Experimental Analysis on Shear Strengthening Capacity of Secondary Dapped end Beams

Because section steel can only be extended to the edge of the support, when a simple support RC beam is reinforced by bonded section steel, a notch comes into being at the end of the beam which is called a secondary dapped end beam, making the stress state of the beam more complex. Through experimental analysis on 21 dapped end beam specimens shear reinforced by steel plate bonded, the deformation process, performing characteristics and failure mechanism of the specimens were investigated. The result shows that two steel bonded forms, including horizontal steel plate and oblique steel plate with angle 45° bonded, delay the appearance of cracks significantly and improve the maximum bearing capacity by 102% and 93%. Due to the impact of stress concentration at the notch, the main modes of damage include concrete tensile or shear failure with the result of bonding failure of a steel plate. By changing the width of steel plates and analyzing different reinforcement effects, formula of bearing capacity of shear reinforcement was proposed based on the method of truss analogue, which provides a reference for engineering application.     

A new type of prestressed concrete hollow girder design for overcoming the typical diseases

This paper proposes a new type of prestressed concrete hollow girder based on the summaries of the current studies on longitudinal cracks and hinge cracks. The match prefabricated method is used with shear key at interface to solve the problem of hingle cracks, and the two-way prestressing strand techniques are used to assure the longitudinal load-bearing capacity and to prevent the emergence of longitudinal cracks because of pressure existing at the match interface. In order to reduce the temperature difference between the internal and external of the prestressed concrete hollow girder, drilling holes are carried out at the bottom slab of girder every distance. To ensure the adhesive effect between the girder and deck pavement, we designed grooves at the top slab of girders. The finite element analysis results of a design example show that the pressure stress of bottom slab of girder is about 2.58 MPa and 0.16 MPa, which are effective to avoid the appearance of longitudinal cracks and hinge cracks.     

BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS FOR PLATES ON TwO-PARAMETER ELASTIC FOUNDATION

In this paper,the boundary element methods are applied to analyse the plates ontwo-parameter elastic foundation according to two boundary integral equations.The bending mo-ment,torsion and shear force at any point of plates are discussed by means of the theory of elasticitymechanics.An example and a plate in practital engineering are analysed.The resulta show that thereare high efficiency,good accuracy and little storage with this method.     

Numerical Prediction of Frequency of Delaminated Advanced Grid Stiffened plate

The paper aims to investigate natural frequency of delaminated advanced grid stiffened composite plates by hump resonance method.The composite laminated plate element and the rib element are adapted to simulate the laminated plate and the ribs.Based on the composite laminated plate and beam element model considering first-order shear effect,a damping model on the basis of Rayleigh damping model in conjunction with Adams' strain energy method(MSE) and a Hertz nonlinear dynamic contact model to avoid the overlap and penetration phenomenon between the upper and lower sub-laminates at the delaminated region.A numerical analysis method of dynamic response for the delaminated composite plates is carried out by precise time-integration method,and then the natural frequencies are achieved when the dynamic deflections reach the hump peak.For the frequency-domain analysis provided in the former research papers,it is a difficult problem to avoid the embedded phenomenon in the mode shapes at the delamination zone,while in the current time-domain analysis,the embedded phenomenon can be successfully overcome by using nonlinear contact model.By vibration excitation test,the specimens were excited by different excited frequency and the amplitude frequency response characteristics obtained are used to extract the frequency.The extracted frequencies of the narrow delaminated composite plates measured,which agrees well with the predicted natural frequencies.     

Experiment research on aseismatic capability of diagonally crossing reinforced coupling beams with the small ratio of span to depth fire safety design for ancient buildings

Low frequency cyclic loading experiments are carried out with six diagonally crossing reinforced coupling beams. The ratio of the span to depth is 1.0,1.5,2.0 and 2.5. The paper analyzes the behavior of crack development, failure mode, ductility, stiffness degeneration, hysteretic and energy dissipation of these specimens. The results show that the aseismatic behavior of properly reinforced diagonally cross reinforced coupling beams is better than conventionally reinforced coupling beams, and this kind coupling beam can get no less than 3.5 chord rotation ductility at the 0.20 ratio condition of shear to compression. For diagonally crossing reinforced coupling beams with the small ratio of span to depth, the mechanism of the main force transfer system is the main diagonal strut tie model and stirrup truss model     

Spatial Calculation Methods of Three Main Trusses Continuous Plate truss Composite Bridge

According to the structural features of three main trusses continuous plate truss composite bridge, two composite beam methods are presented by constructing the displacement mode of composite beam elements and deriving the stiffness matrix of composite beam elements. The characteristic of composite beam method one is that the bridge slab is taken as the top flange of the chord of main truss and combined with the chord of main truss to form a steel concrete composite beam; the characteristic of composite beam method two is that the bridge slab is taken as the top flange of longitudinal and traverse beam and form a steel concrete composite beam with longitudinal and traverse beams. And as for the conventional plate beam composite method, the slab is characterized by forming bridge slab system with continuous isotropic sheets and longitudinal and traverse beams to bear load. Also, the comparison between theoretical results and experimental ones verifies the effectiveness of the above three methods.     

