石漠化生态恢复过程中土壤磷含量的比较研究(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to study change law of phosphorus content of soil in karst rocky desertification region(KRD) during eco-restoration process such as Northwest Guangxi Province.[Method] The soil samples were collected from typical KRD in Pingguo County and Yizhou City.The determining quotas of different soil samples such as soil total phosphorus content and available phosphorus content were detected,in addition the soil total phosphorus content,available phosphorus content, urease activity, catalase activity and organic matter content in different soil samples were analyzed comparatively.[Result] Aspect,vegetation type and recovery time generated obviously influences on phosphorus contents in different soil samples.The concrete influence order was listed as follow: phosphorus content in soil of south slope was higher than that in soil of north slope;phosphorus content in soil where Zenia insignis Chun was planted was higher than that in soil of closed forest and that of soil where Dendrocalamus minor Var. amoen was planted,additionally,phosphorus increased with recovery time. Urease activity could be used as a monitoring index of soil fertility because it is related to the change of phosphorus content.[Conclusion] The soil of karst rocky desertification region in Northwest Guangxi Province could be recovered gradually if excessive human disturbance was stopped.If proper natural method of recovery promoted by human was taken,the recovery would reach a better result.     

聚丙烯酰胺处理土壤不同粒径团聚体中磷吸附和解析特性的研究(英文)

[Objective]The research aimed to provide scientific reference for reasonable utilization of polyacrylamide(PAM).[Method]After PAM treatment,the soil aggregates were classified through dry sieve analysis and the adsorption capacity and desorption capacity of all soil aggregates to phosphorus at different phosphorus concentrations were analyzed.[Result] The phosphorus adsorption and desorption of soil sample treated by PAM declined. The amount of phosphorus adsorption increased with the increase of phosphorus concentration and this increase was fast in low phosphorus concentration area but slow in high phosphorus concentration area.At different phosphorus concentrations,adsorption showed a へ shape changing trend.The phosphorus adsorption was related to phosphorus concentration and the 2-3 mm aggregate had the highest desorption rate while 0.1-0.25 mm aggregate and 0.45-1 mm aggregate had lowest desorption rate.[Conclusion]The PAM treatment generated significant influence on phosphorus adsorption and analytic features of aggregate in all size fractions.     

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

A Fractal Method of Estimating Soil Structure Changes Under Different Vegetations on Ziwuling Mountains of the Loess Plateau, China

Fractal method is a new method to estimate soil structure. It has been shown to be a useful tool in studies related to physical properties of soil as well as erosion and other hydrological processes. Fractal dimension was used to study the soil structure in soil at different stages of vegetative succession on the Ziwuling Mountains. The land use and vegetation types included cultivated land, abandoned land, grassland, two types of shrub land, and three types of forests. The grassland, shrub land, and forested areas represented a continuum in vegetative succession that had occurred naturally, as the land was abandoned in 1862. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from ten vegetation types from depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm on the Ziwuling Mountains, at a site with an elevation of about 1 500 m. Particle size distribution was determined by the pipette method and aggregate size distribution was determined by wet sieving. The results were used to calculate the particle and aggregate fractal dimension. The results showed that particle and aggregate fractal dimensions varied between vegetation types. There was a positive correlation between the particle fractal dimension and the weight of particles with diameter 〈 0.001 mm, but no relationship between particle fractal dimension and the other particle size classes. Particle fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared to cropland and there was no consistent relationship between fractal dimension and vegetation type. Aggregate fractal dimension was positively correlated with the weight of 〉 0.25 mm aggregates. Aggregate fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared with cropland. In contrast to particle fractal dimension, aggregate fractal dimension described changes in soil structure associated with vegetative succession. The results of this study indicate that aggregate fractal dimension is more effective in describing soil structure and function compared with particle fractal dimension.     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Balsam Pear （Momordica charantia L.） by ISSR Marker

[Objective] The aim was to explore the relationship between the classification and regional distribution of balsam pear.[Method] In the research,30 varieties of balsam pear were analyzed by ISSR marker.[Result] The research showed that 172 bands were amplified by 18 primers,in which,132 bands were polymorphism and the polymorphic proportion was 76.7％.All of the samples can be divided into four categories by UPGMA analysis.[Conclusion] The results indicated that the classification of balsam pear is similar as varieties＇ regional distribution,which will be useful for genetic relationships analysis and parents selection in hybridization breeding.     

