籼型三系杂交水稻主要品质性状在不同生态地区的配合力及遗传力分析

选择8个不育系和4个恢复系,采用不完全双列杂交试验设计（NCⅡ设计）,在两个不同生态区,对7个品质性状进行配合力、遗传力分析.结果表明,不同性状在两生态区的表现不尽相同.在南充点,直链淀粉含量和整精米率以加性效应为主,胶稠度和垩白度以非加性效应为主,垩白米率、蛋白质含量和长宽比受加性和非加性共同作用;在西昌点,直链淀粉含量和垩白米率以加性效应为主,胶稠度以非加性效应为主,垩白度、蛋白质含量、整精米率和长宽比均为加性和非加性共同作用.在南充点,除父母本对直链淀粉的贡献相差不大外,其余性状均以母本的贡献大;在西昌点,长宽比、整精米率和垩白米率以母本的贡献大些,垩白度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量均以父本的贡献更大.在南充点,狭义遗传力大小顺序为：直链淀粉含量〉整精米率〉长宽比〉蛋白质含量≈垩白米率〉垩白度〉胶稠度;在西昌点狭义遗传力大小顺序为：直链淀粉含量〉垩白米率〉长宽比〉蛋白质含量〉整精米率〉垩白度〉胶稠度.     

国审杂交籼稻组合的稻米品质分析

分析了2003—2013年通过国审的378份杂交籼稻的主要米质性状表现以及各米质指标间的相关性。结果表明,杂交早籼稻的垩白、整精米率和胶稠度在11 a间均有明显改善,但其米质性状仍然差于杂交中、晚籼;垩白性状仍是今后杂交籼稻米质改良的重点。垩白度和垩白粒率与整精米率、胶稠度和长宽比呈负相关,与直链淀粉含量呈正相关;低直链淀粉含量品种的平均垩白度和垩白粒率均显著低于中高直链淀粉含量品种,而其胶稠度和长宽比则高于中高直链淀粉含量品种;降低直链淀粉含量有利于改良垩白和胶稠度,适当增加籼稻的长宽比有利于降低垩白。     

广东省杂交水稻新组合米质评价

按国家优质稻谷标准GB／T17891－1999，对广东省53个杂交水稻新组合的7项米质性状进行品质测定。结果表明，出糙率全部达一级标准，整精米率和粒型达标率也很高，直链淀粉含量和胶稠度达标率与较高，但垩白粒率和晋白度达标率较低，仍是制约杂交稻米质总体水平提高的关键因素。供试新组合各米质性状达标率的高低顺序为出糙率＞粒型＞整精米率＞直链淀粉含量＞胶稠度＞垩白粒率＞垩白度。提出今后杂交稻优质育种的主攻方向是降低垩白粒率和垩白度（特别是早稻组合），重视直链淀粉含量和胶稠度的改良。     

中等直链淀粉含量籼型杂交水稻组合稻米品质及相关性研究

对2012年四川省水稻区试的86个中等直链淀粉含量籼型杂交稻组合的主要品质性状及相关性进行了研究分析。结果表明,86个组合的品质性状中差异最大的是垩白度,变异系数为33.22%;其次是垩白粒率,变异系数为23.32%;差异最小的是糙米率,变异系数为1.01%。按优质稻米标准衡量单个品质性状,除直链淀粉含量外,达标率较高的是胶稠度和整精米率,达3级优质米以上标准的品种比例为94.19%和86.05%;达标率较低的是垩白粒率和垩白度,达3级优质米的品种比例仅为3.49%和4.65%。在86个组合中仅有2个组合综合品质性状指标达3级优质米标准。相关分析结果表明,在中等直链淀粉含量(15%~24%)范围内,直链淀粉含量与垩白粒率、垩白度极显著正相关;胶稠度与蛋白质含量极显著负相关;垩白度与长宽比极显著负相关,与蛋白质含量显著负相关,与垩白粒率极显著正相关;长宽比与整精米率、垩白粒率极显著负相关。在改良稻米品质的选择上必须以降低垩白粒率和垩白度为主攻目标,并注意耐碾磨力强的粒型选择。     

黑龙江省水稻品种品质性状分析

通过对黑龙江省25个水稻品种品质性状进行分析,研究各性状对稻米品质的影响。结果表明:在今后水稻新品种选育过程中,应注重垩白粒率、垩白度及直链淀粉含量等性状的改良;提高糙米率有利于整精米率、稻米食味的提高;延长胶稠度,降低稻米直链淀粉含量使米饭有弹性不回生;降低垩白粒率、垩白度有利于糙米率、整精米率的提高,进而促进稻米品质的提高。影响稻米品质的第一主成分因子是整精米率因子,其次为垩白度因子、直链淀粉含量因子、垩白粒率因子、食味评分因子、胶稠度因子。     

