钟楼式单层彩钢瓦屋面肉牛棚舍的环境评价

为了解亚热带无隔热层钟楼式单层彩钢瓦屋面棚舍栓系饲养模式下的环境特征,在凤阳测定了肉牛舍的温度、湿度、气流、PM10、NH3等指标。结果:夏季,棚舍内外温湿度几乎相同,换气量超过了最大换气量,PM10优于卫生标准,温湿指数范围为78～87,肉牛处于热应激状态。考虑了气流影响的体感温度范围为25.1～32.2℃,气流显著地减少了高温的影响。晴天棚顶内外表面温度最大相差1.2℃,棚顶隔热能力差,棚顶内表面最高可达48.3℃,此时的舍内气温仅为33.1℃,棚舍自然换气调节是环境控制的主体,适当架高棚顶,开设钟楼换气口有利于畜舍通风换气。冬季,舍内温度范围为-1～7.5℃,舍外温度范围-3.3～5.5℃,温差仅2℃,舍内风速为0.2～0.4 m/s,舍外风速为1.01～2.53 m/s。舍内湿度高于舍外,超过了肉牛生长的适宜湿度范围,NH3浓度优于卫生标准,冬季棚舍四周围挡塑料薄膜,减少了换气量,保温作用弱,空气质量下降。     

Annual Dynamic Research of Thermal Environment of Dairy Cowshed in Free Stall-feeding with Window

The objective of this study was to investigate the annual dynamic of thermal environment of dairy cowshed in free stall-feeding with window. Through continuous detection of the dairy cowshed for 12 months of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, the annual variations in these 3 parameters were analyzed. The results indicated that the indoor air temperature was high at noon and low in both the morning and evening, while the opposite tendency in the relative humidity was observed. The indoor air temperature was above 25℃ for 7.5 to 10 h daily in summer, especially in June, the indoor air temperature was higher than outdoor air temperature. In December, the indoor wind speed was almost 0 m/s. From the comprehensive index analysis, during the period of 09:30~19:30 in summer, the temperature humidity index (THI) was above 72, which made dairy cows suffer from mild heat stress. The wind chill temperature (WCT) was not below -10℃ in winter, and the dairy cows did not suffer from cold stress. In conclusion, not only heatstroke prevention in summer but also ventilation enhanced in winter for this dairy cowshed should be paid more attention.     

舍饲散栏有窗奶牛舍温热环境的年动态研究

为研究寒区奶牛舍温热环境的年动态变化,试验选择河北省承德市某规模化奶牛场一栋散栏有窗奶牛舍,连续12个月监测舍内外的气温、相对湿度和风速并分析其规律。结果表明,全年奶牛舍内、外气温均表现为中午高、早晚低的规律性变化,相对湿度则表现出相反的规律。夏季（6~8月）每天有7.5~10 h舍内气温高于25℃,且在6月出现了舍内气温高于舍外气温的现象。12月舍内风速几乎全天为0 m/s。从综合指数分析,夏季每天09∶30~19∶30（10 h）舍内温湿指数（THI）均超过72,奶牛处于轻度热应激状态;冬季的风寒温度（WCT）均未低于－10℃,奶牛不遭受冷应激。综合以上结果,对于寒区散栏有窗奶牛舍,夏季应加强防暑降温措施,冬季加强通风换气。     

西北地区冬季肉牛养殖环境控制及管理措施研究

为了改善西北地区冬季肉牛养殖的环境、福利状况,提高肉牛生产水平,试验将环境控制(控制牛舍通风、铺加垫料、增加清粪次数)和管理措施(饮用温水)应用于实际生产,并通过检测牛舍环境、牛体清洁度、日增重等指标来评价改进措施的综合应用效果。结果表明:控制牛舍通风、铺加垫料、增加清粪次数能显著提高牛舍内最低气温和地面温度,对牛舍内日平均气温没有显著影响;降低舍内风速的同时增加了湿度、二氧化碳和氨气浓度,但总的来说在一定程度上改善了牛舍内的环境状况;对牛体清洁度、日增重没有显著影响。说明给牛饮10℃的温水能显著提高肉牛日增重,值得推广。     

Survey of transport environments of circus tigers (Panthera tigris).