Root Function in Nutrient Uptake and Soil Water Effect on NO3- -N and NH4＋-N Migration

Root function in uptake of nutrients and the effect of soil water on the transfer and distribution of NO3^--N in arable soil were studied using summer maize （Zea mays L. var. Shandan 9） as a testing crop. Results showed that root growth and water supply had a significant effect on NO3^--N transfer and made NO3^--N distributed evenly from bulk soil to rhizosphere soil. Under a natural condition with irrigation, the difference of NO3^--N concentration at different distance points from a maize plant was smaller, while obvious difference of NO3^--N concentration was observed under conditions of limited root growth space without irrigation. Whether root growth space was restricted or not, the content of soil NO3^--N decreased gradually from 10 to 0 cm from the plant, being opposite to the root absorbing area in soils. When root-grown space was limited, changes of NO3^--N concentration at different distances from a plant were similar to that of water content in tendency. Results showed that NO3^--N could be transferred as solute to plant root systems with water uptake by plants. However, the transfer and distribution of NH4^--N were not influenced by root growth and soil water supply, being different to NO3^--N.     

Spatial Interpolation and Sample Size Optimization for Soil Copper （Cu） Investigation in Cropland Soil at County Scale Using Cokriging

Knowledge on spatial distribution and sampling size optimization of soil copper （Cu） could lay solid foundations for environmetal quality survey of agricultural soils at county scale. In this investigation, cokriging method was used to conduct the interpolation of Cu concentraiton in cropland soil in Shuangliu County, Sichuan Province, China. Based on the original 623 physicochmically measured soil samples, 560, 498, and 432 sub-samples were randomly selected as target variable and soil organic matter （SOM） of the whole original samples as auxiliary variable. Interpolation results using Cokriging under different sampling numbers were evaluated for their applicability in estimating the spatial distribution of soil Cu at county sacle. The results showed that the root mean square error （RMSE） produced by Cokriging decreased from 0.9 to 7.77%, correlation coefficient between the predicted values and the measured increased from 1.76 to 9.76% in comparison with the ordinary Kriging under the corresponding sample sizes. The prediction accuracy using Cokriging was still higher than original 623 data using ordinary Kriging even as sample size reduced 10%, and their interpolation maps were highly in agreement. Therefore, Cokriging was proven to be a more accurate and economic method which could provide more information and benefit for the studies on spatial distribution of soil pollutants at county scale.     

Simulation of water and nitrogen dynamics as affected by drip fertigation strategies

The aim of drip fertigation is synchronising the application of water and nutrients with crop requirements, and maintaining the proper concentration and distribution of nutrient and water in the soil. The wetting patterns and nutrient distributions under drip fertigation have been proved to be closely related to the fertigation strategies. In order to find out the critical factors that affect the nutrient distribution under different drip fertigaiton strategies, a computer simulation model HYDRUS2D/3D was used to simulate the water and nitrate distribution for various fertigation strategies from a surface point source. Simulation results were compared with the observed ones from our previous studies. A 15° wedge-shaped plexiglass container was used in our experiment to represent one-twenty-fourth of the complete cylinder. The height of container is 40 cm, and the radius is 41 cm. The ammonium nitrate solution was added through a no. 7 needle connected to a Mariotte tube with a flexible hose. The soil water content, nitrate and ammonium concentrations were measured. The comparison of simulated and observed data demonstrated that the model performed reliably. The numerical analysis for various fertigation strategies from a surface point source showed that:(1) The total amount of irrigation water, the concentration of the fertilizer solution and the amount of pure water used to flush the pipeline after fertilizer solution application are the three critical factors influencing the distribution of water and fertilizer nitrogen in the soil.(2) The fresh water irrigation duration prior to fertigation has no obvious effect on nitrate distribution. The longer flushing time period after fertigation resulted in nitrate accumulation closer to the wetting front. From the point of avoiding the possibility of nitrate loss from the root zone, we recommended that the flushing time period should be as shorter as possible.(3) For a given amount of fertilizer, higher concentration of the fertilizer applied solution reduces the potential of nitrate leaching in drip irrigation system. While, lower concentration of the fertilizer solution resulted in an uniform distribution of nitrate band closer to the wetted front.     

