不同播种深度对马铃薯产量及其构成因素的影响

为探讨马铃薯播种时最佳深度,本试验以马铃薯品种‘会-2’为材料,研究了5个不同播种深度（10 cm,15 cm,20 cm,25 cm,30 cm）对马铃薯产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：不同播种深度对马铃薯出苗期、生育期、株高、大中薯块茎数及产量均有不同程度的影响;播种深度为20 cm时能极显著提高马铃薯产量。     

马铃薯产量和淀粉产量与品种及栽培措施的关系

采用正交试验设计,研究了不同品种、不同施肥量、不同播种密度对马铃薯产量和淀粉产量的影响。试验结果表明:对马铃薯淀粉产量影响最大的因素是品种,对马铃薯产量影响最大的因素是播种密度,淀粉产量最高的品种是云薯201;在农民已施底肥的情况下,施肥对马铃薯产量和淀粉产量的影响不大;品种为云薯201、667m2施肥量为80kg、播种密度为5200株的处理为最佳配置。     

民乐县马铃薯氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量及配比试验

试验以马铃薯品种大西洋和尿素、过磷酸钙以及硫酸钾镁肥料为供试材料,采用"3414"田间试验设计,研究氮、磷、钾肥对马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明:氮、磷、钾不同施肥量对马铃薯的经济性状影响不大,对马铃薯产量影响较大,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 150 kg、K2O 150 kg马铃薯的产量最高,产量为51 669 kg/hm2,并根据试验结果得出马铃薯肥料效应方程,计算出马铃薯最佳施肥量和最大施肥量。     

低温冻害对玉米种子发芽特性的影响

以不同水分含量的玉米杂交种富农1号、郑单958和辽单565的成熟鲜果穗为试验材料,通过0℃、-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃和-25℃低温处理12 h,研究不同处理下不同品种的萌发特性。结果表明,当种子水分含量低于15%时,低温冻害对种子的萌发活力影响不明显;当水分含量处于15%～25%之间、温度低于-20℃时,发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数下降明显;当水分含量处于25%～30%之间、温度低于-15℃时,会明显影响发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数。同一水分下,温度低于-20℃时,郑单958和辽单565的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数下降幅度最大,富农1号下降幅度远小于前两者;当温度降至-25℃时,3个品种的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数都降到了最低值。     

春小麦穗发芽影响因素及特性研究

研究对不同春小麦新品种、不同收获期、温度、降落值对春小麦穗发芽和籽粒发芽的影响。试验结果表明:不同品种克春1号、克旱21号、克丰12号与克旱15号穗发芽率抗性差异较大,收获期对发芽率影响较大,收获越晚发芽越严重。各小麦品种在15℃条件下的籽粒平均发芽率比20℃条件下低,尤其是收获越晚时较高的温度对发芽更适宜。不同小麦品种降落值大小不同,与穗发芽率呈负相关。本研究可为选育抗穗发芽品种提供依据。     

MnSO_4叶面喷施对马铃薯产量形成的影响

以"克新13号"马铃薯品种为试验材料,在现蕾期和块茎膨大期利用不同浓度的硫酸锰叶面喷施处理2次,通过测定根系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率和块茎产量的变化,研究硫酸锰对产量形成的作用效果。结果表明:适量硫酸锰(0.2%~0.5%)可有效提高马铃薯根系活力、叶绿素含量及光合速率,促进光合产物积累,从而有效提高马铃薯单株产量;硫酸锰过量对产量形成会产生不利影响。     

不同温光条件下马铃薯不同叶位叶SPAD值变化规律研究

以马铃薯品种合作88和大西洋为供试材料,进行不同温光处理下主茎不同叶位叶SPAD(Soil and Plant Analyzer Development,土壤作物分析仪器开发)值的测定,研究温光条件对马铃薯叶片SPAD值的影响,并确定SPAD值在不同叶位间的变化规律。结果表明:在本试验设置的温光处理中,马铃薯上部4片叶的SPAD值较高,SPAD值随叶位的下降而下降。在中等温光条件(温度20℃和光照12 h)下,不同叶位间SPAD值的变化较小。在同一叶位上,中等温光条件下的SPAD值最高,低温短光照条件(温度15℃和光照8 h)下的SPAD值较中等温光条件和高温长光照条件(温度25℃和光照16 h)下的低。在各个温光处理中,供试品种植株上部4片叶的SPAD值均无显著差异。因此,在考虑叶片大小的因素后,测定马铃薯叶片SPAD值时,以选择倒3叶和倒4叶较为适宜。     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明:高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确。     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料 ,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明 :高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大 ,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致 ,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量 ,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量 ,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确     