The type of equipment used to transport circus tigers, environmental factors experienced during transport, and resultant body temperatures of tigers transported were surveyed during hot and cold weather conditions with six different circus tiger acts. Dataloggers recorded interior and exterior temperatures, relative humidity, and radiant heat at 5-min intervals during each trip. Microdataloggers fed to the tigers recorded body temperature and were recovered from eight Bengal (Panthera tigris tigris), Siberian (P. t. altaica), or Bengal-Sumatran (P. t. tigris-P. t. sumatrae) cross tigers from four different circuses. Three basic types of systems were used by circus acts to transport tigers: freestanding cages mounted on wheels that were winched or pushed into a semitrailer for transport, cages built into the trailer itself, and weather-resistant units transported on flatbed railcars or flatbed truck trailers. The highest temperature encountered inside a trailer was 37.3 degrees C in hot weather conditions, but overall, temperatures were usually between 21.1-26.7 degrees C. Temperature inside the trailers did not appear to be affected by movement and did not generally exceed ambient temperatures, indicating adequate insulation and passive ventilation. During cold weather trips, the lowest temperature inside the trailers was -1.1 degrees C, occurring during an overnight stop. Interior temperatures during cold weather transport stayed 2-6 degrees C warmer than ambient temperatures. The body temperatures of the tigers were unaffected by extreme temperatures. The only changes observed in body temperature were increases of 1-2 degrees C caused by activity and excitement associated with loading in several groups of tigers, regardless of whether it was hot or cold weather. Whenever measured, carbon monoxide and ammonia were below the detectable concentrations of 10 and 1 ppm. respectively. Overall, transport did not appear to have any adverse effects on the tigers' ability to thermoregulate.     

夏季采用湿帘通风系统的密闭式肉种鸡舍温热环境因子的变化

选择华南农业大学增城正大肉鸡发展中心的肉种鸡舍为研究对象,在夏季分别对该鸡舍的气温、气湿、风速等温热环境因子进行测定,用以评价该鸡舍采用的湿帘通风系统对鸡舍内温热环境因子的调节效果。结果表明,夏季采用湿帘通风系统的鸡舍平均舍温比舍外气温低3~4℃,相对湿度保持在80%左右;夏季采用湿帘通风系统可以有效地降低舍温,主要表现为前端降温效果明显,后部降温效果有所下降;中间比两侧的降温效果好。表明夏季采用湿帘通风系统对种鸡舍内的温热环境控制较好。     

The effects of stock crate design and stocking density on environmental conditions for lambs on road transport vehicles

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of variations in stock crate design (especially ventilation) and stocking density on road transport vehicles for reducing the risk of environmental stress for lambs during long-haul transport in hot weather. METHODS: In Experiment 1, lambs were transported on vehicles fitted with either a newer-design aluminium crate comprising a three-deck truck and four-deck trailer, or an older-design, more open, steel crate of a three-deck truck and three-deck trailer. In Experiment 2, lambs were transported on newer-design vehicles at either standard stocking density (0.20 m2 per 35 kg lamb) or at a 20% lower density (0.26 m2 per 35 kg lamb). In each experiment, each journey was replicated twice and consisted of travel periods and stationary periods designed to emulate conditions associated with an inter-island ferry crossing. Air ammonia concentrations and temperature and humidity were monitored within six pens on each vehicle, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. RESULTS: Ammonia concentrations were variable and generally 50 ppm, and did not vary significantly with treatment. The THI increased when the vehicles were stationary, especially under conditions designed to emulate an enclosed ferry deck. The ambient temperature during Experiment 1 was moderate (up to 21 degrees C), and THI was slightly lower in the older-design crate. High ambient temperatures (up to 33 degrees C) were present during Experiment 2, and THI was significantly lower at the lower stock density. During a 3-h stationary period, the peak THI at standard stocking density was 91.0, compared with 84.9 for the low density treatment (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For standard road transport vehicles used for long-haul transport of lambs, lowered loading density may be of considerable benefit in alleviating conditions that increase the risk of lamb deaths during inter-island transport on hot days.     

