富营养化湖泊水生植物群落恢复重建的理论与方法

以恢复生态学的基本理论与方法为指导,结合我国湖泊富营养化治理面临的问题,对水生植物群落恢复重建所涉及的理论与技术问题进行总结.在理论方面,介绍了稳态转换理论以及恢复生态学中的次生演替理论、自设计理论和入侵理论在水生植被恢复中的应用;在技术方法方面,全面介绍了水生植被恢复工作中需要考虑的各个方面;最后分析了水生植物的选择、栽培以及恢复群落的维护与管理问题.     

鱼类粒径谱研究进展

粒径谱表示的是生物量或者生物数量与粒径大小关系的曲线,能够反映生态系统结构和功能以及系统内部的动态联系,是当前水生生态学研究的热点。综述了鱼类粒径谱的理论、研究方法及影响因子等,重点介绍了鱼类粒径谱在鱼类生产量评估,开展生态系统监测,以及预测各种人类活动对生态系统的影响等方面的研究进展。针对目前研究中所存在的不足与问题,提出了新观测和采样技术的应用以及基于粒径谱评估鱼类生物量的通用理论模式研发等是今后鱼类粒径谱研究的趋势。     

相生相克理论在控制水体富营养化中的应用

综述了生态学原理中的相生相克理论在治理水体富营养化中的原理和应用方法,分析了微生物、植物、动物等水生生物在水体环境修复中所起的重要作用,对利用生态学理论修复水域环境提出建议,以期为富营养化水体控制提供有益参考.     

环境DNA技术发展及其在长江流域水生生态学领域的应用研究进展

长江流域鱼类资源丰富、生物多样性高。近年来,受人为干扰、环境变化等因素影响,鱼类资源急剧衰退,全面了解该流域水生生态学信息、进行长江大保护迫在眉睫。随着分子生物学技术的发展,环境DNA技术应运而生,其相比于传统调查方式更加高效、灵敏,应用领域更广;该技术的灵敏性使其非常适合于检测濒危物种、低密度物种入侵、瞬时和隐秘物种的存在,特别是当检测低密度物种的采样工作难以控制时,其敏感性、简便性和降低危害性的优势愈加显现出来。因此,该技术已被广泛应用于食品微生物、生物监测、群落生态学、古环境、保护生物学和生物入侵等领域的研究。介绍了环境DNA定义、发展史、研究方法与优劣势,在此基础上概述了其在长江流域水生生态学领域的应用研究进展,最后展望了环境DNA技术与环境RNA技术相结合的技术革新以及新一代测序手段、大数据及机器智能技术多技术结合助力该领域研究的前景,以期为长江流域持续性生态学监测提供借鉴和参考。     

环境DNA(eDNA)技术在水生生态系统中的应用研究进展

环境DNA(Environmental DNA,eDNA)是指从皮肤、黏液、唾液、精子、分泌物、卵、粪便、尿液、血液、根、叶、果实、花粉和腐烂体等释放出来的、普遍存在的、游离的DNA分子。环境DNA技术是指从环境样品(土壤、沉积物和水体等)中直接提取DNA片段后利用测序技术进行定性或定量分析的方法。近年来随着分子生物学的发展,环境DNA技术已经成为一种新的水生生物调查方法,其主要被用来进行生物入侵的防治、濒危物种的保护、生物多样性的评价以及生物量的评估等。作者综述了环境DNA技术的发展历程、操作流程、在水生生态系统中的应用、优势以及存在的问题,同时对环境DNA在生态学领域中的应用前景进行了展望。     

水生食物网研究方法的发展和应用

水生生物在食物网中的相互关系及其变化是生态学研究的重要领域之一,其实质是研究生物之间的捕食与被捕食关系。传统的水生食物网研究方法是基于形态学观察的胃含物分析,具有较大的局限性。随着科学技术的发展,稳定同位素技术、特征脂肪酸组成分析和DNA条形码等分子技术的引入有效的弥补了胃含物分析的不足,并可以更深入的了解水生生物的摄食信息,因此得到了广泛的应用。本文采用文献计量法分析了水生食物网研究方法的发展动态,分别介绍了稳定同位素技术、特征脂肪酸组成分析和DNA条形码技术与胃含物结合应用的研究进展,着重归纳总结了其在水生生物食性研究中的应用现状及发展前景,详细地指出了4种水生食物网研究方法的优势和局限性、适用范畴和对实验样品的需求。胃含物分析作为传统食物网研究方法未来仍是不可缺少的一部分,其向我们传递了最为直接的摄食信息。在此基础上,稳定同位素技术、特征脂肪酸组成分析和DNA条形码等分子技术作为胃含物分析方法的补充手段,将更有利于重建复杂的水生食物网结构,进而为渔业管理提供必要的帮助。     

