两种枣树矿质营养元素累积特性研究

为探明枣树矿质营养元素的累积分配特征,以3年生骏枣树和灰枣树为试材,采用彻底刨根、分解取样的方法,研究了生物量的构成特点、各器官矿质元素含量和累积分配特性。结果表明,骏枣树总干质量为2694.3 g/plant,其中营养器官占68.0%,分别比灰枣高27.6%和21.9%。其N、P、K、Ca、Mg总累积量为33.91、3.43、22.20、31.25和5.53 g/plant,分别比灰枣树高50.1%、22.5%、24.7%、51.0%和88.7%。其中,N主要分配到叶片和果实,P、K主要分配到果实和叶片,Ca、Mg主要分配到叶片和主干;新生营养器官N、P、K的吸收比例为1: 0.063～0.083: 0.41～0.46,果实N、P、K的吸收比例为1: 0.19～0.20: 1.34～1.48。每生产1000 kg干质量骏枣需吸收N 32.83、P 3.41、K 23.14、Ca 29.06、Mg 5.32 kg;灰枣需吸收N 20.53、P 2.66、K 17.71、Ca 18.01、Mg 2.49 kg。骏枣生产单位干质量果实需吸收的养分比灰枣多,养分利用效率比灰枣低。骏枣树养分在叶片中的分配率显著高于灰枣树,在果实中的分配率则显著低于灰枣树。     

Soils of the subtaiga landscapes on the northern spurs of the Tsagan-Daban Ridge in the Selenga Mountains

The soil cover patterns in the subtaiga landscapes on the northern spurs of the Tsagan-Daban Ridge in the Selenga Mountains have been studied. Gray-humus lithozems and bedrock outcrops are typical of the steep south-facing slopes under herbaceous pine forests. Soddy iron-illuvial podburs are formed under forest vegetation on gentle slopes of northern and western aspects with a thick mantle of loose colluvial deposits. Dark-humus metamorphic soils occur on the slopes of western and northwestern aspects below 700 m a.s.l. under secondary forb-grassy communities that replaced the initial herbaceous pine forests. Windblown hollows (yardangs) are occupied by humus psammozems under steppe pine forests. The morphological and physicochemical characteristics of these soils are discussed in the paper.     

Abundance, diversity, viability, and factorial ecology of fungi in peatbogs

This review presents an analysis of the results of mycological investigations of peat obtained by the authors and other Russian and foreign scientists. High-moor peat, unlike low-moor peat, is shown to contain great reserves of fungal biomass mainly represented by mycelium. The viability of the mycelium and spores is high in the upper peat horizons and does not exceed 50% in the lower ones. In high-moor peat, fungi that are capable of destroying the complex structural polymers composing up to 50% of the peat rarely occur. The analysis of the factors limiting the activity of fungi in the high-moor peatbogs showed that, in the upper layers, the main factor was the strength of the sphagnum cellular walls. In the lower layers, the significant oxygen deficit and the accumulation of sphagnans, sphagnols, phenol-containing compounds, and antioxidants that block the activity of hydrolytic and oxidizing enzymes are of great importance.     

泾河上游全新世黄土-古土壤序列微量元素分布特征及环境变化

在野外考察的基础上,对泾河上游赵家村全新世黄土-古土壤剖面进行系统采样,利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测定了Ba、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Rb、Sr、Co、Th、Zr等10个微量元素的含量及其变化,并与磁化率、粒度进行了相关性分析,研究表明大部分微量元素如Ba、Zn、Cu、Rb、Co、Th、Zr在古土壤层(S0)中富集,而在马兰黄土层(L1)中含量较低; 而Pb、Cr、Sr在古土壤层中含量低于马兰黄土层.同时,微量元素Ba、Zn、Cu、Rb、Co、Th、Zr与磁化率、黏粒(<0.005 mm)含量呈正相关,与粗粉沙(0.01～0.05 mm)含量呈负相关; 而元素Pb、Cr、Sr与黏粒、磁化率呈负相关,与粗粉沙呈正相关关系.在古土壤成壤改造过程中,由于有机质含量显著增加,络合-螯合作用增大,加之黏粒胶体的吸附作用,导致大多数微量元素在古土壤层的相对富集; 而元素Cr性质稳定,在整个剖面的波动较小; Sr含量在全新世黄土层(L0)和表土层(TS)中逐渐升高,主要是由于气候暖干化日趋严重,表土层碱性增强,CaCO3淋溶作用明显减弱; Pb元素在表土层含量较高的主要原因是工业"三废"排放、金属采矿和冶炼、煤炭和石油的燃烧以及汽车尾气排放等人类活动的干扰.     