湛江地区肉牛棚舍环境评价

为了解热带地区双坡式棚舍散栏饲养模式下的环境特征,在湛江测定了肉牛舍的温度、湿度、气流、PM10等指标。结果表明:棚舍内外温湿度几乎相同,换气量超过了最大换气量,PM10优于卫生标准,温湿指数范围为78～85,处于热应激状态。考虑了气流影响的体感温度范围为25～30.5℃,晴天的14:00和19:00,风速为0.95～1.30 m/s,气流显著地减少了高温的影响。棚顶隔热能力差,晴天棚顶内外表面温差不足1℃,棚顶内表面最高可达60.8℃,此时的舍内气温仅为33.4℃,棚舍自然换气调节是环境控制的主体。     

开放式肉牛育肥舍冬季环境的测试与分析

为了解开放式肉牛育肥舍冬季存在的环境问题并探讨问题产生的原因,试验对其冬季的主要温热环境和空气质量指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明:开放式肉牛育肥舍在黑龙江省冬季存在温度低、湿度大、空气质量差等问题,需要提高外围护结构的保温隔热能力、完善通风换气系统的设计并加强日常的环境管理。     

Evaluation on Air Environment of a Large Tower Type Cowshed for Dairy Cattle in Northern China

In this study, the air environment quality indicators of a large tower type cowshed for dairy cattle in North China were monitored and evaluated at all seasons of one year, including the indicators of thermal environment, the content of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), microbe and the dust in the air. The objective was to study the change rules of the mentioned indicators, to evaluate whether this type of cowshed could meet the production requirements, and to provide theoretical basis for the design and daily management of the cowshed in the Northern region of China. The results showed that all the indicators mentioned above varied with seasons and time to some extent. The wind speed inside was below the standard of dairy cattle cowshed in summer, and the temperature in 14∶00 of summer was above 27 ℃, and THI was beyond 69, so the dairy cattle suffered slight heat stress in summer. The other air environment quality indicators monitored in any time and any space all met the standard. In conclusion, the tower type cowshed monitored was suitable for dairy cattle in North China, but some facilities should be added to decrease the temperature and the heat stress in summer.     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

Effect of the microclimate on horses during international air transportation in an enclosed container

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the microclimate is detrimental to horses during international air transportation in an enclosed container. PROCEDURE: On each of two 12 h and two 24 h flights three horses were transported in an enclosed container designed to prevent exposure to insect vectors. Heart rates were monitored throughout and blood samples were collected periodically. Air in the container was sampled for bacteria and fungal spores and the temperature and relative humidity were recorded inside and outside the container periodically during the flight. On the two 12 h flights similar observations were made on three horses transported in regular open containers, which were used as controls. RESULTS: Heart rates during the flights reflected any agitation of the horses. Agitation was only mild and generally associated with take-off and landing. There were no changes in haematological or blood biochemical values that suggested any detrimental effects of the flights. The temperature in the Airstable was relatively constant during each flight (means ranged from 18.7 to 23.4 degrees C) and was significantly warmer than in the cargo hold (range 13.9 to 18.3 degrees C). Relative humidity fluctuated more widely and reflected the ambient humidity during airport stops. The numbers of bacteria and fungal spores in the Airstable air varied during the flights but were of no apparent significance to the horses' health. CONCLUSION: The Airstable proved a convenient means to transport horses on international flights and caused no discernible ill effects on the horses studied.     

南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标比较

试验旨在比较分析南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标。主要测定了舍内温度、相对湿度、噪音、细菌密度、氨气浓度和温湿度指数等指标并分析了其间的相关性。结果表明:温度在四季间差异显著(P<0.05),夏季高达32.43℃,冬季低至1.53℃;春季、夏季和秋季的相对湿度显著高于冬季(P<0.05);温湿度指数(THI)在四季间差异显著(P<0.05);夏季和冬季的噪音显著高于春季和秋季(P<0.05);春季和秋季的细菌密度显著高于夏季和冬季(P<0.05);夏季氨气浓度为3.92 mg/m^3,显著高于其他季节的(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,一年中,牛舍温度与THI呈正高度相关关系(P<0.01),其余指标间相关性不高(|r|<0.70)或不相关(P>0.05)。另外,季节内的环境指标相关性分析表明:秋、冬季的温度和THI间皆呈正相关(P<0.01),冬季的温度与细菌密度呈正相关(P<0.05);春季的THI、噪音和细菌密度三者之间均呈正相关(P<0.05);秋季的氨气浓度与噪音高度也呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。综上,南方地区发酵床奶牛舍内,四季的环境卫生指标均达到了卫生标准,但夏季THI较高为85.36,奶牛易处于中度热应激状态。     