水生生物环境丰容技术及其应用研究进展

水生生物作为人类生活的重要组成部分,其在养殖、运输以及展示等过程中福利水平低下现象层出不穷,寻求合适的方法来解决水生生物福利低下的问题,成为保障并提升水生生物福利的一大重要工作。环境丰容作为一项能够通过对圈养动物生存环境进行优化,提升圈养动物福利水平,使得圈养动物获得生理和心理健康,展示其自然行为的技术,成为保障和提升水生生物福利的一个重要手段。目前,与国外相比,国内对水生生物环境丰容技术的研究还处于起步阶段,如何利用环境丰容技术改善水生生物的生存环境,保障并提升水生生物福利水平日益成为研究热点。为此,本文综述了环境丰容的定义、发展历程、环境丰容与动物福利的关系以及在水生生物中的4种主要环境丰容技术。同时,就水生生物环境丰容技术存在的问题进行讨论并提出建议,以期为水生生物环境丰容提供更多方案参考和理论支撑。     

老江河水生植被↑（*）

于１９９１年－１９９４年对老江河水生植被进行了研究。老江河现有水生植物１７科２１属２７种,优势种为苦草、黑藻、竹叶眼子菜和菹草。水生植被呈不规则环带状分布,可划分为挺水、浮叶、沉水３个植物带和９个植物群丛。水生植被动态是芦苇、聚草、大茨藻、小茨藻群落扩大,莲、菱、苦草、黑藻、竹叶眼子菜、金鱼藻群落缩小,槐叶萍、满江红、菰等其它植物群落变化不大。从水生生态学角度对合理利用老江河水生植物资源进行了探讨。     

东港湖的水生维管束植物及其利用建议

叙述了东港湖水生维管束植物的种类组成、生物量、分布以及与渔业的关系。由于放养鱼类的摄食，水生植被多样性不高，稳定性较差。根据东港湖水生植被特点和发展趋势，提出了水草利用模式。     

岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究进展

岩礁鱼类多具有较高的经济价值,但过度开发、环境污染、全球气候变化造成岩礁鱼类及其栖息地受到不同程度的破坏,资源量锐减,栖息地退化。为应对全球海洋生态环境和资源面临的重重压力,以人工鱼礁、增殖放流为水生生物资源养护基础措施的海洋牧场建设成为世界沿海国家的战略性选择。开展岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究,解析生物对鱼礁结构物和人工生境的响应行为及人工环境对岩礁鱼类行为的影响,对优化水生生物放流策略、提高增殖物种成活率、养护生物资源、科学开展人工鱼礁工程建设和促进渔业经济发展具有重要作用。为此,本文综述了国内外对岩礁鱼类在栖息地选择、索饵、繁殖、集群、领域、防御等行为生态学研究进展,梳理了岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究在渔业资源保护与开发中的重要作用,同时,就岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究中存在的问题进行讨论并提出建议,以期为我国海洋牧场建设提供更科学的理论基础和更高效的技术方案。     

Restoration of a small‐scale forest wetland in a Belgian nature reserve: a discussion of factors determining wetland vegetation establishment

• 1. The main aim of this restoration attempt within a nature reserve was to recreate sustainable conditions for wetland species, particularly aquatic plants.
• 2. In the process of restoration, two phases of activity were distinguished: a pre‐restoration phase, during which information on land‐use history and past vegetation was collected and used to establish clear restoration goals; and a restoration phase for stimulating germination and establishment of target species originating from the soil seed bank and species pool.
• 3. Within the first year of the study, pond digging allowed the establishment of extremely rare native species that react positively to mudflat creation and standing water availability. The results of this experiment indicate that pond digging can be a very suitable technique for re‐establishing aquatic and wetland vegetation, providing that the site is well chosen.
• 4. An essential prerequisite for successful restoration is a study of the past vegetation of the target site and its surroundings. This work illustrates the importance of past vegetation in affecting current restoration success and provides an example of how restoration projects benefit from knowledge and understanding of both historical and present conditions.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向鸟类栖息地保护的洪泽湖湿地植被种植方案研究