籼型三系杂交水稻米质现状研究

以具广泛代表性的６ 个不育系和９ 个恢复系及其配制的５４ 个组合为材料研究了现有籼型三系杂交水稻米质状况。结果表明,参试组合的大多数米质性状均表现良好：在分析的１１ 个性状中有５ 个（糙米率、精米率、精米长、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量）全部达到部颁二级优质米标准,２ 个性状（精米长宽比和蛋白质含量）二级达标率在７７．８％ 以上。但在垩白粒率、垩白大小、整精米率、胶稠度等４ 个性状上达标率低,存在明显的不足。提出了在杂交稻优质育种中不育系应注重降低垩白、提高胶稠度,恢复系应把降低垩白粒率、提高整精米率作为主攻目标,兼顾蛋白质含量的改善。     

异地异季种植对两系杂交水稻稻米品质影响研究

选用25个两系杂交水稻组合、5个三系杂交水稻组合和4个常规水稻品种共34份材料进行异季和异地异季种植,分析稻米品质性状变化规律,结果表明:7个性状异季种植差异达极显著水平,晚季种植材料的出糙率、精米率、整精米率、糊化温度(碱消值)4个性状明显增大,垩白粒率、垩白度、千粒重3个性状明显减小.湖南长沙栽培种植品质性状分析结果与海南三亚栽培种植的性状分析结果相比,出糙率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、精米长宽比、直链淀粉、胶稠度、糊化温度(碱消值)有极显著的正向增长差异,千粒重有极显著负向差异.     

中国主栽杂交籼稻的米质状况分析

为评价中国杂交籼稻的总体米质,分析了2001—2013年间年种植面积超过3万hm2的220个主栽杂交稻品种的米质性状。结果表明,供试杂交籼稻10项米质性状的优质率变幅为27.2%~98.7%;其中糙米率、精米率、糊化温度、糙米蛋白质含量的优质率较高,垩白粒率和垩白度的优质率较低,不育系天丰A、培矮64S所配品种具有较低的垩白粒率和垩白度、较长(软)胶稠度和适中直链淀粉含量,整体米质较优。垩白性状是当前杂交籼稻米质改良的重点。     

水稻不育系G软华A稻米品质配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交设计分析了G软华A等5个不育系所配杂交组合的稻米品质性状及其配合力表现。结果表明,杂交组合稻米品质各性状主要受基因加性效应的影响,也有基因加性与非加性效应共同作用。在参试的5个不育系中,G软华A表现较为突出,其胶稠度和整精米率的一般配合力最高,垩白粒率和垩白度的一般配合力最低,直链淀粉含量一般配合力较低,是改良杂交水稻品质的优良亲本。     

杂交稻7个米质性状的变异及相关性分析

以10个杂交水稻组合为材料,通过重庆(璧山、沙坪坝)和海南(陵水)不同年份不同地点的2 a6点(次)种植,分析了7个品质性状的变异和各品质性状间的相关性。结果表明,杂交组合在不同点(次)之间精米率、整精米率和糙米率的变异系数较小,垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量的变异系数较大;不同杂交组合之间糙米率、精米率和整精米率的变异系数较小,垩白度、垩白粒率和垩白大小的变异系数均超过50%。经主成分分析,垩白度因子、糙米率因子和垩白粒率因子为影响稻米品质的3个主成分因子,三者对稻米品质的累积贡献率达90.307%。相关分析表明,精米率与糙米率呈极显著正相关,垩白度与垩白粒率和垩白大小呈极显著正相关,整精米率与垩白大小呈显著负相关。通过聚类分析,参试的10个杂交组合被分为4类,不同类别杂交组合间品质性状的差异与亲本的亲缘关系有关。为提升稻米品质,首先应侧重于垩白性状的改良,其次可通过提高糙米率、整精米率和直链淀粉含量,实现稻米品质的整体改善。     

两系杂交早稻与三系杂交早稻性状比较

分析了1986—2005年湖南省审(认)定的两系和三系杂交早稻情况,并以2001—2005年审定组合的区试资料为依据,比较了两系杂交早稻与三系杂交早稻之间的异同。与三系杂交早稻相比,两系杂交早稻具有产量较高、生育期较短、稻瘟病抗性较强等优势,但垩白粒率高,米质较差,植株偏高。无论三系还是两系组合,都需要缩短生育期、降低垩白粒率、提高抗病性特别是对稻瘟病的抗性。提出了提高杂交早稻单产需要解决的关键问题。     