Influence of boron on other chemical elements in alfalfa

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of three boron rates applied to the soil on the distribution and relative abundance of 12 chemical elements in various alfalfa plant parts at four successive stages of growth.

Plant samples were separated into lower leaves, lower stems, upper leaves, upper stems, and tips. These plant parts were analyzed for Zn, B, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, K, Na, Al, Si, and Cu.

Results of this study indicated: i. application of B to the soil resulted in increases in concentration of B in alfalfa tissue proportional to the rate of B applied. For most elements, a decrease in concentration was generally obtained when the rate of soil‐applied boron was increased from 6.3 to 12.6 kg/ha;

ii. a continual increase in the B concentration from early vegetative to bloom stage of growth and then, a decrease in the B concentration from bloom to seed set was observed for the entire alfalfa plant;

iii. the concentration of an element found in leaf tissue was generally greater than the concentration in stem tissue. Furthermore, the concentration of an element found in the lower leaves was generally greater than the concentration found in the upper leaves.

     

农业生态与土壤中化学元素关系的研究

研究农业生态与土壤环境中化学元素的关系结果表明，农业生态与土壤的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B、Mo、V、Co、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、Hg、Se、F、Tl、Ba、Te、Ta、Sr、Ti、Si及稀土元素密切有关。     

Methane emission from bogs in the subtaiga of Western Siberia: The development of standard model

The methane emission from typical bog landscapes of the West Siberian subtaiga was studied in the summer-autumn of 2007?C2010. The lowest specific fluxes (the median value is 0.08 mg C-CH₄/m² per h) were recorded from ryams (raised bogs with dwarf shrub-sphagnum associations). From the ridges of the ridge-pool complexes, the fluxes were estimated at 0.49 mg C-CH₄/m² per h; from the oligotrophic hollows, eutrophic bogs, floating lake mats, and mesotrophic quaking bogs, they were estimated at 2.68, 3.36, 4.53, and 4.98 mg C-CH₄/m² per h, respectively. The maximal flux was determined from the lakes (the median is 17.98 mg C-CH₄/m² per h). The regional assessment of the methane flux from the bogs of Western Siberia (2.93 Tg C-CH₄/yr) was obtained on the basis of the authors?? and literature data.     

Regional clarkes of chemical elements in soils of southern European Russia

Distribution patterns of 19 elements in soils of the southern part of European Russian were estimated on the basis of the analysis of more than 9000 soil samples; regional clarkes of the elements were compared with their global clarkes, The obtained data attest to the fact that southern Russia is characterized by increased concentrations of most of the microelements with a tendency for their rise in the recent decades. The great role of the aerial migration and deposition of elements results in the enrichment of the soils with technophilic elements, so that the geochemical convergence of the soils is observed. It can be concluded that natural element abundances in soils are subjected to the technogenic transformation reflecting the high rate of contamination of the biosphere.     

多氯联苯在紫花苜蓿体内的积累、分布及形态

以紫花苜蓿为材料,研究了多氯联苯(PCBs)在植物根、根瘤、地上部中的积累、分布及存在形态.结果表明,PCBs在紫花苜蓿根、根瘤和茎叶部均有不同程度的积累,其含量为根瘤＞根＞茎叶,而积累量则表现为根＞茎叶＞根瘤,其差异均达极显著水平(p＜0.01),根系表现为主要富集部位.化学连续提取法结果表明,紫花苜蓿根中PCBs可...     

