1973-2017年山西省审定大豆品种的系谱分析

为给大豆亲本选配和育种提供有益借鉴,本文对1973-2017年山西省审定的84份大豆品种进行了系谱分析,归纳出山西省大豆品种的祖先亲本和骨干亲本。山西省审定的84份大豆品种,主要来源于晋豆1号、晋豆19和徐豆1号三大家族。84份大豆品种基因库源于110个祖先亲本,细胞核祖先亲本有110个,细胞质祖先亲本有39个。核遗传贡献率最大的祖先亲本有大白麻,其次是滨海大白花、铜山天鹅蛋、Mamatan等16个种质。细胞质遗传贡献率最大的是大白麻,其次是丹66-12、京谷玉。山西省育成的84个大豆品种中,形成系谱的品种占育成品种总数的80.95%。晋豆1号作为亲本育成36个大豆品种,占育成品种总数的42.9%,为山西省大豆育种做出了重大贡献。     

甘蔗云瑞创新亲本与国外引进亲本间组合的DTOPSIS评价

采用DTOPSIS法对18个云瑞创新亲本与国外引进亲本的组合后代群体的工农艺性状进行综合评价,评价结果:Hocp95-988×云瑞06-8270、VMC95-88×云瑞06-4806、ya84-125×云端07-336、云瑞07-596×VMC95-09、Hocp95-988×云端06-4337、M336×云瑞06-8270、云瑞06-6003×CP34-425、ya80-50×云瑞06-74、VMC95-09×云瑞06-4679这9个组合的综合表现优于双对照ROC22(CK1)和粤糖93-159(CK_2),从优良组合中进一步筛选材料,可为生产性亲本或新品种选育提供特异性的育种材料。     

合丰号大豆品种系谱分析

合丰号大豆 32个品种 84 .4 %来源于满仓金、荆山朴、丰收 6号×克山四粒黄、丰收 1号×蓑衣领四个族系。其基因库源于 33个祖先亲本。细胞核祖先亲本有 33个 ,细胞质祖先亲本有 8个。核遗传贡献率较大的祖先亲本为金元 (18.7% )、四粒黄 (18.3% )、白眉 (6 .9% )、十胜长叶 (5 .9% )、小粒豆九号 (5 .6 % )等。细胞质遗传贡献率最大的是四粒黄 (46 .7% ) ,其次是小粒豆九号(16 .7% )、白眉 (13.3% )。合丰号大豆直接利用亲本 36个。利用国内优良亲本克 4 430 - 2 0、合交80 0 9- 16 12等成功地育成了合丰 2 5号、合丰 35号等高产稳产大豆品种 ;利用国外抗病品种Ohio、Rampage、Wilkin直接作亲本育成高抗灰斑病品种 4个。合丰号大豆品种有 16个具有国外血缘 ,占品种总数的 5 0 %。随着年代的推移 ,合丰号大豆的细胞核、细胞质祖先亲本发生了变化。不同年代有其不同的主要贡献者 ,合丰号大豆遗传多样性是其成功的关键。制定一个祖先品种核质在新品种中达到新的更高水平协调的育种方案非常重要     

甘薯育种亲本及组合评价

对南充市农业科学研究所“十五”期间主要选用的甘薯亲本材料作母本、父本组合的实生苗及其后代表现进行分析,其结果,84-2315、9014-3、AB940078-1、绵粉一号、徐薯18、浙13、三合薯、台农10号是较好的高淀粉育种亲本材料。高淀粉育种应该利用这些亲本多配组合或进行集团杂交,以期从其后代中筛选高淀粉甘薯新品种。84-2315、9014-3、潮薯一号、绵粉一号、徐薯18、南薯99、农林10号、坦桑尼亚是较好的高产饲用型育种亲本材料,高产饲料型品种选育应利用这些亲本材料多配组合或进行集团杂交,以期从其后代中筛选高产饲料型甘薯新品种。     

甘蔗杂交后代主要荧光性状的遗传力及配合力分析

以6×3不完全双列杂交NCⅡ）衍生的18个家系实生苗为材料,对主要荧光性状PSIⅡ原初光能转换率（FvFo）、PS Ⅱ潜在活性（FvFm）、光合量子产额（Y）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学猝灭系数（qN）的遗传力和配合力进行分析。结果表明∶FvFo,FvFm、Y、qN、qP的遗传主要受基因的非加性效应所制约,这些荧光性状的广义遗传力（h?）变幅为27.46%个44.38%;亲本赣75-65和崖84-153各荧光性状一般配合力为正值且较大,是配合力较好的高光效亲本;根据配合力总效应,综合表现较好的高光效组合有赣75-65崖84-153,,,桂69-156×崖84-153、CP81-1254崖 84-153,CP65-357崖82-96。     

