甘肃临洮县百合田杂草种类及优势种群调查

为明确甘肃省定西市临洮县百合不同生长期田间主要杂草种类及危害特点,本研究采用“W”形5点取样法,对百合3个主要生长期田间主要杂草种类进行调查并对其危害进行分析。调查发现临洮县百合田有14科31种杂草,其中在百合生长早期、中期、后期危害最严重的杂草均为打碗花、藜、苦苣菜、狗尾草,分别属于旋花科、藜科、菊科、禾本科杂草,这4种杂草在百合3个生长期的重要值均最高,分别在10.1%、15.0%、11.6%和8.9%以上。掌握临洮县百合田杂草的发生种类及优势杂草,为今后百合田杂草防除提供了可靠依据。     

10%精喹禾灵乳油对甘草田杂草防除效果及安全性

为研究豆科作物除草剂精喹禾灵对人工栽培的甘草田主要杂草的防除效果以及对甘草的安全性,在调查田间杂草种类及基数的基础上,对三年生甘草种植田进行了不同剂量10%精喹禾灵EC喷施处理。结果表明,甘草田间杂草共62种,隶属于19科43属。相对多度在30%以上的优势杂草有2种,相对多度在10%～30%内的优势杂草有8种,其中菊科杂草苣荬菜对甘草植株的危害最为严重,其相对多度达35.95%,田间频率为97%,田间密度为11.85%。禾本科杂草在危害严重的杂草中所占种类最多。施用10%精喹禾灵EC有效剂量75.0 g/hm~2时,对田间禾本科杂草的总体防效最佳,但甘草植株有药害产生,出现叶卷曲及叶片烧伤现象,甘草生长期延长。综合试验结果,推荐10%精喹禾灵EC施用量为65.0～70.0 g/hm~2,在该范围内除草效果最佳且对甘草安全。     

我国莲藕主产区莲藕田间杂草组成及群落特征

采用倒置“W”形9点取样法,对湖南益阳、湖北蔡甸、江苏吴江、浙江金华、四川都江堰5个地区的莲藕田间杂草进行调查统计,结果表明：莲藕田间杂草共25种（含变种）,隶属于19科、24属,其中禾本科、莎草科和雨久花科的杂草种类较多,共占杂草种类的36％;发生优势度较大的杂草为空心莲子草（ Alternanthera philoxe-roides）和浮萍（ Herba spirodelae）。基于物种优势度进行群落相似性聚类分析发现,湖南益阳与湖北蔡甸的莲藕田间杂草群落相似性最高,四川都江堰地区的莲藕田间杂草群落组成与其他4个地区的差异较大。     

甘肃省西和县马铃薯田间杂草调查及其防治技术

经田间调查结果表明,甘肃省西和县春植马铃薯田杂草共有10科17种,其中禾本科3种,占17.65%;菊科4种,占23.53%;石竹科和蓼科各2种,分别占11.76%;十字花科、藜科、唇形科、茄科、苋科、大戟科各1种,分别占5.9%。马铃薯田杂草优势种有稗草、狗尾草、牛繁缕、腋花蓼、小藜、绵毛酸模叶蓼是严重危害的杂草,应重点防治;针对甘肃西和马铃薯田间主要杂草种类,探讨和查阅文献资料总结,提出相应的防除技术,为种植示范、规范种植管理技术和生产无公害马铃薯产品服务都具有重要的指导意义。     

浙江省水稻田杂草群落调查

为明确浙江省水稻田主要杂草的危害现状,采用七级目测法对浙江省主要水稻种植区杂草种类及群落特征进行调查,并运用Canoco软件对调查样点内杂草危害值和气候因子数据进行典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)。调查结果表明,田间共发现杂草61种(含变种),分属22科,其中千金子Leptochloa chinensis、丁香蓼Ludwigia prostrata、稗Echinochloa crusgalli为浙江全省单季稻田内分布最广,危害最严重的优势杂草。根据典范对应分析结果,可将44个样点稻田杂草群落分为以下两类,第1类为浙西北地区稗+小旱稗E. crusgalli var. austrojaponensis+千金子+杂草稻Oryza sativa f. spontanea+水苋菜Ammannia baccifera杂草群落,稗、小旱稗、千金子、杂草稻在此群落内的综合危害指数均在8.88%以上,为此区域优势种;第2类为浙东南地区千金子+丁香蓼+通泉草Mazus fauriei+空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides+稗杂草群落,千金子、丁香蓼、通泉草在此群落内综合危害指数均在7.66%以上,为此区域优势种。总体上,浙西北地区稻田受杂草危害较浙东南地区严重。表明浙江省稻田杂草群落与20世纪末相比发生了演替,主要危害杂草种类趋于同质化,且危害值降低,此外杂草稻等新问题日益突出,急需寻求相应的控草措施。     

