Induced synthesis of liver microsomal enzymes which metabolize foreign compounds

The administration of 3,4-benzpyrene to rats markedly increases the activities of certain liver microsomal enzymes which metabolize foreign compounds. Evidence based on studies of enzyme induction is presented which suggests the presence in liver microsomes of several enzymes which can catalyze the same type of reaction.     

Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes of mice and rats by softwood bedding

Induction of three drug-metabolizing enzymes occurred in liver microsomes of mice and rats kept on softwood bedding of either red cedar, white pine, or ponderosa pine. This induction was reversed when animals were placed on hardwood bedding composed of a mixture of beech, birch, and maple. Differences in the capacity of various beddings to induce may partially explain divergent results of studies on drug-metabolizing enzymes. The presence of such inducing substances in the environment may influence the pharmacologic responsiveness of animals to a wide variety of drugs.     

烟草杀虫剂和除草剂药害修复剂筛选试验

【目的】筛选烟草杀虫剂和除草剂药害的修复剂。【方法】通过盆栽试验研究修复剂对烟草药害 的修复效果。【结果】微量元素肥对灭多威和辛硫磷药害的修复效果较好,药后 9 d, 修复率分别达 47.28% 和 54.43%;芸台素内酯和氨基酸肥对吡虫啉的修复效果较好,药后 9 d,药害修复率分别达 60.32% 和 56.77%。 活性炭和生石灰对二氯喹啉酸修复效果较好,活性炭施用量 80 mg/kg,药后 30 d 对烟草株高、叶长和叶宽修复 率分别为 81.44%、76.81% 和 89.59%,且修复效果随着施用量的增加而增加。生石灰施用量为 150 mg/kg 时, 对二氯喹啉酸修复效果最好,但随着施用量的增加修复效果下降。活性炭和吡唑解草酯对苄嘧磺隆药害修复效 果较好,吡唑解草酯施用量为 4 mg/kg 时,对苄嘧磺隆药害修复效果最好,随着施用量的增加修复效果下降。 活性炭对苄嘧磺隆修复效果随着施用量的增加而增加。【结论】可用微量元素肥修复灭多威和辛硫磷药害,芸 台素内酯和氨基酸肥修复吡虫啉药害,活性炭和生石灰修复二氯喹啉酸药害,活性炭和吡唑解草酯修复苄嘧磺 隆药害。     

Bio-organic compounds and glassy microparticles in lunar fines and other materials

Acid hydrolyzates of aqueous extracts indicated: glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, threonine, and I-diaminopropionic acid. The sources of these amino acids may be terrestrial contaminants, fuel exhaust products, or indigenous lunar material. The lunar particles found in the sample include: (i) spherules, rotational ellipsoids, dumbbells, tear-drops, rings, and crescents which have (ii) diameters of 0.1 to 500 microns; (iii) budlike features on the particles; and (iv) chemical inhomogeneity (electron probe). Some of the processes and results inferred for the moon have been simulated by the electron beam and low pressure of the electron microscope. Basalt (Kilauea-lki) and chondrite (Orgueil) have been found to behave similarly.     

草莓病毒病及其脱毒与检测技术研究进展

介绍了在草莓病毒病为害特点及其作用机理。综述了热处理、茎尖培养、花药培养等草莓脱毒技术和运用指示植物、血清学和分子生物学等检测技术。介绍了草莓无毒苗的栽培效果。     

Protein synthesis in rat liver: influence of amino acids in diet on microsomes and polysomes

Rats were killed 1 hour after having been fed by stomach tube with amino acid mixtures that were either nutritionally complete or lacked tryptophan. Microsomes isolated from the livers of animals fed the incomplete mixture showed a reduced capacity to incorporate (14)C-leucine in vitro, and polysomes prepared from the same livers showed an increased proportion of monosomes and disomes. Prior treatment with actinomycin D did not prevent these differences in response to the two amino acid mixtures, an indication that synthesis of messenger RNA may not be involved in the cell mechanism which recognizes differences in amino acid pattern.     