特异稻种资源在杂交水稻育种中的利用

介绍了宜宾市农业科学院利用有色稻、两系不育系材料、糯稻、异常生殖器官水稻、生态远缘材料、特异中间材料、抗稻瘟病材料和矮秆材料等特异水稻种质资源选育杂交水稻亲本的成功经验,认为今后应加强籼粳中间型材料、特异原始材料的利用,并重视不同类型优良亲本间的杂交利用。     

杂交中稻氮肥农学利用率与植株地上部农艺性状关系研究

以16个杂交中稻组合为材料,在正常施氮和不施氮2个施氮水平下研究了杂交中稻氮肥农学利用率与植株地上部农艺性状的关系。结果表明,杂交中稻的氮肥农学利用率存在较大的基因型差异,组合间氮肥农学利用率与施氮处理籽粒产量呈极显著正相关。在高产正常施氮水平条件下,杂交中稻氮肥高效利用率组合要求最高苗数(x1)多,株高(x6)较高,倒3叶(x13)较窄,生物产量(x18)和结实率(x21)较高,上述性状与氮肥农学利用率(y)间存在极显著线性关系,回归方程为y=-75.8901 0.335 9x1 0.449 2x6-15.859 5x13 0.199 9x18 0.345 4x21,决定系数为89.53%。因此,这些性状可作为杂交后代及组合鉴定时田间选择的参考指标。     

稻瘟病持久抗性在三系杂交稻上的导入

 选用稻瘟病抗源外选35及其衍生系统持久抗性品种三黄占2号、三芦占7号、梅三五2号及其衍生品种矮三芦占、七黄占2号、七袋占分别与野败型不育系博A、优ⅠA、Ⅱ优A、红莲型不育系广A配制共28个组合。以IR36为抗性对照,广陆矮4号为感病对照,对杂交组合及其不育系（保持系）和抗性品种进行了人工接种稻瘟病菌抗谱测定,数量抗性测定和不同病区田间异地同步抗性鉴定。抗性分析和比较结果表明：具持久抗性品种三黄占2号、三芦占7号配制的杂交组合表现了与持久抗性品种相同的表型特征,即表现较高的质量抗性和数量抗性, 较好的田间抗性。初步认为：三黄占2号和三芦占7号的持久抗性能导入三系杂交稻组合中。     

Utilization of Aromatic Rice in Improving Grain Quality of Hybrid Rice

ThesuccessfuldevelopmentandcommercialuseofhybridricehasgreatlyraisedriceyieldlevelinChina .However ,ithasbeenagreatchallengeforbreederstoim provethegrainqualityofhybridricewithoutsacrificeofitsyield ,i.e .,todevelophybridricecombinationswithgoodgrainqualityaswellashighyield .AromaticricelikeBasmatiinIndiaandPakistanandJasmineinThailand ,isfamousforitshighqualityandu niquepleasantflavorofaroma ,soitishighlyfavoredbyriceconsumersaroundtheworld .Itmightbeaneffectiveapproachtoimprovethegrainqual…     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.     

北方两系杂交水稻籼粳特性与杂种优势的关系

选用27个两系杂交稻组合及其父本,研究了各杂交组合F1及其父本的籼粳特性与F1部分性状之间的关系。结果表明：选择分蘖力强,植株高大,结实率好的父本,可配制出强优势杂交组合。两系杂交水稻F1的株高、秆高和剑叶叶长优势与程式指数呈显著负相关。两系杂交水稻F1穗长与父本叶毛密度和稃毛密度呈显著负相关,穗粒数与父本穗节长和千粒重与父本稃毛密度呈显著负相关。     

杂交中稻新香优63高产制种技术初探

阐述了优质稻新香优63亲本新香A的生育特性、形态特征、抽穗开花习性及异交结实率等主要特性,据此提出合理父母本颖花比,巧施"九二○"等技术措施.     

Source-Sink Relationship in Intersubspecific Hybrid Rice

The yields of rice crop increased drastically after the beginning of rice green revolution symbolized by utilizing semi-dwarfing gene and the dissemination of hybrid rice. The increase in rice yield not only can handle the food crises in China but also ac…     

杂交水稻耐热性评价

 以100个杂交水稻组合为材料,于50%穗开花日起,置于最高温38℃下处理3 d,以相对结实率作为耐高温性评价指标,研究杂交水稻花期高温胁迫对结实率的影响。结果表明,Y两优646、广占63 4S×R558、宜香5979、Y两优2号以及Y两优896为耐高温组合;Ⅱ优838、丰优199与荆楚优37为高温敏感性组合。对耐热性不同的组合的来源进行分析发现,大部分具有相同母本的组合表现出一致的耐热性,说明母本对杂交水稻的耐热性起主导作用。