水生植物种植是实现水鸟栖息地恢复的重要手段。目前面向湖泊的水生植物种植设计主要是针对水质治理,对水鸟栖息地的保护研究较少,且很少考虑植物种植对水位过程的适应性。本文将湖泊水位过程及植物生长特性相结合,提出一种满足鸟类栖息地恢复的水生植物种植设计新方案。以洪泽湖国家湿地自然保护区为例,根据当地鸟类栖息地的实际需求,将芦苇（Phragmites australis）等7种水生植物确定为种植对象。依据洪泽湖湖底高程,结合不同植物的生长水位要求以及植物发挥鸟类觅食及遮蔽两大功能的需求,探究了历史极端水位过程、历史平均水位过程及优化水位过程下的可种植水生植物种类及其可种植区域,并给出种植方案。结果表明：历史极端水位过程下,仅能种植芦苇1种水生植物,对鸟类栖息地恢复作用有限;历史平均水位过程下,可种植植物增加到4种,有利于扩展鸟类栖息地面积;优化水位过程下,能种植全部7种水生植物,并有效恢复鸟类栖息地面积。本研究面向洪泽湖湿地保护区鸟类栖息地保护,依据鸟类及植物对水位过程的需求提出植物种植方案,提高了方案的针对性,准确性,可为洪泽湖湿地植被恢复及鸟类栖息地保护提供借鉴。     

The local responses of aquatic ecosystems to adjacent grassland conservation: Can streams of dreams exist in a degraded riverscape?

1. Landscape homogenization and the removal of riparian areas have altered stream ecosystems worldwide. Numerous conservation programmes attempt to improve water quality and increase instream habitat heterogeneity to elicit desired biological responses. However, the effectiveness of many conservation efforts on isolated stream fragments remains unknown, especially in grassland regions.
2. The effects of grassland conservation practices and the re-establishment of riparian corridors in the James River basin, South Dakota (USA) on stream water quality, habitat availability and aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages were studied in an agriculturally dominated prairie landscape.
3. Grassland conservation efforts may have repaired riparian condition, reduced turbidity and created more diverse instream habitat complexes at conservation sites based on comparisons with paired reference reaches. Reference sites were relatively homogeneous, with prevalent siltation, bank erosion and disturbances to the riparian vegetation. Owing to significant riparian vegetation development, overhanging and aquatic vegetation, benthic detritus and woody materials were significantly more common at conservation reaches.
4. Restoration efforts that assume ‘if you (re-)build it, they will come’ (i.e. the ‘field of dreams’ hypothesis) underestimate other important barriers to biodiversity restoration in dynamic, grassland riverscapes. Although aquatic organisms in grassland ecosystems are adapted to rapidly inhabit available habitats, the development of niche space at conservation reaches did not directly result in colonization by aquatic life.
5. Grassland management actions did not address stream connectivity issues or overcome land use influences elsewhere in the riverscape that may govern the responses of aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish. Stream fragmentation and continuing, damaging land use patterns seemed to exceed the positive effects of restoring isolated stream reaches in these heavily degraded catchments. Catchment-scale management strategies that combine reach-level restoration actions with efforts to improve connectivity are likely to be more successful in degraded riverscapes.

     

光照强度对沉水植物生长和光合作用影响的研究进展

沉水植物作为重要的初级生产者,在水生生态系统中有着非常重要的作用。沉水植物的生长和分布受到诸多环境因子的影响,其中水下光照强度、水温和矿质元素等是重要的因子。本文综述了光照强度对沉水植物生长和光合作用影响的研究进展,总结了沉水植物对弱光在形态和生理上的适应机制,并对目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步开展沉水植物生理生态学研究及受损生物群落的恢复提供科学参考。     

Re‐introduction of structurally complex wood jams promotes channel and habitat recovery from overwidening: Implications for river conservation

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Conservation of aquatic plants in artificial watercourses: are main drains a substitute for vulnerable navigation canals?