马铃薯抗苏打盐碱性研究离体试验

马铃薯耐盐性的研究大部分集中在NaCl上,极少数进行了抗NaHCO3的研究,本研究利用不同浓度NaHCO3和不同pH的培养基对15个主栽马铃薯品种试管苗进行了25 d胁迫试验,鉴定和筛选抗苏打盐碱性较强的品种。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下各品种生长均受到不同程度抑制。晋薯2号在较重的盐碱处理中成活率比较高,株高、生物产量与对照差异不明显,抗苏打盐碱性强于其它几个品种。。     

高温下马铃薯试管薯的诱导

对金冠、大西洋、会顺 88等 3个品种进行了高温下、短日照 (8h/d)添加不同浓度BA和蔗糖的切段诱导结薯。结果显示 ,高温抑制了 3个品种的结薯 ,特别对大西洋抑制最强。高温下加入不同浓度的BA对 3个品种产生不一致的影响。高温下蔗糖浓度为 2 % ,不加激素时 ,对这 3个品种不能诱导其结薯     

Reduction in potato growth at high temperature: role of photosynthesis and dark respiration

The relationship of photosynthesis and dark respiration to reduced potato growth at temperatures above 20°C was determined. Ten potato clones were propagated in vitro from sterile plandets and grown in a growth chamber at 20/15°C and 30/25°C (day/night) with an 18 hr. daylength. Plants were harvested 26 to 30 days after transplanting. Daylength was decreased to 12 hrs. to induce tuberization and plants were harvested at 45-51 and 75-79 days after transplanting. At each harvest one plant from each cultivar was chosen from each of five blocks and selected growth (tuber number and dry weight of leaves, stems, roots and stolons, and tubers) and physiological variates [leaf area, net photosynthesis, maintenance dark respiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters 0 (Initial), P (Peak), T (Terminal), P-O (Variable fluorescence) and P-T (Fluorescence quenching)] were measured. The high temperature decreased root and stolon, tuber and total dry weight and increased stem dry weight. Amongst physiological variates, the higher temperature decreased leaf area, net photosynthesis and maintenance dark respiration. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter 0 significantly increased, which also increased the P and T parameters. Variable fluorescence (P-O) and fluorescence quenching (PT) were not significantly affected by the growth temperature. The analyses of covariance, in which physiological variates were used as covariates to remove significant differences in growth variates, indicated that the most effective covariate was the T chlorophyll fluorescence parameter. The least effective covariates were leaf dark respiration and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters P-O and P-T. The changes in 0 fluorescence suggest that reduced photosynthetic efficiency, particularly in Photosystem II, plays a major role in reduced potato production at high temperatures.     

马铃薯实生幼苗生长缓慢原因的探讨

本试验通过马铃薯实生幼苗与西红柿、苋菜、黄花烟幼苗形态特征、生理特性相比较,得到如下结论:a.幼苗干物重、叶面积、茎粗等与种子贮藏物质有极显著的相关性,实生种子小是实生幼苗生长缓慢的原因之一。b.实生种子发芽温度以20℃左右为宜,超过25℃发芽将受到抑制。c.实生种子贮藏物质以脂肪为主,脂肪转化为结构物质缓慢,因此实生种子即使在最适发芽条件下也需5～6天才能发芽。d.实生幼苗光合产物在根、茎、叶中分配不合理,分配到茎中较多(高达40%),分配到叶片的比其它作物少,致使叶面积小,光合产物少,这是实生幼苗生长缓慢的又一原因。e.实生幼苗光合产物分配状况是其生理特性决定的,实生幼苗茎中过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶活性高,吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性低,表明茎的代谢旺盛,因而促进了茎的生长;而叶中过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶活性低,吲哚乙酸酶活性高,表明叶片生理代谢弱,致使叶片生长缓慢。f.DTO—33不论是在根系生长、叶面积增长、干物质积累上,还是在匍匐茎产生、膨大方面都比克疫天然籽显出较强的优势。     

Potato top growth as influenced by temperatures

A study was conducted to establish a growth rate response of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) tops to exposure to 72-hr periods of six constant temperature treatments (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C) and to determine a thermal optimum for vegetative potato growth rates. The plants were maintained under “no stress” soil moisture conditions throughout the study. The temperature treatments were accomplished by inserting the plants into a growth chamber for 72 hours at selected temperatures. Maximum growth (as measured by percent change in leaf area) occurred at 25°C with temperature growth differences significant at the 5% level. Plant height measurements (percent change occurring during treatment time) showed maximum stem elongation at 30°C during an early growth stage and 25°C during stage 2 (4 weeks later). Predictive models developed from the data indicate maximum rates of leaf area increase in both growth stages occur at 24.7°C and that maximum rates of stem elongation occur at 31.3 and 27.4°C for growth stages 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf water potential and stomatal resistance measurements taken at the end of each treatment period indicated that no water stress occurred.     

