Corazón Cerdo: Sistema Papilo-Tendino-Valvular del Ventriculo Derecho

The right ventricle was studied in 75 anatomically normal swine hearts. Nine parameters in the papillo-tendino valvular system and three corresponding to the tricuspid orifice, pulmonary orifice and length of the inflow tract were measured. Correlations were established between the parameters and heart weight in grams, between the different parameters themselves, and between heart weight and body weight. The results were compared with similar data from human hearts, and were considered of use to researchers planning to use the swine heart as an experimental model to study congenital or induced heart diseases, or as a reference for the clinical interpretation of spontaneous cardiac, anomalies in swine.     

Distribución de las arterias coronarias del toro de lidia

This study describes the left and right coronary artery distribution in the Spanish fighting bull, and compares the findings of the investigation with those of other bovine species in which similar investigations have been carried out. It is concluded that the general distribution of the coronary system in the Spanish fighting bull is similar to that of other bovine species which have been studied.     

Electrocardiographic changes in the growing Mastín Español

Serial electrocardiograms were recorded from 70 Mastín Español dogs in right lateral recumbency, aged between one day and three years, in order to observe the changes in the waveform and intervals, QRS morphology, cardiac rhythm and heart rate caused by their growth. Age and bodyweight caused a gradual increase in the duration and amplitude of the P wave, duration of the PR, QT and RR intervals, amplitude of the R wave and duration of the QRS complex and ST segment. Q wave was observed in nearly all the recordings with different amplitudes. The S wave was only significant in one-day-old animals and QRS morphology showed significant important changes from qrS and rS to qR and qRs morphologies during the first two weeks of life. The T wave increased its amplitude until the age of two months and changed its polarity (from negative to positive) from five months of age onwards. The heart rate decreased until the age of seven months, reaching stabilised values of 110 ± 7-3 beats per minute. Sinus tachycardia was commonplace in animals under one month old and respiratory sinus arrhythmia was found from six months of age. Sex only influenced the duration and amplitude of the T wave. Males had higher mean values than females.     

Observaciones en el punto de unión neuroectodermo-ectodermo no neural en embriones de pollo en neurulación tratados con citocalasina B ≪in ovo≫

Observations in the point of union of the neuroectoderm with the nonneural ectoderm in chick embryos after treatment "in ovo" with cytochalasin B during neurulation
Treatment of "in ovo" chick embryos with cytochalasin B during neurulation resulted in the failure of formation of the neural folds, producing an alteration in the point of union of the neuroectoderm with the nonneural ectoderm in its final development. This alteration consisted in the appearance of folding and superposition of both epithelia in this zone. The results support a possible role of the apical microfilaments in neuroectoderm and nonneural ectoderm in the process of neurulation.     

Consideraciones sobre el sistema urinario del Gallus gallus– Indian River; I. Formación y tributaris del uréter

In the literature reviewed, there are certain differences of opinion with regard to the formation and tributareis to the ureter. Therefore, dissection of 40 fowls injected with neoprene latex, k neoprene latex and celobar (radiopaque mass) and vinyl acetate casts through the ureter and blood vessels revealed the formation and disposition of the tributaries to the ureter, and its origin and number of collectors. The results were described in relation to the renal lobes.     

Estudio anatómico y estructural del bulbo ocular del ratonero común (Buteo buteo buteo)

The Bulbus oculi of 25 buzzards of both sexes and of nearly the same age and weight, was examined with regard to its gross anatomy, strucutre, ultrastructure and size. The volume of the eyeball is of 9.5 cm³. In the Anulus sclerae there are about a dozen of cartilagineous plates, and in the Corpus ciliare there can be found between 112 and 115 Processus ciliares. The muscle of Müller was not observed. Morphological details of the Pecten are given and its functional significance is discussed.     

Involución de Germenes Dentarios en la Oveja (Ovis aries)

In this study we examined some histologic and histochemical characteristics of the embryonic sheep dental epithelium in early odontogenesis. During the first trimester of development, a short-lived dental lamina was observed. Apparently in the sheep, the interactions between epithelial and ectomesenchymal cells required for tooth normal morphogenesis are altered.     

Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea of calves in the canton of Tilarán, Costa Rica

A case-control study of calves under 3 months of age was carried out by weekly visits to 15 farms in the canton of Tilarán, Costa Rica. Most farms were dedicated to beef or dual-purpose (DP) production. Faecal samples were collected over a 6-month period from a total of 194 calves with clinical signs and from 186 animals without clinical signs of diarrhoea as assessed by a scoring system. The samples were investigated for the presence of viruses, bacteria and parasites. Torovirus was detected for the first time in Costa Rica and was present in 14% of calves with diarrhoea and in 6% of the controls. Coronavirus and Rotavirus were less frequently encountered in either one of the groups (in 9 and 7% of scouring calves and in 1 and 2% of controls, respectively). Escherichia coli was detected in 94% of all the faecal samples, but isolates from only three samples from calves with diarrhoea contained the K99 antigen. Similarly, Salmonella was found only in scouring calves. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in animals with signs of diarrhoea, while other coccidia oocysts, Strongylida and Strongyloides eggs were frequently found in animals both with and without diarrhoea. A conditional logistic regression (CLR) analysis to compare healthy and scouring calves showed a significant difference with regard to the presence of Torovirus, Rotavirus and Coronavirus.     

Niveles de diferenciación estructural alcanzados por las células prospectivas cardiacas cultivadas in vitro

A study of the ultrastructural characteristics of developing cardiac muscle cells from in vitro culture was carried out with die aid of tissues taken from the cardiogenic areas of 5 H. H. stage chick embryos. The characteristics of the developing cells were quite comparable to those developed in situ.     

Vascularización encefálica del toro de lidia

As there are very few informations available in the literature about the blood vessels of the brain in the fighting-bulls, the authors studied them in three five-year old speciemens, injected with Rhodopax AX/85, blue and red, from the carotid arteries. Among all the anatomical details described, there is no caudal rate mirabile to be found, while the rostral one is well developed. Instead of the caudal net, a second circulus arteriosus can be described which is connected with the circulus arteriosus cerebri. Morphological details about size and situation of all these vascular elements are given.     

Correlación Anatomo-radiológica de la Cabeza en la Cabra de Raza Canaria (Capra hircus L.)

A radiologic and tomographic study was made of the cranioencephalic topography of canary goats of medium weight and size. In a first step, the exocranialis references corresponding to an axis designed at the level of the meatus acusticus externus and parallel to the basicranial axis were anatomically and radiologically defined. Conventional stereotaxic techniques were then used to reach the standard position of the head in order to obtain macroscopical cross sections at different levels perpendicular to the base of the cranium. In a second step, a tomographic study was made to confirm the design of the axis.     

Risk factors for treatment‐related adverse events in cancer‐bearing dogs receiving piroxicam

Piroxicam has antitumour effects in dogs with cancer, although side effects may limit its use. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively identify factors predisposing cancer‐bearing dogs to adverse events (AEs) following piroxicam therapy. Medical records of dogs presented to the Purdue Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed, and 137 dogs met the criteria for study inclusion. Toxic effects of piroxicam in these dogs were graded according to an established system. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the extent to which certain factors affected the risk for AEs. Age [odds ratio (OR) 1.250, P = 0.009; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.057–1.479] and concurrent use of gastroprotectant medications (OR 2.612, P = 0.025; 95% CI 1.127–6.056) significantly increased the risk for gastrointestinal AEs. The results of this study may help inform the risk versus benefit calculation for clinicians considering the use of piroxicam to treat dogs with cancer.     

Mecanismos de Desarrollo de la Cúpula en los Conductos Semicirculares de las Aves: I. Secreción Celular

A study of the crista ampullaris of the vestibular apparatus was carried out in chicken embryos. The study group included embryos between stages 24 and 39 of Hamburger-Hamilton. This study elucidates the relationship of the cupula with respect to the epithelium of the crista ampullaris. With electron microscopic examination, the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the crista epithelial sustentacular cells at developmental stage of 31 H-H, demonstrated dilatations containing secretory material. Vesicles, with adhering ribosomes appear to be formed from these dilatations. At later stages of development, the vesicular material took on the characteristics of the fibrillary material composing the cupula. In some cells, secretory vesicles are seen near the apical border of these cells, where they apparently secrete vesicular contents into the endolymphatic space, contributing to the formation of the cupula.     

Estudio Radiológico del Esternón del Ovino en Crecimiento

Radiological investigation of the sternum of the sheep A radiological investigation of the sternum of the sheep demonstrated distinct growth phases. Forty Merino sheep of mixed breeds were distributed into 4 age groups of 0, 45, 105 and 270 days. Each animal was radiographed in sternal and lateral recumbency. Measurements were made from the radiographs. The sternebra are rectangular in newborn and become concave in adult. The curvature of the sternum is 16 to 17° at day 0 and 27–28° at day 270. The nucleus of ossification was seen in all sternebrae at 45 days of age, they were present only in the most caudal sternebrae at 105 days.     