A CONSTITUTIVE FUNCTION FOR A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES OF LINEAR ELEMENTS

In this paper, a constitutive function in form of integration is presented for a nonlinear analysis of structures of linear elements. With applications of a constitutive function, the truss and frame elements material nonlinear stiffness equations are derived. The results shows the convenience in numerical analysis and the ability to solve some difficult problems in tn the structural behavior study both in loading and unloading process by use of the presented constitutive function.     

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED ANGLE-PLY PLATE USING A HIGHER-ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY

A higher-order shear deformation theory is used to analyse nonlinear bending of symmetrically laminated angle-ply rectangular plates. The nonlinear governing differential equations are solved here by using perturbation method. Numerical rerults are presented graphically for vairous parameters of laminated plate. The present solutions are compared with those obtained using the classical plate theory. A lot of significient conclusions are obtained.     

Shear Performance of Steel Plate with Trilateral Constrained

The load carrying test for four steel plate shear walls specimens with various ratio of width thickness are carried out so as to test the failure mode and the shear strength of steel plate with trilateral constrained, and the lateral stiffness and the buckling mode are investigated in the test. The result indicates that the ratio of width thickness of steel plate exerts effects on the shear carrying capacity and failure mode; the buckling of steel plate does not have lateral stiffness. Based on the failure mode of steel plate, the computation model of lateral performance is presented by theoretical analysis. The restraining stiffness of double angle and the buckling restrained stiffness of steel plate are the important design conditions. Formulae to determine the elastic lateral stiffness and the angle type is proposed, which can be used in the preliminary design of steel plate with trilateral constrained.     

Analysis of Fiber Renforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints Model

Due to the large stirrup ratio and reinforcement congest in beam-column joints, the ordinary reinforced concrete beam-column joints take inconvenience to construction. Cracked fiber renforced concrete (FRC) has strong bridge ability and better tensile performance so that it can replace part or all of the stirrups. Based on previous researches on resistance mechanism of reinforced concrete joints, a new model using FRC materials in the core zone of beam-column joints is presented. It is a kind of model in which horizontal shear supported by the diagonal strut mechanism and softening truss mechanism with a certain percentage. The calculation results of the model is compared with the existing test results. It is a bit conservative to specimens with low axial load ratio. However, the results are in line with the specimens with high axial load ratio. Therefore, the results totally demonstrate the rationality of the proposed model in this paper. Meanwhile, according to the proposed model, the shear capacity of beam-column joints can be not only calculated, it also check whether FRC compressive strength in core zone of joints and horizontal stirrup ratio meets design requirements, which has a higher practicability.     

New Technology of Profile Grindng for Tow Teeth Difference Cyclodal Gear

Two teeth diffenence cyclodal gears are the key parts in cyclodal reducer. The plate abrasive wheel method which is widely used at home has very low precision and productivity. So it' s the common problem to be immediately solved. The profile grinding technology discussed in this paper has been proved by practical production to be an efficient and economical cycodal gear manufacturing method.     

Verification and Improvement of the Effectiveness of Seismic Capacity Design Measures of Shear Wall

In order to investigate the effective seismic capacity design measures of shear wall and to realize expected failure modes under strong earthquake,the existing problems in current seismic capacity design measures are pointed out through theoretical analysis.The effectiveness of the measures of Chinese seismic design code is verified by fine finite element dynamic time-history analysis of examples.Improving measures are then put forward and are verified through example analysis.It is shown the bending ductile demand of bottom section of shear wall increases too much based on moment capacity design measures of Chinese seismic design code 2001 in the rigid foundation assumption under rare earthquake action,and its bearing capacity for vertical axis force loses;the shear capacity design measures of current seismic design code would lead to shear failure in the stores above the bottom ductility strengthening area.Some improved bending and shear seismic capacity design measures of shear wall are proposed and are verified to be effective.     

THE EVALUATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH TAKING ACCOUNT OF SPAN-TO-HEIGHT RATIO OF SIMPLE BEAMS UNDER UNIFORM LOADS

By introducing the span-to-height ratio,this paper deduces wo evaluating equations of shear strength of simple reinforced concrete beamwith stirrups and under uniform loads.This makes the shear stressing concept consistent with the evaluating equations,thus improves the evaluating equationsof shear strength of the New Code.Two equations are provided with auto-regulating function on shear strength for a cross section of beam.They aresimple and convenient in evaluation.The working time used for design is not increased and 10% of stirrups is economized in frequent conditions of span-to-height ratio.     

A New Method of Separating the Shear Waves Splitting in Anisotropic Media

For azimuthal anisotropy seismic exploration, it is very important to separate the fast and slow shear waves splitting in this type of anisotropic media. Many researchers have worked on this problem, but their methods are not realistic in exploration. In this paper, a new method of separating the shear waves splitting in EDA media is presented, that can be directly applied to actual use. Through numerical examples, it can be found that the method is highly efficient and accurate.     