• 1. The vegetation of disused and occasionally used navigation canals with acknowledged botanical conservation value was compared with that of major land‐drainage channels with potential conservation interest.
• 2. Aquatic plant taxa and their abundance were recorded in 500‐m lengths of watercourses in East Yorkshire, north‐east England.
• 3. There was substantial overlap between canals and drains in the aquatic plant species recorded (42 out of 66 taxa were found in both canals and drains) and ordination analysis (DECORANA) showed that there were not two distinct vegetation types: one for canals and one for drains.
• 4. The aquatic plants recorded in both canals and drains probably largely originated from an eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century pre‐drainage marshland flora that has since been lost.
• 5. The conservation value of the aquatic vegetation at canal sites (assessed as diversity, rarity and naturalness) was not significantly greater than at the drain sites.
• 6. The canals are potentially threatened by restoration of navigation or increase in boat usage; a simplistic interpretation of the results is that potential losses in the conservation value of canals would be substituted by the flora of the drains.
• 7. A more measured interpretation, however, is that the canals and drains should be regarded as parallel conservation resources. This is because some aquatic plant taxa with limited distribution at local, regional or national level were found only in canals while others were found only in drains.
• 8. The results emphasize that evaluation of the botanical conservation value of artificial watercourses should include drains as well as canals; disused and lightly used navigation canals are widely recognized as of high conservation value whereas drains, being utilitarian landscape features, are more likely to be overlooked.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流生态系统修复阈值界定指标体系初步构建

生态阈值存在于各种生态系统中,在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,通过对生态阈值的理论研究及实践应用进行总结分析,指出生态阈值在河流生态系统中的研究不足之处。通过分析阈值在河流生态修复中的重要性,从新的角度探讨提出河流生态系统修复阈值概念,是依据河流生态系统自然属性和河流功能以及区域社会经济发展的需求界定退化到何种程度的水生态系统需要进行修复。通过对指标体系构建原则、筛选方法及阈值计算方法的总结,提出河流生态系统修复阈值确定技术路线,采用频度分析法和理论分析法相结合,从影响河流修复的6大要素（物理结构、水文条件、水质状况、水生生物、河流功能和社会经济）初步构建了河流生态修复阈值界定指标体系及阈值计算方法体系,为下一步河流生态修复阈值指标体系的定量筛选与阈值计算奠定了基础。     

Changes in submersed aquatic vegetation affect predation risk of a common prey fish Lucania parva (Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) in a spring‐fed coastal river

Abstract Predation risk can impact population dynamics and ecosystem structure. Changes in key habitats, such as shifts between types of submersed aquatic vegetation, may affect predation risks experienced by certain organisms that use vegetation as a predation refuge. Relative predation risks experienced by Lucania parva (Baird & Girard) were assessed among three habitats in a Florida coastal stream using tethering experiments. Relative predation risks were highest in bare substrate, intermediate in a rooted macrophyte, Vallisneria americana Michx, and lowest in filamentous macroalgae. These results suggest that L. parva predation risk may decline following shifts from macrophytes to filamentous macroalgae, potentially leading to increased L. parva population size. These findings counter a widely held perception that such habitat shifts yield exclusively negative faunal effects, and are useful for assessing implications of habitat change and guiding restoration activities.     

Contrasting influences of inundation and land use on the rate of floodplain restoration

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太湖五里湖湖滨带浮游动物群落结构特征

湖滨带在保持物种多样性、拦截陆源污染物、净化水体等方面发挥着重要作用。选取经生态修复的五里湖湖滨带为研究对象,于2014年7月至2015年6月对该水域4个区域(A,B,C,D)浮游动物进行逐月采样,以探讨五里湖湖滨带浮游动物群落结构及其生态意义。结果表明,本次调查共鉴定出浮游动物104属207种,其中原生动物37属88种,轮虫38属76种,枝角类17属29种,桡足类12属14种,物种数最多出现在8月(63种),最少出现在2月(25种);岸型对物种数的影响表现为自然滩地型明显高于水泥护岸。浮游动物丰度和生物量均值分别为3 135.35个/L和2.38mg/L,原生动物和轮虫丰度是五里湖湖滨带浮游动物丰度主体,轮虫生物量是五里湖湖滨带浮游动物生物量主体。浮游动物群落结构的季节差异明显,枝角类丰度和生物量表现为春季最高,夏季最低,而浮游动物、原生动物、轮虫和桡足类丰度和生物量均为秋季最高,冬季或春季最低;空间格局上也存在较大差异,浮游动物及各类群丰度和生物量均表现为C区D区B区A区,整体呈现东五里湖高于西五里湖的趋势。浮游动物多样性指数及丰度对水质的分析表明,五里湖湖滨带水质为中污染,水体营养状态为轻度富营养。冗余分析表明,TN、DO、Chl-a及pH是影响浮游动物群落结构动态变化的重要环境因子。