水稻器官形态和干物质积累对穗分化不同时期高温的响应

为明确水稻穗分化期高温对生长发育所造成的影响,以耐热籼稻黄华占和热敏感籼稻丰两优6号为材料,利用人工气候箱在穗分化期进行40℃(10:00-15:00)高温处理,以人工气候箱32℃适温处理为参考,室外环境温度为对照(CK),研究枝梗-颖花分化期(Ⅰ期)和花粉母细胞形成-减数分裂期(Ⅱ期)高温胁迫对水稻器官形态及干物质积累的影响。结果表明:1)Ⅰ期高温抑制幼穗分化,使穗分化期延长2.5~8.8 d;Ⅱ期高温阻碍水稻抽穗,导致穗分化期延长6.8~7.1 d,显著缩短上部茎节,降低抽穗度,其中热敏感品种降幅大于耐热品种;2)穗分化期高温处理显著降低每穗颖花数和颖花大小,颖花数下降原因在不同处理时期间存在差异,Ⅰ期高温减少颖花分化数;而Ⅱ期高温显著加速颖花退化,两个品种退化幅度均达50%以上,并显著降低了花药大小和颖花受精率,热敏感品种丰两优6号受高温影响要大于耐热品种;3)高温对叶片生长有促进作用,Ⅱ期高温处理表现尤为明显,两个时期高温处理对上3叶净光合速率和水稻单茎干物质积累没有显著影响。Ⅰ期高温不同部位间干物质积累无显著差异,而Ⅱ期高温显著降低茎鞘和穗部干物质积累,但高温导致高节位分枝发生,积累了一部分干物质,整体上单茎干物质积累量并没有显著下降。     

夏大豆植株干物质积累数学模拟研究

对夏大豆濉科8号、中黄13两个品种从出苗至成熟共15次测定了植株质量,建立了数学模型。结果表明:植株、茎叶质量呈"慢—快—慢—降"的单峰变化趋势,而籽粒质量呈"慢—快—慢"的S形曲线变化趋势,单株粒重、百粒重则随生育时期呈直线增长趋势。y=ef(t)真实的反映了出苗、始花、终花至成熟期植株、茎叶质量变化。     

大叶千斤拔对高温胁迫的生理响应及耐热性分析

以自然高温处理后的15份大叶千斤拔为材料,研究高温胁迫对叶片厚度、叶面积、叶绿素值、叶片含水量、电导率值和MDA含量等外观和生理指标的影响。通过隶属函数分析表明:材料F3和F5的植物生长表现较好;F14和F15在叶绿素含量、质膜透性、叶片含水量、MDA含量中的综合反应均较好;材料F14和F15相比其它13个材料具有较好的相对耐高温特性,而F12和F13对热相对敏感,其余9份为中等耐热材料。     

灌浆结实期不同时段温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响

利用人工气候箱在水稻灌浆结实期不同时段进行温度试验,研究温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响。结果表明,灌浆结实期40℃高温处理后籽粒结实率显著降低,粒重下降,外观品质和食味品质变差。不同水稻品种对灌浆结实期温度的响应表现不一致。在试验条件下,华粳1号开花受精的敏感温度为35℃,而特优559开花、灌浆结实的最适温度为30℃,该温度处理结实率、粒重较高,外观品质以及食味品质较优。此外,灌浆结实期不同时段的高温对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响也存在显著差异：结实率对高温最敏感的时期是开花后1~5 d,粒重对高温最敏感的时期是开花后11~20 d;而温度对稻米品质影响最大的时期主要在花后16~20 d,25 d后温度处理影响较小。因此,灌浆前期适宜的温度条件对水稻优质栽培意义重大。     

Effects of High Temperature on Growth,Yield and Dry-Matter Production of Rice Grown in the Paddy Field

Abstract

The effect of high temperatures on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field was examined during the whole growth period in a temperature gradient chamber (TGC) from 2002 to 2006. Experimental plots, TG1 (control), TG2, TG3 and TG4, were arranged along the temperature gradient (from low to high temperature) in TGC. The mean and maximum air-temperatures in TG4 were 2.0 –3.6ºC and 4.0º7.0ºC higher, respectively, than those in TG1. The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1. Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8?16.4% heavier than that in TG1. In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1. The increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening period was smallest in TG4. The decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening period, which represents the amount of assimilate translocation to the panicle, was also larger in TG2-4 than in TG1. The increase in the dry weight of stem in TG2-4 at maturity was also larger than that in TG1. The photosynthetic rate in TG2-4 was up to 35.6% lower than that in TG1 because of the acceleration of leaf senescence. Brown rice yield in TG4 was 6.6?39.1% lower than that in TG1. This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets. The relation between brown rice yield and mean air-temperature during 20 days after heading showed that the brown rice yield declined when mean air-temperature exceeded 28ºC.