Study the Physical,Chemical, Mineralogical,and Geo-technical Properties of Soils Used in Pottery Industries,Kurdistan-lraq

The study area is located in Duhok and Sulaimania province in Kurdistan region, lraq. Study soils developed from parent material that has derived from limestone. Randomize, composed and disturbed surface soil samples were collected. The bulk soils were air dried, crushed and passed through 2 mm sieve. Standard methods were used for chemical, physical, geotechnical and mineralogical analyses of soil samples. The results indicated that the study soils texture were clay to loam clay, this texture was considered as suitable for ceramic and pottery industries as a result of increasing clay contents that ranged between 301 g/kg and 676 g/kg. Soil consistence depending on geotechnical properties increased the ability of study soils for resistance rapture and deformation. Existence the high amount of cementing agents in study soils such as organic matter, iron oxides and particularly total carbonate （247.2-308.8 g/kg） act to reduce the bad effect of the smectite minerals group （high shrinkage） in soils of study locations through increasing the resistance of these soils for rupture and deformation. The existing of Kaolinite, palygorskite and chlorite allows clay to be dried in ceramic and pottery industries without cracking from shrinkage. Study soils were different in their colors as a result of existence, different pigmentation materials that led to coloring soils with different colors in turn caused coloring of pottery and ceramic materials. Since, there are no available academic studies or researches about this subject in Kurdistan region in addition the clay pottery and ceramic sector still has a good market at the same time using this type of soils for arts, therefore, this study was conducted.     

西瓜枯萎病土壤拮抗菌的筛选(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen bacteria strains with stable antagonistic effect against watermelon fusarium wilt from soil and investigate the biological control of watermelon fusarium wilt by applying the antagonistic bacteria strains into soil.[Method] Actinomycete strains,fluorescent bacteria strains and bacillus strains were isolated from soil samples by the dilution-plate method,then its resistance was screened respectively by the improved confront culture method after colonies were purified.Finally,bacteria strains with better antagonistic effect were identified.[Result] 29 bacteria strains with stable antagonistic effect against watermelon fusarium wilt were screened from 39 soil samples,which contained 15 fluorescent bacteria strains,5 bacillus strains and 9 actinomycete strains.Furthermore,three antagonistic bacteria strains of FM2,FM3 and FM4 with the strongest antagonism were identified primarily.[Conclusion] According to cultural characteristics,morphological observation,biochemical and physiological tests,FM2 belongs to bacillus subtilis,while FM3 and FM4 belong to micrococcus.     

鸡舍环境镰孢菌的定量研究

[目的]对鸡舍空气和周围基质(饲料、粪便、灰尘、土壤)中镰孢菌(Fusarium)的浓度和分布进行定量研究,为控制从业人员和禽类Fusarium感染及预警提供科学依据。[方法]采用6级Anderson空气微生物采样器和曝皿法采集空气中样本,采用无菌袋随机采取周围基质中样本,进行实验室培养、计数、纯化。[结果]共得到镰孢菌分离株717株,以灰尘中Fusarium的浓度最高(2.8×105~1.5×106cfu/g,平均为8.8×105cfu/g)。[结论]空气中的镰孢菌分布与土壤中和灰尘中镰孢菌相关性较大。     