A new approach to the oral administration of insulin and other peptide drugs

The oral administration of peptide drugs is well known to be precluded by their digestion in the stomach and small intestine. As a new approach to oral delivery, peptide drugs were coated with polymers cross-linked with azoaromatic groups to form an impervious film to protect orally administered drugs from digestion in the stomach and small intestine. When the azopolymer-coated drug reached the large intestine, the indigenous microflora reduced the azo bonds, broke the cross-links, and degraded the polymer film, thereby releasing the drug into the lumen of the colon for local action or for absorption. The ability of the azopolymer coating to protect and deliver orally administered peptide drugs was demonstrated in rats with the peptide hormones vasopressin and insulin.     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages: effect of certain surfactants and other membrane-active compounds

Some compounds, not directly inhibitory or enhancing, nevertheless influence growth of tubercle bacilli in macrophages in cell culture. They include certain surfactants whose effects can be varied by their structural design. The compounds are probably stored in cell lysosomes. They can interact with various membranes to affect permeability. The anti- and protuberculous surfactants differ in such interaction and also in effect on lysosomal enzyme activity in infected macrophages. A link between the effect on lysosomal membranes and on tuberculous infection is suggested.     

5种非甾体类抗炎药对小鼠的肝损伤作用

【目的】探讨阿司匹林(ASA)、保泰松(PTZ)、吲哚美辛(IDM)、吡罗昔康(PRX)、氟比洛芬(FBP)等5种非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)对小鼠肝脏的损伤作用,为研究NSAIDs对肝损伤的作用机制提供参考。【方法】将70只昆明小白鼠,随机分为正常对照组(NC)、对乙酰氨基酚阳性对照组(APAP)、ASA组、PTZ组、IDM组、PRX组和FBP组,每组10只,NC组灌胃质量分数0.5%CMC-Na, APAP组灌胃70 mg/kg APAP,ASA组、PTZ组、IDM组、PRX组和FBP组分别灌胃50,54,2.4,2.6和7.5 mg/kg剂量的相应NSAIDs,每天2次,连续3 d;末次给药12 h后,眼丛静脉采血分离血清并采集肝脏样品,检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)水平及肝脏氧化指标(丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性);苏木精-伊红染色进行肝组织病理组织形态学观察,评价肝脏损伤程度;体外提取正常小鼠肝线粒体,将5种NSAIDS梯度稀释,使ASA、PTZ和PRX配置浓度均为64,128,256和512μmol/L,IDM和FBP配制浓度为32,64,128和256μmol/L,然后与线粒体共孵育并检测CYP2E1的活性,检测5种NSAIDs对肝脏CYP2E1活性的影响,进一步探究NSAIDs诱导肝损伤的潜在作用机制。【结果】除PRX外,其余4种NSAIDs均可不同程度使小鼠AST、ALT和MDA水平升高,降低抗氧化防御系统SOD、GSH和GSH-Px的水平;肝脏病理学观察发现,PRX对肝组织几乎无损伤作用,ASA的急性肝损伤作用较弱,IDM、FBP和PTZ对小鼠肝脏损伤作用较强,主要表现为边缘圆钝,肝体发黄;镜下观察为肝细胞颗粒变性,并伴有肝细胞坏死,小叶间结构不清晰,沿中央静脉和肝索分布有一定数量的炎性细胞。体内外试验均表明,IDM、FBP和PTZ能够诱导CYP2E1,而PRX和ASA对CYP2E1几乎无显著诱导作用。【结论】5种NSAIDs类药物中,PRX对肝组织无损伤作用,ASA对小鼠肝脏损伤作用较小,IDM、FBP和PTZ可能通过诱导CYP2E1导致线粒体功能障碍而引发肝脏损伤。     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素的危害及几种脱毒剂的作用机理

1饲料中的黄曲霉菌毒素(Aflatoxin,AF)及污染情况AF广泛存在于玉米、花生和棉籽饼(粕)中。和其他霉菌毒素相比,其毒性最强,对人畜危害最大。AF是由黄曲霉群中的黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的一类二呋喃香豆素的衍生物,其中呋喃基是基本毒素,主要有AFB1、AFB2、AFGl、AFG2、AFM1、AFM2     

不同年龄牦牛肝中挥发性物质的测定及分析

研究分别选取犊牦牛(6月龄)和成年牦牛(36月龄)肝,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)对其挥发性化合物进行检测,分析了不同年龄牦牛肝中挥发性化合物的差异.结果表明:相比成年牦牛肝,犊牦牛肝中的醛类物质高出43.81%,酮类高出11.52%,而烃类低44.94%.芳香族化合物,成年牦牛肝中的含量是犊牦牛的17倍.此外,苯甲醛、壬醛、己醛、庚醛等与脂肪氧化有关的挥发性化合物,在犊牦牛肝中的相对含量明显高于成年牦牛.     

