探索具有当代岭南特色的居住小区园林景观——以广州岭南印象居住小区园林景观设计为例

中国园林具有很强的地域特征,与北方园林和江南园林相比,岭南园林以其"疏朗通透,兼蓄秀茂"的特色独树一帜。而作为地域文化一个重要组成部分,岭南园林在务实、包容、创新等方面做了很多有益的尝试,这也让岭南园林在探索现代地域园林景观的道路上领先于其他的传统园林。广州岭南印象居住小区的园林景观设计是探索具有当代岭南特色的居住小区园林景观的一次成功尝试,它不仅传承了岭南园林的自然之美和传统意境,还在现代功能上进行了务实性创新,让人们在高密度居住环境中找回人与自然的联系,在户外环境里享受邻里般放松舒适的社区生活。     

岭南园林的学术定义

岭南是我国南岭的五座山脉(越城岭、都庞岭、萌渚岭、骑田岭和大庾岭)以南地区的统称,地域范围从秦汉至唐朝大致包括广东、广西、海南岛和越南北部红河三角洲大部。北宋以后岭南地域不再包括越南,沿袭至今,含广东、广西、香港、澳门、海南省(区)全境,与华南政区的地理版图一致。"岭南园林"一词最早出现在1962年广东园林学会成立大会上林西同志的开幕讲话中,后被业界广泛采用。岭南园林是中国岭南地区风景园林的概称,具有鲜明的地方特色。广义上讲,它泛指发生在岭南地区的风景园林营造活动及相关作品;狭义而论,它代称在岭南地区营造的具有岭南文化与自然特色的风景园林实体。其英文译名,宜为"Southern China Landscape Architecture"(SCLA)。岭南园林可作为地带园林学研究的特定类型,是中国热带园林营造的传统形式之一。明确岭南园林的学术定义,对于促进岭南园林事业的健康发展和国际传播具有积极意义。     

岭南园林在现代居住地产园林中的继承和发展——以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例

以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例,说明岭南园林在现代居住地产园林项目中的继承和发展现状.佛山中海万锦公馆项目采用"一轴、三园、六院、三进、九井"的空间院落形制,还原传统造园模式"一池三山",以现代手段和方法营造岭南建筑风格、营造岭南园林植物景观、提炼岭南传统符号、应用传统岭南色彩等岭南元素,并用现代的技术和材料进行了园林铺装...     

以岭南和园设计探索岭南园林的历史传承

岭南园林以求实兼蓄、精巧秀丽的特质在中国园林中独树一帜，其不同时期的造园创作都有传承和创新。借创作岭南和园为契机，梳理现存的广府岭南园林实例，发现岭南园林的风格和形式既有统一的传承，又在明清、清末民初、民国、中华人民共和国成立后4个历史阶段各具时代特色。顺德北滘岭南和园的设计探索，以“山水、街市、人家”为主题，遵循“北山南水、负阴抱阳”的传统山水格局，荟萃4个历史阶段的岭南园林设计语汇，创作“和园六景”，描绘了一幅自然山水与城市和谐共融的水乡生活画卷，探索了岭南园林精髓的传承和设计手法的创新。     

岭南园林的特征

前面孟院士非常精彩把我们岭南人说得非常好。多年来,对于岭南园林的特征一直在探索,所以想与在座的领导和专家朋友,一起再来深化我们的岭南园林理论。1关于岭南园林特征产生的依据白居易在《庐山草堂》里面建过一个对子,"天与我室,地与我所",天地时空告诉了社会历史的沉积和自然气候的生存环境,递出的人     

浅析岭南古典园林造园艺术——以江南园林为比较

江南园林和岭南园林在中国历史长河中,发展成为两大不同地域风格的园林。概括性地回顾岭南发展历程,比较江南园林与岭南园林,从自然条件、社会经济、文化思想、造园师及园主人四个方面分析岭南园林风格形成的原因,并总结了岭南园林的造园艺术特征。     

热带园林研究初探

热带园林,是一种基于气候带资源特征的地带适宜性园林形式,也是现代园林景观营造中生态与关学和谐共存的典型文化载体之一。对热带园林基本概念、发展特点及其景观特色的学术研究,有利于构建地域景观适应型的“地带园林学”理论体系,开拓中国岭南园林与世界同气候带相关园林形式交流借鉴的学术研究新领域。     

岭南园林与岭南新园林——新时期岭南地区园林建设的精品意识和文化品位

本文以两广为研究对象,对岭南地区(重点是广西)三十年来公园绿地建设态势与走向作了分析,认为岭南新园林的建设与发展须借鉴传统"岭南园林"的人文风格和艺术特点,使之适应新时期大众化的需求,又不失文化艺术品位,要质量并重,走精品园林的道路.     

岭南山茶花种质资源及园林应用

为促进岭南山茶花产业的进一步开发,从园林应用角度,通过调查分析,梳理岭南山茶花类群的乡土物种及适宜品种资源;依据其资源特性,从适宜生境、适宜视境、植物组群、花文化的角度,探讨山茶花配置手法及要点,营造岭南地域特色的山茶花景观。     

立足岭南传统人居环境,积淀地域景观实践与创新——访陆琦教授

地域景观的发展,既需要立足于传统,立足于地域自然环境条件,亦需要立足于对地方整体人居环境的理解。需要从不同的时间维度、空间维度去探讨自然环境、地方生活、本土文化的关系。华南理工大学建筑学院陆琦教授长期以来从事岭南园林研究及地域景观实践。本期特邀编辑、华南农业大学林学与风景学院李自若老师(建筑设计及其理论博士)采访陆琦教授,从岭南园林研究、特色传承、实践创作及人才培养等方面综合探讨地域景观的发展思路。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.