鸡舍基质与空气中真菌定量分析

[目的]揭示鸡舍空气与基质、基质与基质间的相关性。[方法]采用曝皿法收集某养鸡场鸡舍内空气真菌,从舍内4种基质(土壤、粪便、饲料、灰尘)采集23份样品进行分离、纯化和鉴定,通过SPSS13.0软件分析不同样本中真菌浓度的相关性。[结果]从样品中共获得2229分离株。空气中真菌浓度是1.12×104cfu/m3,其中优势真菌属为青霉属、酵母菌属和木霉属;基质中总真菌浓度是1.49×106cfu/g,其中土壤中优势菌为酵母菌,灰尘中优势菌为镰孢菌和酵母菌,粪便中优势菌为镰孢菌属和木霉属,饲料中优势菌为镰孢菌、青霉属和木霉属。[结论]空气与土壤、灰尘与粪便、灰尘与饲料、粪便与饲料的真菌浓度的相关性极大(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.838、0.944、0.923和0.933。对变量进行线性回归分析,发现空气与土壤的真菌浓度相关性显著。     

不同结构鸡舍气载镰孢菌浓度的定量分析

采用Andersen生物采样器和曝皿法同步采集6座不同结构鸡舍的空气镰孢菌Fusarium样本,定量分析封闭式和半封闭式鸡舍中可吸入和可沉降气载镰孢菌浓度。对108份Anderson和曝皿样本分析结果表明,青年鸡舍、雏鸡舍和蛋鸡舍的可吸入镰孢菌浓度分别为(2.24±0.09)×103CFU/m3、(3.34±0.02)×103CFU/m3和(3.43±0.04)×103CFU/m3,而曝皿法测定的可沉降镰孢菌浓度结果依次为(1.32±0.09)×104CFU/m3、(1.34±0.12)×104CFU/m3和(1.32±0.19)×104CFU/m3。封闭式鸡舍可吸入镰孢菌的分布高峰在Andersen生物采样器的D级(3.0~6.0μm),而半封闭式鸡舍的峰值分布高峰在C级(2.0~3.5μm)。半封闭和封闭式鸡舍的可吸入镰孢菌浓度差异显著(P0.05)。首次报道了不同结构鸡舍环境气载镰孢菌的发生特点,为建立禽类真菌病的预警体系提供了参考。     

柑橘及土壤中高效氯氟氰菊酯残留分析方法研究

【目的】建立快速、实用的测定柑橘及土壤中高效氯氟氰菊酯残留的方法。【方法】样品经甲醇提取、弗罗里硅土柱净化、浓缩、定容后,用带μ-ECD检测器的气相色谱仪进行测定。【结果】高效氯氟氰菊酯在0.005~1.000 μg/mL范围内线性良好,线性相关系数r＝0.9996。该方法对高效氯氟氰菊酯标样的最小检出限为1.0×10-12 g,对橘皮、橘肉和土壤的最低检出浓度均为0.001 mg/kg,样品平均回收率为90.96%~104.21%,相对标准偏差为2.73%~10.45%。【结论】建立的GC-μECD检测方法具有分离效果好、回收率高、经济快速、准确度和灵敏度高的特点,适用于柑橘及土壤中高效氯氟氰菊酯的残留检测。     

甘薯和土壤中灭线磷残留测定方法

［目的］为甘薯和土壤中灭线磷的残留检测提供分析方法。［方法］样品经丙酮提取,提取液用石油醚液-液分配,中性氧化铝（含活性炭）柱层析净化,气相色谱测定。［结果］灭线磷的最小检测量为1×10^-12g,最低检测浓度为0.2 μg/kg。添加浓度在0.01～1.0mg/kg时,甘薯植株中灭线磷的添加回收率为88.3%～91.1%,变异系数为4.5%～9.3%;土壤中的添加回收率为85.2%～88.3%,变异系数为7.0%～7.5%;甘薯块茎中的添加回收率为82.5%～88.0%,变异系数为4.8%～7.1%。［结论］该方法的准确性、精确性和灵敏度均达到农药残留分析的要求。     