芭蕉芋干物质及矿质营养元素累积与分配特征研究

以3 个芭蕉芋栽培品种为试材,研究了芭蕉芋发棵结芋期和子芋完熟期生物量的构成特点及各器官矿质元素含量、 积累和分配规律,以期为芭蕉芋科学管理和合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,发棵结芋期,芭蕉芋干物质量为54.99~62.21g/plant,叶片是干物质主要的分配器官; 子芋完熟期,芭蕉芋的干物质量是发棵结芋期的 4 倍多,根茎为干物质的主要分配器官。发棵结芋期,3 个芭蕉芋品种平均每株累积吸收N 497.4mg~598.8mg、 P 128.7mg~223.1mg、 K 2021.2.mg~2450.3mg、 Ca 496.0 mg~577.3 mg、 Mg 526.7 mg~804.5 mg,氮以叶片中含量最高,磷、 钾和镁以茎中含量最高,根系内钙含量最高; 子芋完熟期,芭蕉芋平均每株累积N 1116.2~1210.8mg、 P 852.6~907.5mg、 K 4528.9~5055.2 mg、 Ca 919.2~991.7mg、 Mg 888.2~1369.0 mg,氮以叶片含量最高,钾含量以根系最高,磷含量以茎、 叶中最高,根茎内镁含量高。生育期内构建相同生物量,Xingyu-1需要的 K、 Ca 和 Mg 比其他 2个品种多,N和P与其他2个品种相当,但Xingyu-1 的根茎干物质分配率高,生产相同质量的干根茎,Xingyu-1 需要的N、 P、 K 低于其他 2 个品种。     

Changes in the distribution of chemical elements throughout the profile of a soddy-podzolic soil after the long-term application of sewage sludge

The distributions of the total and water-soluble macro- and microelements throughout the profile of a loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soil were studied six years after the long-term (for more than 15 years) application of sewage sludge and lime as ameliorants. It was shown that the anthropogenic factor affecting the distributions of the metals in the soil remained predominant. The highest differences compared to the control were observed for P, S, Cl, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb. A second accumulative soil horizon was developed, which was an additional source of contamination with mobile metals for the adjacent environments. Six years after the cessation of the application, the contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni exceeded their PPCs for sandy and loamy sandy soils.     

The rate of peat accumulation in the Holocene in Kamchatka

The most favorable conditions for peat accumulation in Kamchatka existed during the Atlantic climatic optimum of the Holocene (5000–6000 yrs ago) and in the Boreal period (8000–9000 yrs ago). Less favorable conditions were in the Subboreal period. The growth of peat substrates in Kamchatka in the modern period is estimated at 1.1–1.5 mm/yr. During the earlier stage of the Subatlantic period (except for the last century), it comprised 0.1–0.3 mm/yr. The rate of peat growth in the Subboreal period varied within 0.03–0.08 mm/yr. During the Atlantic optimum, it increased up to 0.08–0.5 mm/yr. During the earlier stage of the Atlantic period, it comprised 0.06–0.2 mm/yr and, during the Boreal period, 0.1–0.6 mm/yr. The most significant variations in the rate of the peat accumulation in Kamchatka are related to changes in the climatic conditions of the peninsula from its western coast to its eastern coast.     

Accumulation patterns and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the topsoil of two sloping vineyards (Tokaj-Hegyalja,Hungary)

Journal of Soils and Sediments - In agricultural soils, accumulation and bioavailability patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are key ecological and health risk issues, especially in...     

黄土高原主要草本植物化学元素含量及其聚类分析研究

本文以黄土高原68个主要草本植物植株中N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量测定结果为基础,分析了该区草本植物这5种元素含量的特征及其元素间的相互效应,同时又以各元素含量对68个草本样品进行了聚类分析。     

Effects of bituminous emulsions on retention and release of some chemical elements in two soil samples

The effects of bituminous emulsions on the retention and release of some nutrient elements and heavy metals were investigated in the laboratory for a pair of different soil samples, one from each of Egypt and Belgium. The emulsion was applied at several rates to promote the formation of aggregates, to stabilize them, and to make the soil samples more hydrophobic. The quantities of extractable potassium and trace elements were determined for the untreated and treated samples, as well as for aggregates more than 2 mm in diameter before and after destruction.The results show that addition of bituminous emulsion increases aggregation percentage and aggregate stability, and decreases the extractable amounts of elements. This effect increases with increasing concentration of bituminous emulsion. The extractable amounts of the nutrient elements after destruction of the aggregates were higher than those before destruction. The mechanisms of retention and release of nutrient elements before and after destroying the aggregates are schematically presented and discussed.     