北方农牧交错区奶牛场舍内外温热环境指标的监测与评价

本试验选择内蒙古西部农牧交错区某奶牛场作为试验地点,对泌乳牛舍一年四季空气温热环境指标进行了监测与评价,以供牛舍设计与管理者参考。测定结果显示,北方农牧交错地区建造封闭式牛舍,夏季应考虑增加通风降温措施,而冬季则应考虑如何解决保温与通风之间的矛盾。     

层叠式立体笼养肉鸡舍秋冬季节环境参数研究

试验旨在对商品肉鸡层叠式立体养殖模式的环境参数进行监控,分析不同季节笼养肉鸡环境参数的差异,为科学养殖提供数据支撑。选择规模化肉鸡养殖场的同一栋鸡舍,在秋季和冬季饲养周期中,采用分次多点测量法,连续监测3~6周龄肉鸡舍内温度、湿度和空气质量,测定点均匀分布在舍内4个位置,比较秋季和冬季舍内环境参数的变化。结果显示,在肉鸡生长后期,冬季舍内环境温度略高于秋季,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;秋季舍内湿度显著高于冬季（P＜0.05）,两个季节的温湿度均可满足不同日龄肉鸡生长需求。有害气体和微生物检测结果显示,冬季舍内氨气浓度略高于秋季,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冬季舍内二氧化碳浓度显著高于秋季（P＜0.05）;同时冬季舍内空气微生物总菌数显著高于秋季（P＜0.05）。层叠式立体笼养肉鸡舍内温度在不同季节可保持恒定;在冬季饲养期,舍内湿度降低,二氧化碳浓度升高,空气微生物总菌数升高。因此,冬季饲养肉鸡在做好保温的同时应适当增加通风换气。     

Study on Environmental Quality Parameters in Broiler House with Three-overlap Cages in Winter and Autumn

The study was conducted to detect the indoor environmental quality parameters of broiler house with three-overlap cages and analyze the differences in winter and autumn. In the process of feeding, the same farming house in the same farm was chosen to carry out the test. The indoor ambient temperature, humidity and the air quality were determined in chicken house in different seasons. The measure points were distributed in 4 different positions in the house. The experiment period was from 3 to 6 weeks of broilers.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the ambient temperature between autumn and winter during experimental period (P >0.05). The ambient temperature in the house in winter was slightly higher than in autumn. The humidity in autumn was significantly higher than that in winter (P <0.05).The temperature and humidity in two seasons could meet the requirements of broiler growth. There was no significant difference in ammonia concentration between autumn and winter, while ammonia level in winter was slightly higher than that in autumn. The carbon dioxide in the house was significantly higher in winter than that in autumn (P <0.05). The total number of airborne bacteria in winter was significantly higher than that in autumn (P <0.05). The indoor temperature kept constant in autumn and winter seasons in closed poultry house. In winter, the humidity was reduced, the carbon dioxide concentration was increased, and the total number of bacteria in the air was increased.So, the ventilation should increase at the same time of heating in winter.     

The effects of stationary periods and external temperature and humidity on thermal stress conditions within sheep transport vehicles

AIM: To identify the contributions of stationary periods and external climatic environments to thermal stress conditions for sheep on livestock transport vehicles during journeys in summer. METHODS: Two livestock transport vehicles carrying sheep, operating under commercial conditions in New Zealand, were monitored during February and March 2002. Temperature and humidity were logged in five pens inside each vehicle, as well as externally. From these data, the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Global positioning equipment was used to log the location of the vehicle and whether it was moving or stationary. Regression analysis was used to identify factors that made a significant contribution to the THI within the vehicle. Regression models included the effects of vehicle, journey, initial ambient temperature or THI, pen position and duration of each stationary period. RESULTS: The THI in the livestock pens generally increased when vehicles were stationary. The highest THI value (95) was recorded in a vehicle on an enclosed deck of a Cook Strait ferry. Ambient conditions, the initial THI of a pen, and duration of the stationary period were all significant contributors to increases in the THI. Some increases in the THI occurred in stationary vehicles despite ambient conditions being mild, suggesting that lack of airflow was a critical factor. During stationary periods, 34% of THI readings exceeded 75, and, on average, the THI increased by 0.16 for every minute of a stationary period. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in the THI that could be detrimental to the welfare of sheep could occur on stationary sheep transport vehicles at most daytime ambient temperatures during summer. For a given stocking density and vehicle design, the THI of a pen increased in proportion to the duration of the stationary period. Mild ambient conditions (<25 degrees C) provided some protection against excessive THI increases if the duration of the stop was limited, but drivers are best advised to park their vehicles where there is airflow, and to minimise the duration of stops where possible. Livestock transport vehicles during summer should not be placed on enclosed ferry decks where airflow is absent or minimal.     