广西城市草坪杂草的种群及发生调查

以南宁市为中心,对柳州、北海、桂林、玉林和贺州6个广西主要城市的各类草坪杂草种类及发生规律开展了调查研究。结果表明:广西城市草坪共有杂草21科83种,其中优势杂草种类有19种,菊科、禾本科的优势杂草种类最多,分别占优势种群总数的31.6％和26.3％。向阳地生境草坪主要杂草种类为酢酱草和马唐,背阳地生境草坪主要杂草种类为圆果雀稗和空心莲子草,阴潮地生境草坪主要杂草种类为空心莲子草和水沙草。春季草坪主要杂草科为酢酱科和菊科,夏季草坪主要杂草科为禾本科和酢酱科,秋季草坪主要杂草科为禾本科和莎草科,冬季草坪主要杂草科为石竹科和十字花科。     

乌兰察布胡麻连作田杂草种类及优势种杂草调查

为明确乌兰察布市胡麻连作田杂草种类及优势种杂草,2019—2021年对乌兰察布市农林科学研究所平地泉基地连作13年的胡麻田内的杂草种类和发生危害程度进行调查研究。结果表明,乌兰察布市胡麻连作田杂草有24种,隶属于9科21属,包含杂草种类最多的科是禾本科,有5属5种,占杂草种类总量的20.83%。一年生杂草有16种,占杂草种类总量的66.67%;依据杂草重要值评价,优势种杂草为薄荷、凹头苋、反枝苋、刺儿菜、藜、羊草、稗等7种,其在杂草群落的重要性地位表现为薄荷>凹头苋>反枝苋>刺儿菜>藜>羊草>稗。研究结果可为胡麻田杂草综合防控提供依据。     

浙沪小麦田杂草调查及优势杂草化学防除技术研究

为了明确浙沪小麦田杂草发生情况及优势杂草控制技术,采用唐氏五级目测法和随机取样计数法相结合的方法,对上海和浙江的116块冬小麦田杂草进行了抽样调查,同时采用盆栽试验和田间小区试验测定了7种除草剂对主要危害杂草的防效。结果表明,浙沪冬小麦田共调查到杂草43种,隶属于14科,其中菊科杂草种类最多,有10种,其次是禾本科杂草9种,再次是石竹科杂草5种。杂草群落组成以禾本科杂草为主,优势杂草为日本看麦娘Alopecurus japonicus Steud.、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne(Steud.) Fern.、棒头草Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.、硬草Sclerochloa dura(L.) Beauv.、早熟禾Poa annua L.、鹅肠菜Myosoton aquaticum(L.) Moench、救荒野豌豆Vicia sativa L.、猪殃殃Galium spurium L.和小藜Chenopodium ficifolium Smith。室内除草活性及田间药效试验结果表明,日本看麦娘可用15%炔草酯WP、5%唑啉草酯EC、30 g/L...     

保护性耕作制度下青海麦油轮作田间杂草群落组成调查

采用倒置"W"取样法对青海麦油轮作区保护性耕作田间杂草进行了调查,以明确田间杂草的种类组成及群落结构.结果表明,青海省保护性耕作田杂革有55种,隶属于22科,其中优势杂草有密花香薷(Elsholtzia densa Benth)、藜(Chenopodium album)、荞麦蔓(Polygonum convolvlus...     