Management factors associated with Babesia bovis seroprevalence in cattle from eastern Yucatán, Mexico

The effect of management on the seroprevalence of Babesia bovis was studied in 399 Bos indicus cattle 1–2 years old from 92 farms in the eastern Yucatán, México. The management factors studied were: farm-type, production system, herd size, farm size, stocking density, vector control, dipping interval, type of dipping, type of acaricide and cattle introduction to the farm. A cross-sectional study was carried out (2-stage cluster sampling). The number of serum samples was proportionally distributed according to the number of farms in the nine locations of eastern Yucatán, México (399 animals from 92 farms). Antibody activity to B. bovis was tested using an indirect ELISA. The farms with a seroprevalence ≤75% were considered as cases and those with seroprevalence >75% were considered as controls. The variables with p ≤ 0.20 were included in fixed effects logistic regression. The seroprevalence of the zone was 73.8% (66.3–81.3%). The following risk factors were found: Stocking density (<1 head/ha, OR = 4.04, CI (OR) = 1.20–13.62) and dipping interval (>60 days, OR = 5.07 CI (OR) = 1.26–20.48).     

Genetic variability in the endangered Asturcón pony assessed using genealogical and molecular information

The aim of this analysis is to assess the genetic diversity in the black-coated Asturcón pony population using genealogical and molecular methods in order to ascertain the possible impact of the inclusion of the bay Asturcón individuals on the breed's recovery programme. Pedigree information registered in the studbook of the black-coated Asturcón (including a total of 1080 individuals) was analysed. Additionally, 261 blood samples from the black-coated Asturcón individuals were obtained and genotyped for 15 microsatellites. Furthermore, 58 blood samples were obtained and genotyped from bay Asturcón individuals in order to place the results within the context of an unselected population with no known genealogies. The results indicated high losses of genetic representation of founders in the present population of black-coated Asturcón ponies. Roughly 60% and 30% of the founder stallion and dam lines, respectively, are lost in the present population. Average inbreeding was 4.7%. The equivalent number of founders and equivalent number of ancestors were 18.1 and 13. The most relevant founders and ancestors identified belonged to the three major studs involved in the recovery of the breed. However, the results highlight the dependence of the breed on the management of the government-run Cayón stud, which has increased its genetic contribution to the breed over time from 35.6% to 50.1%. At a molecular level, genetic variability assessed in the black-coated Asturcón was lower than that observed in the bay Asturcón. Expected heterozygosity, F_IS(m) and rarefacted average number of alleles per locus were 0.755 and 0.828, 4.1% and 1.3%, and 9.5 and 9.2, respectively, for the black-coated and bay Asturcón. The expected molecular coancestry in the black-coated Asturcón base population (Ef₀) took a value of 0.229, which was near to the molecular coancestry computed in the bay Asturcón (0.231). Implications of the reported results in the recovery programme of the Asturcón pony breed are discussed.     

Antimicrobial activity of a bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) against methicillin‐susceptible and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) is a member of the cathelicidin family which is included in the innate immune system of mammals. Recently, there have been many studies about antimicrobial peptides. This study aims to clarify whether BMAP‐28 has bactericidal activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and compares its activity against methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. We found that the peptide was effective in killing MRSA (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range; 5–20 µg/mL). It was also revealed that MSSA (MIC range; 1.25–20 µg/mL) had two levels of susceptibility to BMAP‐28. We also examined the effect of BMAP‐28 on bacterial shape to visually show its activity. After exposure to the peptide, both MSSA and MRSA cells showed the morphological changes on their surfaces. Our results indicate that BMAP‐28 is a promising candidate for medicine against drug‐resistant bacteria.     

Estudio Histoquímico y Morfométrico de la Población Fibrilar del Músculo Diafragma. Parte I: Caballo y Perro

Histochemical and morphometric study of fibrilar population in diaphragm muscle. Part I: Horse and Dog By using m-ATPase techniques, under alkaline and acid pre-incubations, as well as metabolic techniques (α-MGPDH and NADH-TR), sections from the lumbar and costal portions of diaphragm muscle in horse and dog were analysed. Fibre samples were exposed to image-analysis observations in order to determine the lowest fibre diameter and obtain estadistical data. The findings revealed that the lumbar portion of horse diaphragm consists of fibre types I, IIA and IIB; in the costal portion, the fibre types I and IIA were present. In the dog, the lumbar and costal portions consisted of fibre types I, IIA and IIC, which showed some specific histochemical characteristics. Some data concerning both morphometrical and statistical fibre-type analysis are presented.