黄瓜与土壤中醚菌酯残留的气相分析方法研究

[目的]建立黄瓜和土壤中醚菌酯残留检测方法。[方法]用乙腈提取黄瓜和土壤样品,经弗罗里硅柱净化后用气相色谱ECD检测器检测。[结果]在醚菌酯添加水平为0.05、0.20、0.50 mg/kg 3个浓度时,黄瓜中回收率为80.2%~114.0%,变异系数为2.1%~5.8%;土壤中回收率为95.1%~106.5%,变异系数为3.1%~7.3%,醚菌酯的最小检出量为2.5×10-2ng,最低检出浓度为2.5μg/kg。[结论]该方法灵敏度高、检测限低、重现性好,完全能够满足黄瓜和土壤中醚菌酯残留的检测要求。     

鸡舍环境中积尘真菌的空间分布研究

[目的]探讨鸡舍环境内积尘真菌的生物多样性和空间分布规律。[方法]采集封闭式鸡舍内4个不同高度(距地面0、75、150、225cm)的积尘样品进行真菌的生物多样性及分布规律研究。采用PDA和RBC2种真菌培养基进行分离、纯化、鉴定。[结果]从封闭式鸡舍中共获得507株15种类群的真菌,其中包括黄曲霉(3.13×104cfu/g),镰孢菌(8.61×104cfu/g),酵母菌(3.53×104cfu/g)等3种优势菌真菌属。积尘中真菌总浓度达2.03×105cfu/g。2种真菌培养基比较表明,无论从分离的种类还是分离的数量,PDA的分离效果都好于RBC。研究还发现,积尘中的真菌浓度随着高度的上升而下降。[结论]该研究为鸡舍的日常管理及由真菌引起的流行病的防治提供了重要理论依据。     

人参和土壤中异菌脲残留分析

[目的]建立异菌脲在人参和土壤中的残留分析方法。[方法]人参和土壤样品分别用丙酮-石油醚和乙腈-水的混合溶剂提取、SPE柱净化,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定人参和土壤中的异菌脲残留量。[结果]在0.04～5.00 mg/kg浓度范围内,异菌脲浓度(x)与峰面积(y)的线性回归方程为:y=42.495x-0.674,r=0.999 7,线性关系良好。异菌脲在土壤和人参中的添加回收率分别为96.60%～100.80%和92.90%～105.70%,变异系数分别为1.54%～2.78%和7.20%～9.50%。异菌脲在土壤和人参中的最小检出量均为3.0×10-10g,实际土壤、人参添加异菌脲的定量限分别为0.04和0.09 mg/kg。[结论]该方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足农药残留分析要求。     

构树对菱镁矿区破损土地的生态适应性

[目的]研究菱镁矿粉尘对土壤理化性质的影响以及构树对镁粉尘污染土壤的耐受性.[方法]采用盆栽试验,室内模拟氧化镁粉尘沉降、人工掺和废矿堆.[结果]当镁粉尘施加量小于10％时,促进构树生长,当土壤镁含量为4.17 g/kg时,构树单株生物量达3.46g,明显大于洁净土壤的生物量（2.81 g）;构树对生长土质的要求低,土壤中矿石含量25％时,生物量最大为6.12g,明显比洁净土壤生物量高出3.31 g;施加镁粉尘明显改变了构树生长土壤的理化性质,pH由6.78升到9.48,电导率先增加到651.8 μS/cm后降至375.7 μS/cm,速效磷含量从52.1 mg/kg降至16.9 mg/kg,全镁含量从1.403 g/kg升至9.015 g/kg.[结论]构树对镁具有较强耐受能力,并对生长土质要求低,在不同程度破损土质中均能健康生长,在修复菱镁矿区镁污染土地方面具有相当大的潜力.     

鲁西南夏玉米区土壤耕层情况调查研究

[目的]为明确鲁西南地区土壤的耕层情况。[方法]对鲁西南玉米生产的5个主要县（市）（嘉祥县、微山县、兖州市、滕州市、郓城县）30个有代表性的地块,调查了耕层深度、有效土壤活土量和土壤容重。[结果]鲁西南夏玉米区3个县（市）耕层深度在15cm左右,2个县（市）深度在18～20cm,有效耕层活土量介于1．83×10^6～2．93×10^6kg／hm2,表层土壤容重介于1．37～1．49g/cm3。[结论]鲁西南部分地区的耕层结构已显著制约玉米生产,亟需改善。