夏玉米杂草危害产量损失初步研究

烟台市夏玉米田间杂草种类多，分布广，经初步调查常见的杂草有１７种，隶属８个科，其中以马唐、牛筋草和马齿苋数量最多，分别占调查种类的２３．１９％、１８．７３％和１８．１５％，是夏玉米田间杂草的优势种。这些杂草在田间占据空间与玉米争光、争肥、争水、影响光合作用，对玉米产量影响很大，为了探讨杂草危害与产量的关系，近年来我们进行了如下试验研究。１材料与方法选择地势平坦，地力均匀的夏玉米田，于田间杂草幼苗期开始至玉米乳熟期，人为控制杂草数量，设每平方米１０、２０、４０、８０、１２０、２４０株，以田间无草的…     

新疆核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确新疆核桃与小麦间作对麦田杂草种类及群落结构的影响,于2012—2017年对新疆南疆核桃-小麦间作、单作麦田杂草发生情况进行了调查。结果表明,南疆麦区杂草有39种,隶属14科33属,其中以菊科、禾本科、藜科为主;优势杂草有9种,分别是灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum L.、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.、播娘蒿Descurainia sophia(L.)Schur.、扁蓄Polygonum aviculare L.、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana L.、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis L.、离蕊芥Malcolmia africana(L.)R. Br.、小蓟Cephalanoplos segetum(Bunge.)Kitam.、苣荬菜Sonchus brachyotus DC.;与小麦单作田相比,核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener指数较高,2017年物种丰富度最高达27种,代表杂草优势集中性的Simpson指数则是小麦单作田高于核桃-小麦间作麦田,2013年高达0.32;核桃-小麦间作有利于麦田播娘蒿、苣荬菜和离蕊芥发生,但不利于萹蓄发生,其它5种优势杂草在间作和单作麦田的发生密度无显著差异。     

Weed control in irrigated dry seeded rice

Large losses in grain yields due to weed competition were found in studies conducted in irrigated dry seeded rice at Gezira Research Station, Sudan. These losses could exceed 50%. Weed competition lowered panicle number per unit area by 37%, number of filled grains per panicle by 13%, and weight of 1000 grains by 4%. Tillering was the critical growth phase most affected by weed competition. Grain yields were increased as number of hand weedings increased. The best yield (4.1 t/ha) was obtained from 3–4 weedings carried out at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after rice emergence. Oxadiazon (0.5 kg/ha) gave good residual weed control of the dominant weed species, Phyllanthus niruri L., Leucas urticifolia L., Heliotropium F.W.Andr. and Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, for 6–7 weeks. The combination with continuous flooding from 6 weeks after rice emergence gave excellent weed control during the entire season, and comparable or even better yields than frequently weeded rice.     

小麦幼苗及其次生代谢产物丁布对杂草的异株克生活性

研究了小麦活体、小麦水提液及小麦次生代谢产物丁布对几种杂草的异株克生活性。小麦与马唐、反枝苋、野燕麦、早熟禾、稗草等杂草混播的盆栽试验呈现出小麦播种密度越大,杂草种子萌发率越低的趋势。小麦水提液对马唐、反枝苋、早熟禾、稗草、野燕麦根和茎的生长均有明显的异株克生作用,IC₅₀(根)<1.5 mg/mL,IC₅₀(茎)<3.0 mg/mL,而对黑麦草、圆叶牵牛无明显的抑制活性。除马唐外,小麦水提液对供试杂草种子萌发抑制效果不明显。小麦次生代谢产物丁布对3种不同杂草的根、茎总体抑制效果为反枝苋>马唐>野燕麦,IC₅₀(根、茎)<1.5mg/mL,IC₅₀(种子萌发)<3.5 mg/mL。比较IC₅₀可知,生物活性:丁布>小麦水提液。丁布是小麦中具有异株克生活性的次生代谢物。     

Herbage mass, nutritive value and palatability of five grass weeds for cattle in the northern Tohoku region in Japan

The objective of this grazing study was to determine the herbage mass, nutritive value and palatability of five grass weed species ( Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Paspalum thunbergii Kunth, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. crus-galli ) as feeds compared with six forage cultivars ( Lolium perenne L., two Lolium multiflorum cultivars and three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. cultivars). The herbage mass of weed species, with the exception of S. glauca , was most prevalent in August. The total amounts of herbage mass of weed species (except E. indica ) were close to those of the Lolium cultivars, but lower than those of the E. crus-galli cultivars. During the summer, weed species (except E. crus-galli var. crus-galli ) contained favorable levels of total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and mineral contents, and exhibited adequate calcium (Ca):phosphorus (P) ratios of 1:2. All weed species had the recommended ratios of potassium (K):(Ca + [magnesium] Mg) < 2.2:1. By autumn, the summertime levels of nutritive values (TDN, CP, ADF and NDF) in the weed species had severely deteriorated, in contrast with those of the forage cultivars. However, they maintained satisfactory mineral content levels and Ca:P and K:(Ca + Mg) ratios (with the exception of E. indica with poor Ca:P ratios and E. crus-galli var. crus-galli with poor P content and Ca:P ratios). All weed species were acceptable to cattle, although there were some differences in palatability among the species.     