Mechanical Model of Steel Plate Composite Shear Walls

Based on concepts of mechanics, a mechanical model of novel type of steel plate composite shear wall is presented. The novel type of structure is formed by steel plate shear wall and T-shaped solid-web composite columns. Flexural stiffness of steel beams, lateral stiffness of the T-shaped solid-web composite columns, shear stiffness of steel plate composite shear wall and shear stiffness of beam-column connection are taken into account in the mechanical model. And the equivalent damping between steel plate and boundary is considered. Based on the deformation features of structures and the calculation hypothesis, the lateral stiffness model and the energy dissipation model of structures are developed. Meanwhile, the calculation equations of elastic ultimate and plastic ultimate of shear strength of structures are set up. The theoretical analysis results inosculate better with the results of experiment. The comparison between the result calculated from the formula and the experimental result shows that the calculation precision is high enough to meet the demand of theoretical analysis. The difference, including equivalent model, stress states, manufacturing defect and installation error, between the formula and the experiment has been further discussed.     

考虑滑移和剪切变形的单箱双室组合箱梁剪力滞效应

为准确分析单箱双室组合箱梁的剪力滞效应,考虑钢混凝土的界面滑移效应和钢腹板的剪切变形,针对顶底板和翼板定义不同的剪力滞翘曲位移函数,基于能量变分法推导出单箱双室组合箱梁剪滞效应的控制微分方程及其闭合解。以单箱双室组合箱梁算例为基础,利用该方法分析其剪力滞效应的规律,结果表明：在同时考虑滑移和剪切变形时,组合箱梁的挠度比初等梁理论解大,且其挠度随界面滑移刚度的增大而减小;组合箱梁在均布荷载作用下,滑移量与荷载值近似成正比关系;在相同条件下,钢箱梁底板的剪力滞效应较混凝土顶板显著。     

ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTIONS

On the basis of experimental tests,a formula is proposedfor the computation of the load-deformation curves of the single highstrength bolted connections in axial shear forces,which is a piecewisefunction describing three stages of friction,slipping and bearing of theconnections,and is also suitable for the non-slip connections.The limitstate method is used to compute the behaviour of high strength boltedconnections subject to eccentric shear,in which each bolt obeys thenon-linear relationship aforementioned.In this paper,the computer pro-gram is worked out to solve the non-linear problems.Analytical resultsare shown to be in general good agreement with experimental data.     

Experimental Research of Vertically-Loaded RC Joint of Local Transfer from Inclined Column with Different Angle to Beeline-Shaped Short Shear Wall

According to test results of two different angle specimens of local transfer RC joint from inclined column to Beeline-shaped short shear wall under vertical static loads and results of corresponding finite element analysis(ANSYS), fundamental behaviors of the joint are achieved for the change of the angle.The result indicates that there is much difference in the stress distributions of the transfer beam and short shear wall for different angles of inclined column, which shows that the larger angle, the more great tensile force and the earlier crack in the transfer beam and the lower capacity. Otherwise, the angle is smaller, the evener stress distributions in short shear wall, the later crack, the worse degenerate in the transfer beam and the higher capacity.Furthermore, the mechanical behaviors of the joint obviously followed the characteristics of a truss model.     

Application of a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in Truss Structure Optimal Design

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm developed in recent years is a stochastic optimization algorithm based on swarm intelligence. It possesses advantages such as being a simple concept, ease of implementation and low resource occupation. The PSO algorithm was adopted to solve the problem of size optimization of truss structures with stress and displacement constraints. We present the basic principle of the original PSO algorithm in detail, and then introduce a constriction coefficient to modify it. Moreover, reasonable values of the coefficients are proposed for the modified PSO algorithm. Several classical problems are solved using the modified PSO algorithm, and the results compared with those using traditional optimization algorithms and genetic algorithms. Numerical results show that the modified PSO algorithm has good convergence and stability, and can be applied to the size optimization of truss structures.     

Experimental Analysis of Simply-Supported Concrete Box Girder with Web Openings model Under Double Uniformly Distributed Load

In order to satisfy the demand of the double-deck traffic in city, a concrete box girder model with rectangular web openings was designed with ratio of 1:6. Experimental study was carried out to investigate the flexural capacity of the model girder with double uniformly distributed load. The finite element model was established based on the experiment and the results agreed with measurement results. The effect of the web openings on the girder was explored. The results demonstrated that the deflection caused by load on bottom plate of box girder was 9.7% more than that of load on the top plate. The deflection of girder with web opening is 22.9%~28.1% greater than that of girder without web opening. Compared with girder without web opening, the shear lag of girder with web opening increased, of which the maximum value was 62.0% in various working conditions. simply-supported concrete box girder with web openings under double uniformly distributed load affect the flexural capacity.