该文以近50 a的气象数据,依次替代预报日至收获期的气象数据(即预报日之前使用预报年当年气象数据,预报日之后使用替代年气象数据),模拟棉花生长发育和产量形成过程,以近50、40、30、20、10、5 a历史气候数据依次替代预报日之后的逐日数据获得的模拟产量平均值作为预报产量,根据对预报准确率进行比较,最终确定以近10 a实测数据替代获得的模拟产量平均值作为最终预报产量。经验证该预报方法对不同播种时间棉花产量动态预报的准确率在81.3%~99.6%,预测精度较好。作为案例分析,该文仅进行每月1次预测分析,实际应用中可进行逐日替代动态预报,经过进一步改进,提高预报精度,未来可望达到业务应用水平。     

内蒙古草甸草原羊草生长的动态模拟模型

依据作物生长模拟的理论，结合天然牧草的生长特性，建立了呼伦贝尔盟草甸草原羊草种群生长和产量形成的动态模拟模型。该模型包括３个子模型：（１）光合作用与呼吸作用，（２）同化物分配，（３）叶面积动态。利用实测资料对该模型进行的验证表明，该模型可以较好地模拟羊草种群地上生物量的时间动态规律，比较客观地反映气象条件对牧草生长和产量形成的影响。     

Preliminary observations on effects of tillage systems on soil physical properties, cotton root growth and yield in Gezira Scheme, Sudan

The decline in cotton yields in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan, has been partially attributed to deterioration in soil physical properties and the formation of a plough pan 20 cm deep as a result of the repeated use of the disc plough for land preparation. This field study was conducted during the 1990/91 season at the Gezira Research Station Farm to evaluate the effect of tillage on some soil physical properties of Vertisols, root growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Three tillage systems were used: disc harrowing (DH), three bottom disc plough (DP) and subsoiling (SS). Infiltration rates, bulk densities, soil penetration resistance, moisture depletion and root and shoot growth were measured. The results indicated that infiltration rate was not increased significantly by SS. Plant height and shoot dry matter were significantly higher with SS at later growth stages. Bulk density of the plough pan at 135 days after sowing accounted for 90% of the observed variation in subsoil root dry weight while soil penetration resistance accounted for 59% of the variation. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency 25 and 13% over DH and DP respectively. Subsoiling increased cotton yields over DH but the increase over DP was not significant.     

秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花土壤水盐运移及根系分布的影响

干旱区棉田残膜污染日益严重, 秸秆覆盖能从根本上杜绝农田残膜增量。为探索秸秆覆盖代替塑料薄膜与滴灌结合的可行性, 需了解秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布及棉花根系的影响特点, 同时探索耕作层以下30 cm处埋设一层秸秆进行深层秸秆覆盖与滴灌结合的效果。本文采用测坑试验研究了3种秸秆覆盖方式(表层覆盖、30 cm深层覆盖和无覆盖)与滴灌结合在2种土壤条件下(非盐碱土和盐碱土), 棉花根系分布稳定后的絮期土壤水盐运移及棉花根系分布特征。结果表明: 表层覆盖对于土壤整体保水性较好, 能有效抑制耕层水分散失和盐分聚集; 30 cm深层覆盖整体保水性优于无覆盖, 相对表层覆盖仅在秸秆层以下靠近滴灌带的有限范围内具有优势, 并显著提高耕层以下土壤水分含量, 但在棉花絮期对于盐分抑制作用不明显。秸秆覆盖通过对水盐运动的影响而显著影响棉花根系分布, 尤其对深层根系分布影响更大。非盐碱土条件下, 0~28 cm土层, 无覆盖处理根长密度、根重密度、根长密度比重均最大, 表层覆盖根长密度最小, 但根重比重最大, 30 cm深层覆盖根重密度最小; 在28~70 cm土层, 30 cm深层覆盖根长密度最大, 表层覆盖根长密度最小, 但根长密度比重最大, 无覆盖根长密度比重最小, 其中在28~56 cm土层30 cm深层覆盖根重密度和根重比重均最大。盐碱土条件下, 0~28 cm土层, 表层覆盖与30 cm深层覆盖根长密度和根长比重均高于无覆盖处理, 同时表层覆盖根重密度最高, 30 cm深层覆盖根重密度和根重比重均最低; 在28~70 cm土层情况相反, 30 cm深层覆盖处理根重比重最大, 但根重密度最小。说明表层覆盖可促进非盐碱土及盐碱土耕作层根系发育, 30 cm深层覆盖限制上层根系发育, 但促进30 cm以下土层根系发育, 在盐碱逆境下秸秆覆盖可促进根系向更细更长方面发育。秸秆覆盖与滴灌结合在干旱区具有良好应用前景。     

Effects of naturally and microbially decomposed cotton stalks on cotton seedling growth

Cotton stalk directly returning to cotton field has impeded the cotton growth to a large extent in Xinjiang province, China. The allelopathic effects of products from naturally and microbially decomposed cotton stalks on the cotton seedling growth were studied. The results showed that when the seedlings were treated with the 30-day microbially decomposed cotton stalks, they displayed better growth and physiological characteristics than those treated with the products of 30-day naturally decomposed cotton stalks. When treated with the microbially decomposed cotton stalks at a low concentration of 5 g kg^?1, the seedling dry weight and plant height even increased significantly compared to the untreated control (P < 0.05). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that two compounds, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), were detected with higher concentrations in the naturally decomposed cotton stalk extracts, which strongly inhibited the cotton seedling growth in bioassay, suggesting the two compounds might be the responsible allelochemicals inducing autotoxicity to cotton growth.     