辽宁省果园杂草发生情况调查

采用倒置W九点取样法调查辽宁省果园杂草,结果明确辽宁省果园杂草有24科72种,其中阔叶杂草占73.61%,禾本科占15.28%,其他杂草占11.11%;一年生杂草占80.56%,多年生杂草占19.44%。相对多度达10%以上的杂草依次为鹅观草、藜、鸭跖草、三叶鬼针草、小飞蓬、刺儿菜、铁苋菜。其中鹅观草和藜相对多度在15%以上。     

Efficacy of chemical weed control in spring cereals in Finland

A national survey was conducted in Finland from 1982 to 1984 to determine the main weed species in spring cereals and the efficacy of herbicides on Finnish farms. The most common dicotyledonous weeds producing the highest biomass in spring cereals were Chenopodium album L., Galeopsis spp. L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Lapsana communis L. The main grass weed was Elymus repens (L.) Gould. The average reduction of weed biomass by herbicide treatment was 75%. More reliable efficacy was obtained with herbicide mixtures than with MCPA alone.     

四川省德阳市烟田杂草种类、危害及出苗特点调查

分别于2013年、2014年采用倒置“W”9点取样法、七级目测法,调查了四川省德阳市烟田杂草发生的种类及危害;2014年采用田间定点调查法研究了烟田杂草的出苗特点。结果表明：德阳市烟田杂草共24科67种,优势种为光头稗[ Echinochloa colonum （ L．） Link]、马唐[ Digitaria sanguinalis （ L．） Scop．]、繁缕[ Stellaria media （ L．） Cyr．]、碎米荠（ Cardamine hirsuta L．）、辣蓼（ Polygonum flaccidum Meism．）。烟田杂草于2014年的出苗高峰期为烟苗移栽后20～30 d。明确了德阳市烟田杂草的种群特点和发生规律,为有针对性地提出烟田杂草防除措施提供了科学、可靠的理论依据。     

Biology and management of barnyardgrass,red sprangletop and weedy rice

About 400 weed species of 73 families have been reported to occur in upland and lowland rice fields in Vietnam. Two important families are Poaceae and Cyperaceae having 42% of weed species with 21% each. The barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv., is the most important weed in both transplanted and direct‐seeded rice in this country. The competi‐tion of 25 barnyardgrass plants/m² causes approximately 50% yield loss. Red sprangletop, Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees., is an emerging major weed in direct‐seeded rice. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) was detected in 1994 and is now a new dangerous pest in rice fields. The main reasons are: herbicides which can kill weedy rice completely are not available in the market, non‐chemical methods are laborious and costly, and weedy rice can develop a new generation from contaminated seeds through rice sowing or emerging from soil seed bank. Research results on the Vietnamese situation of barnyardgrass, red sprangletop and weedy rice in terms of biology and management by chemical and non‐chemical methods have been reviewed in this paper.     

Seasonal emergence of weeds in cultivated soil in New Zealand

Patterns of seedling emergence of ten weed species from soil cultivated at intervals of approximately one month are described. All species examined showed clearly defined emergence patterns. Polygonum persicaria L. seedlings emerged in spring and early summer. Seedlings of Chenopodium album agg., Portulaca oleracea L. and Solanum nigrum L. emerged in late spring, summer and early autumn.Plantago major L., Rumex spp. (mostly R. obtusifolius L.) and Trifolium spp. (mostly T. repens L.) emerged mostly in spring and early summer. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. and Juncus bufonius L. tended to emerge in both autumn and spring.Veronica persica Poir. emerged in spring, summer and autumn. Close similarity between emergence patterns in New Zealand and northern Europe, despite differences in rainfall and temperature, suggests that annual dormancy:nondormancy cycles of seeds buried in the soil are largely responsible for seedling emergence patterns. In New Zealand, seedling emergence tended to be more spread out than in Europe, although seasonal patterns were still distinct. Further work on dormancy cycles in these species would be useful, as would a comparison of the factors inducing and breaking dormancy of comparable seed populations in northern and southern Europe and New Zealand. When seeds were left buried for several years before being encouraged to germinate, seedling emergence patterns tended to be of smaller amplitude, although the overall patterns were still very similar.