Fluorescence decay times: proteins, coenzymes, and other compounds in water

The fluorescence decay time (tau) was 2 to 5 nanoseconds for proteins and 4 to 5 nanoseconds for flavin, pyridine nucleotide, and vitamin B(6)coenzymes; tau varied widely in 48 compounds measured in water. Altholugh reported values of tau for a few of the soluttions studied were in excellenlt agreement. previously "calculated" lifetimes, in severall instances, are apparently erroneous. Nonexponential decay was detectable with our "nanosecond-flash" apparatus, a modification of the first commercially aavilable unit for determination of tau.     

氟苯尼考单用及联用对爱德华氏菌的体外抑菌试验

为进一步了解爱德华氏菌的药物敏感性,采用肉汤稀释法测定氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、多西环素、环丙沙星、大黄、黄连、连翘、黄芩等8种药物单用或分别与氟苯尼考联用对斑点叉尾鮰爱德华氏菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并计算氟苯尼考与其他7种药物联用的抑菌浓度指数（FIC）。结果表明,8种药物体外单用对爱德华氏菌均具较强杀菌能力,其MIC依次为：氟苯尼考0.13μg/mL、环丙沙星0.03μg/mL、恩诺沙星0.25μg/mL、多西环素0.31μg/mL、黄芩13.33mg/mL、连翘20.00 mg/mL、黄连30.00 mg/mL、大黄33.33 mg/mL;药物联用时,氟苯尼考分别与多西环素、黄连联用时呈相加作用;分别与恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、大黄、连翘及黄芩联用则均呈无关作用。     

氨基酸生物配比及外源核苷对雏鸡肝脏核酸含量的影响

以NRC推荐的赖Aa为基准 ,以各种Aa对应的密码子使用频率的比率来确定饲料配方中各主要Aa之间的生物配比。在添加外源核苷酸的条件下 ,雏鸡肝脏中核酸含量明显增加 ,34日龄对照组与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡肝脏中总RNA含量分别为 (34 5 7.3± 146 .4)、(380 0 .7± 16 5 .6 )、(3814.8± 170 .4)、(36 15 .1± 2 17.2 )、(4 785 .4± 12 2 .9)和 (4 916 .0± 2 0 7.1) μg·g-1。结果显示 ,外源核苷酸在家禽体内能被利用 ,且在氨基酸比例趋于平衡时 ,RNA总量有所增加。     

解草酯及二氯丙烯胺对烟嘧磺隆和硝磺草酮药害的解毒效应研究

以郑单958玉米品种为试材,研究了夏玉米在5展叶期大量使用苗后除草剂烟嘧磺隆和硝磺草酮的药害及其对夏玉米产量等性状的影响,以及加施解毒剂解草酯与二氯丙烯胺对2种除草剂药害的解毒效应。结果表明：单施4%烟嘧磺隆油悬剂1 500 mL/hm2,7~8展叶期直观受害苗占35.4%,成株期株高、穗位高分别降低12.76 cm和7.97 cm,减产率6.81%;单施10%硝磺草酮悬浮剂1 500 mL/hm2,7~8展叶期直观受害苗占10.1%,成株期株高、穗位高分别增高9.17 cm和12.20 cm,减产率2.69%。在喷施除草剂时加施150 mL/hm2的解草酯或二氯丙烯胺,均不能缓解大量使用2种除草剂导致的药害,反而使受害苗率略有增加,产量进一步降低。施用硝磺草酮及二氯丙烯胺均降低玉米的抗倒伏能力。     

F-2毒素对体外培养猪卵巢颗粒细胞的毒害及V-E的解毒效果

采用细胞体外培养的方法,在卵巢颗粒细胞对数生长期,对F-2毒素的繁殖遗传毒性和V-E对其的解毒作用进行了研究．结果表明,各毒素组细胞活性显著低于正常对照组,而丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于正常对照组;各解毒组细胞活性均显著高于各毒素组,但明显低于正常对照组,MDA含量显著低于各毒素组,但明显高于正常对照组．这表明,F-2毒素可能是通过脂质过氧化作用,对颗粒细胞致毒,V-E对F-2毒素具有较好的解毒作用,能提高中毒卵巢颗粒细胞的抗过氧化能力．