广西育成大豆品种亲本分析

为提高优异品种选育效率，本研究对广西已育成的39个大豆品种系谱进行追溯，分析其亲本组配方式、地理来源及细胞核（质）遗传贡献，结果表明，育成的39个大豆品种（春大豆28个，夏大豆11个）来源于40个细胞核祖先亲本，17个细胞质祖先亲本；来源于广西本地、外省和国外祖先亲本的核（质）遗传贡献率分别为39.42 %（58.98%）、45.75 %（38.46%）和14.83 %（2.56%）；核祖先亲本主要来源于广西本地及生态条件相近的我国南方、巴西和美国。春大豆育成品种细胞质祖先亲本主要来源于广西、湖北和北京，夏大豆育成品种细胞质祖先亲本主要来源于广西、湖北和上海；2006年以来，96%的大豆育成品种是以育成品种和国外引种作为亲本组配而成；归纳出靖西早黄豆等8个核心春大豆祖先亲本，平果豆等5个夏大豆核心祖先亲本。广西大豆育成品种核遗传基础较为丰富，但还需加强新种质研究利用，以扩大品种的核质基础。        

孟加拉国伊舒尔迪甘蔗的开花，花粉活力和雌蕊特性

本研究试验了13个甘蔗品种．品系和15个甘蔗杂种的开花时间、开花高峰期以及开花期花序大小、花序特性和花粉粒大小等几方面的生殖生物学。研究结果表明，CI 85-80、I 327-86、Isd 16和CoL 73等四个亲本的能育花粉少，仅4-18％．比较适合做母本，而I 101-66、BC2、I523-86、CP 44-154、I 95-78、I 28-80和Co 530等几个亲本的花粉粒比较正常，健康，能育花粉含量达50—95％，适合做父本。记载了柱头和花柱长度等重要特性的差异。有几个亲本比其它亲本的雌蕊长，雌蕊长的亲本，露出花外的柱头就比较多，柱头具有较多的乳突，吸附花粉的效率就比较高。     

中国热带农业科学院知识产权工作现状及发展建议

PR107是从国外引进的优良橡胶树抗风高产品种，于20世纪在海南、广东的中风轻寒区及云南的轻、中寒区大规模推广种植，由该品种衍生的大规模推广级品种热研7-33-97、文昌11、大丰95和云研77-4等在中国天然橡胶产业的发展中发挥着重要作用。为探讨PR107作为亲本在中国橡胶树育种上的利用价值，笔者分析了该品种在中国推广种植的适应性、农艺性状表现、刺激割胶生理效应、主要衍生品种的特性等。结果表明：PR107生势中等、晚熟、干胶含量高、耐刺激、较不耐寒、抗风性较好。以PR107为亲本，育种工作者先后育成了热     

黄淮海地区近20年来育成大豆品种亲本分析

为了解黄淮海地区育成品种的亲本情况,对包括北京地区、河北省、山西省、山东省、河南省、江苏省和安徽省等黄淮海地区近20年来育成品种的亲本进行了系统的分析。结果表明:1996-2016年黄淮海地区共育成了415个品种,其中北京地区育成品种最多,为87个,江苏省育成品种最少,为39个。北京地区平均每个品种含有亲本数最少,为1.08个,安徽省平均每个品种含有亲本数最多,为1.39个。北京地区和安徽省亲本多使用外地种质,北京地区和河北省使用国外种质育成品种较多,河南省亲本多来自本省。分析还发现来自河南省的豫豆8号、豫豆10号和来自北京地区的中黄13、早熟18以及来自山东省的鲁豆4号和鲁豆11等品种在多个地区当作亲本使用,育成了较多的品种。     

高产优质大豆新品种鲁豆9号的选育

高产优质大豆新品种鲁豆９号的选育一、品种来源山东省菏泽地区农科所大豆研究室以菏７５２８（菏６８６８×威菜姆斯）为父本，菏７４０５（跃进４号×梁山大黄豆）为母本，通过有性杂交，并用钴＿６０—ｒ射线辐射Ｆ＿１代种子，系谱法选育而成，于１９９３年５月通过了...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.