LPCV牛舍夏季湿帘风机系统运行模拟分析

为研究LPCV牛舍夏季舍内环境变化规律,为LPCV牛舍提供合理的湿帘风机运行方案,本文以沈阳地区某六排低屋面横向通风牛舍为研究对象,采用计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,分别在沈阳夏季设计工况和极端最热工况下对舍内环境进行三维数值模拟,分析两种工况条件下舍内的温度和...     

Effect of density and season on stress and behaviour in broiler breeder hens

1. We examined the effect of density (5, 7, 9 and 11 birds/m2) and season (summerand winter; different hens each season) on stress and behaviour in two flocks of 64 broiler breeder females divided among 8 pens. 2. The hens, approximately the same age and body mass in each season, were maintained on hard-packed ground, without litter, in an open-sided chicken house and were offered the same amount of food each season. 3. Mean house max/min temperatures varied between 18 and 33 degrees C in summer and 7 and 17 degrees C in winter. Mean relative humidity in summer varied between 68% at 08:00 h and 42% at 14:00 h and in winter was 64% at 08:00 h and 47% at 14:00 h. 4. No difference was found in heterophil:lymphocyte ratios among densities and between seasons; however, basophil numbers were higher in winter than in summer indicating prolonged stress in winter. 5. Stereotyped pecking increased with an increase in density and was higher in winter than in summer. Pecking on the ground was higher in winter, but was not affected by density. 6. In summer the hens spent more time lying and eating than in winter, whereas in winter the hens spent more time walking, preening and drinking than in summer. They spent the same amount of time standing in both seasons. None of these behaviours was density dependent. 7. We conclude that season had more of an effect than density on stress and behaviour in broiler breeder hens under the conditions of our study.     

Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows

Estimates of environmental heat stress are required for heat stress relief measures in cattle. Heat stress is commonly assessed by the temperature-humidity index (THI), the sum of dry and wet bulb temperatures. The THI does not include an interaction between temperature and humidity, although evaporative heat loss increases with rising air temperature. Coat, air velocity, and radiation effects also are not accounted for in the THI. The Holstein dairy cow is the primary target of heat stress relief, followed by feedlot cattle. Heat stress may be estimated for a variety of conditions by thermal balance models. The models consist of animal-specific data (BW, metabolic heat production, tissue and coat insulation, skin water loss, coat depth, and minimal and maximal tidal volumes) and of general heat exchange equations. A thermal balance simulation model was modified to adapt it for Holstein cows by using Holstein data for the animal characteristics in the model, and was validated by comparing its outputs to experimental data. Model outputs include radiant, convective, skin evaporative, respiratory heat loss and rate of change of body temperature. Effects of milk production (35 and 45 kg/d), hair coat depth (3 and 6 mm), air temperature (20 to 45 degrees C), air velocity (0.2 to 2.0 m/s), air humidity (0.8 to 3.9 kPa), and exposed body surface (100, 75, and 50%) on thermal balance outputs were examined. Environmental conditions at which respiratory heat loss attained approximately 50% of its maximal value were defined as thresholds for intermediate heat stress. Air velocity increased and humidity significantly decreased threshold temperatures, particularly at higher coat depth. The effect of air velocity was amplified at high humidity. Increasing milk production from 35 to 45 kg/d decreased threshold temperature by 5 degrees C. In the lying cow, the lower air velocity in the proximity of body surface and the smaller exposed surface markedly decrease threshold temperature. The large variation in thresholds due to environmental and animal factors justifies the use of thermal balance-based indices for estimating heat stress. Such an approach may make possible estimates of threshold temperatures at which heat stress relief is required for widely different cattle types and environmental situations.