不同矿化度咸水造墒灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

采用裂区设计, 灌溉量作为主处理, 灌溉水的矿化度作为副处理, 研究了播前不同灌溉量下不同矿化度咸水对棉花生长发育及产量的影响。研究结果表明, 不同矿化度咸水灌溉对棉花出苗时间和出苗率的影响差异较大, 随灌溉水矿化度的增大, 棉花出苗速度变缓, 出苗率降低, 其中4 g·L^-1 以下的咸水灌溉处理棉花出苗率在90%以上, 6 g·L^-1 矿化度处理平均出苗率仍可达85%左右, 但出苗时间推迟。播种前咸水灌溉量以22.5~34.0 mm 为宜。灌溉水矿化度对棉花生长发育的影响程度前期大于后期, 前期大于4 g·L^-1 矿化度处理表现出明显的抑制生长作用, 后期大于6 g·L^-1 矿化度处理才表现出明显的抑制生长作用。从产量上看, 棉花的咸水矿化度计算阈值为3.38 g·L^-1, 即在矿化度小于3.38 g·L^-1 时, 咸水灌溉的棉花产量与淡水灌溉产量差异不明显, 高于此矿化度阈值时, 棉花产量呈直线下降趋势; 但低于8 g·L^-1 咸水灌溉的棉花产量均显著高于纯旱地的棉花产量。     

Critical soil bulk density and strength for pea seedling root growth as related to other soil factors

Bulk density and soil strength are two major soil physical factors affecting root growth of pea seedlings. This study was conducted to determine the influence of soil texture, organic carbon content and water content on critical bulk density and strength. Soil from the plough layer (PL) and beneath the sub-soil (SUB) was used. By soil packing and adjusting the water content between 30% and 100% of field water capacity (FWC) a wide range of bulk density (1.3–1.7 Mg m⁻³) and strength (0.24–6.66 MPa) were obtained. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) was grown in the packed cores of 100 cm³ for 72 h at 20°C. Regression models were developed to explain root growth in terms of bulk density, soil strength, silt and clay (<60 μm) content, organic carbon, and water content. The regression curve of root growth as a function of soil strength showed that 40% of maximum root length can be regarded as an indicator of very poor root growth. By substituting this value into the root growth equations we calculated a critical bulk density and strength in terms of fraction<60 μm, organic carbon percentage and water content. The values of critical bulk density in both layers and of critical soil strength in the sub-soil increased with a decreasing content of fraction<60 μm. Irrespective of fraction<60 μm content, the critical bulk density and strength decreased as soil water content decreased. Critical soil strength was more sensitive than critical bulk density to changes in fraction<60 μm content and water content. This study provides data and a method for predicting critical bulk density and soil strength in relation to other soil properties for pea seedling root growth.     

Soil physical quality: Part I. Theory, effects of soil texture, density, and organic matter, and effects on root growth

A soil physical parameter, S, is defined. It is equal to the slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflection point. This curve must be plotted as the logarithm (to base e) of the water potential against the gravimetric water content (kg kg⁻¹). The value of S is indicative of the extent to which the soil porosity is concentrated into a narrow range of pore sizes. In most soils, larger values of S are consistent with the presence of a better-defined microstructure. Much previous work has shown that this microstructure is responsible for most of the soil physical properties that are necessary for the proper functioning of soil in agriculture and the environment. The use of S is illustrated with examples of soils with different texture, density (or degree of compaction), and organic matter (OM) content. The effects of S on root growth in soil are investigated, and S is shown to be a better indicator of soil rootability than bulk density. It is suggested that S can be used as an index of soil physical quality that enables different soils and the effects of different management treatments and conditions to be compared directly.     

Compaction and penetration resistance of an Alfisol and Entisol and their influence on root growth of maize seedlings

Traffic and tillage induced compaction affect soil physical, chemical and biological properties and processes directly and influences plant root growth indirectly. In a pot experiment with an Entisol and an Alfisol, the effect of 0, 50, 100 and 200 kPa of compactive stress on bulk density, penetration resistance, and on root growth of maize seedlings, at the early stages of development, was studied.

Compaction resulted in a progressive increase in bulk density and penetration resistance for both soils. The Entisol reached a greater bulk density and penetration resistance than the Alfisol. Bulk density or penetration resistance were closely correlated with compactive stress. The correlation between bulk density and penetration resistance was not so close.

Increased bulk density and penetration resistance resulted in a reduction of all the root growth parameters such as number of roots, mean and total root length, rateof root elongation and fresh and dry root mass. Significant linear or curvilinear relationships were found between bulk density or penetration resistance and most of the root growth parameters studied. However, the relationships were improved when relative values (expressed as fractions of the controls) of bulk density or penetration resistance and of any one of the root growth parameters were considered. Roots grown in more compact soil had a smaller ratio of fresh to dry mass.     

局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响

采用分根法进行玉米水培试验, 研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平: CK, 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理, 测定局部供应后 0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明, 各胁迫程度均表现为, 与对照相比, 复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长, 且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区, 且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后, 0.2 MPa水平下, 复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平, 其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长, 但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。     

棉花调亏灌溉效应研究

盆栽试验研究棉花调亏灌溉效应结果表明 ,棉花苗期为水分亏缺最佳时期 ,土壤含水量应维持在田间持水量的 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ,吐絮期维持在田间持水量的 5 0 %左右 ,蕾期维持在田间持水量的 6 5 %～ 70 % ,花铃期是棉花生长关键期 ,其土壤含水量应维持在田间持水量的 75 %左右 ,适当降低土壤含水量有助于提高棉株蕾铃数量 ,可减少蕾铃脱落。