The content of chemical elements in alluvial soils and bottom sediments of the Urkan River (the Amur River basin)

The distribution patterns of the chemical elements in the bottom sediments and alluvial soils of the Urkan River valley (one of the largest tributaries of the Zeya River, a tributary of the Amur River) have been examined. It is shown that the concentrations of the chemical elements in the bottom sediments generally correspond to those in the bedrocks composing the river catchment and in the upper part of the continental earth’s crust, though the accumulation of most of the elements in the bottom sediments is somewhat lower. The composition of the microelements in the alluvial soils is mainly determined by the composition of the microelements in the bottom sediments. The alluvial soils are somewhat enriched in Mn, Zn, Co, and Cu, which is related to the biological accumulation of these elements entering the trophic chains.     

甘蔗体内的蔗糖积累

成熟甘蔗茎秆积累高浓度蔗糖,其蔗糖积累涉及到蔗糖的合成、分解和运输等生理过程,而调控甘蔗茎中蔗糖积累的关键性因素是存在于快速发育的茎细胞中蔗糖糖代谢相关酶的活性和蔗糖的跨膜运输能力,而不是作为源叶输出光合产物的能力和韧皮部运输蔗糖的效率。为此,本文主要从蔗糖进入茎节的途径、蔗糖在液泡中的积累及其调控等方面作了概述,并指出运用分子生物学、反向遗传学和细胞生物学手段研究有关酶基因、功能性蛋白、糖信号对甘蔗蔗糖运输和积累的作用将是今后的重要研究方向。     

Biogeochemical Processes in Steppe Landscapes of the Ergeni Upland in the Holocene

A soil catena was studied on the Ergeni Upland; the soils and plants were sampled in five dependent points. The contents of macro- and microelements in them were determined. It was found that the radial (vertical) geochemical migration predominates in the eluvial positions of the catena, and the lateral geochemical migration predominates in the transeluvial and transeluvial–accumulative positions. Plants of the Poa L. genus intensely accumulated elements within the eluvial part of the catena, whereas plants of the Artemisia genus were element accumulators within the trans-superaquatic position. Plants of the Artemisia genus were generally characterized by a higher coefficient of the biological uptake of elements in all parts of the catena, except for the eluvial position, where this parameter was higher for plants from the Poa L genus. A rise in the magnetic susceptibility of the soil profile relative to the parent material was the highest in the eluvial position and the lowest in the trans-superaquatic position. A comparative analysis of geochemical ratios for modern soils showed that they are determined by the topographic position of the given point. However, the gradient of variations for surface soils is much smaller in comparison with that for buried soils indicative of the climatic fluctuations. The obtained geochemical indicators can be used for comparative analysis of buried soils found not only on the divides but also in the subordinate landscape positions.     

The development of chernozems on the Dniester-Prut interfluve in the Holocene

The development of forest-steppe and steppe chernozems on the Dniester-Prut interfluve in the Holocene was studied on the basis of data on the paleosols buried under archaeological monuments of different ages. The parameters of the mathematic models of the development of the soil humus horizons in different subtypes of chernozems were calculated. They were used to determine the rate of this process and the age of the soils formed on the surface of Trajan’s lower rampart. The climate-controlled changes in the character of the soil’s development in the Late Holocene were differently pronounced in the different subtypes of chernozems. The suggested differentiation of the trends in the development of the humus horizon in the studied chernozems corresponds to the differences in the soil-forming potential of particular areas (as judged from the energy consumption for pedogenesis).     

Soil development on the Crimean Peninsula in the Late Holocene

The study of soils of different ages in different physiographic regions of the Crimean Peninsula made it possible to reveal the main regularities of pedogenesis in the Late Holocene (in the past 2800 years). With respect to the average rate of the development of soil humus horizons, the main types of soils in the studied region were arranged into the following sequence: southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils > mountainous forest brown soils > gravelly cinnamonic soils. In the newly formed soils, the accumulation of humus developed at a higher rate than the increase in the thickness of humus horizons. A sharp decrease in the rates of development of soil humus profiles and humus accumulation took place in the soils with the age of 1100-1200 years. The possibility for assessing the impact of climate changes on the pedogenetic process on the basis of instrumental meteorological data was shown. The potential centennial fluctuations of the climate in the Holocene determined the possibility of pulsating shifts of soil-geographic subzones within the steppe part of the Crimea with considerable changes in the rates of the development of soil humus horizons in comparison with those in the Late Holocene.