Core knowledge of geometry in an Amazonian indigene group

Does geometry constitute a core set of intuitions present in all humans, regardless of their language or schooling? We used two nonverbal tests to probe the conceptual primitives of geometry in the Mundurukú, an isolated Amazonian indigene group. Mundurukú children and adults spontaneously made use of basic geometric concepts such as points, lines, parallelism, or right angles to detect intruders in simple pictures, and they used distance, angle, and sense relationships in geometrical maps to locate hidden objects. Our results provide evidence for geometrical intuitions in the absence of schooling, experience with graphic symbols or maps, or a rich language of geometrical terms.     

Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest

It is debated whether species-level differences in ecological strategy, which play a key role in much of coexistence theory, are important in structuring highly diverse communities. We examined the co-occurrence patterns of over 1100 tree species in a 25-hectare Amazonian forest plot in relation to field-measured functional traits. Using a null model approach, we show that co-occurring trees are often less ecologically similar than a niche-free (neutral) model predicts. Furthermore, we find evidence for processes that simultaneously drive convergence and divergence in key aspects of plant strategy, suggesting that at least two distinct niche-based processes are occurring. Our results show that strategy differentiation among species contributes to the maintenance of diversity in one of the most diverse tropical forests in the world.     

Aztec arithmetic revisited: land-area algorithms and Acolhua congruence arithmetic

Acolhua-Aztec land records depicting areas and side dimensions of agricultural fields provide insight into Aztec arithmetic. Hypothesizing that recorded areas resulted from indigenous calculation, in a study of sample quadrilateral fields we found that 60% of the area values could be reproduced exactly by computation. In remaining cases, discrepancies between computed and recorded areas were consistently small, suggesting use of an unknown indigenous arithmetic. In revisiting the research, we discovered evidence for the use of congruence principles, based on proportions between the standard linear Acolhua measure and their units of shorter length. This procedure substitutes for computation with fractions and is labeled "Acolhua congruence arithmetic." The findings also clarify variance between Acolhua and Tenochca linear units, long an issue in understanding Aztec metrology.     

Improved fallows: a case study of an adaptive response in Amazonian swidden farming systems

Many smallholders in the Amazon employ swidden (slash-and-burn) farming systems in which forest or forest fallows are the primary source of natural soil enrichment. With decreasing opportunities to claim natural forests for agriculture and shrinking landholdings, rotational agriculture on smaller holdings allows insufficient time for fallow to regenerate naturally into secondary forest. This case study examines how Peruvian farmers use “improved fallows” as an adaptive response to a situation of decreasing soil fertility and how the farmers describe the rationale underlying the various actions taken in these modified fallow systems. The results indicate that farmers establish improved fallows using contextual ecological knowledge and various techniques to introduce a large diversity of tree species. This practice is also used to restore degraded land to agricultural production. The tasks of maintaining productivity on agricultural land and reforesting degraded areas is becoming increasingly urgent in the Amazon, making agricultural practices that involve reforestation and tree management highly relevant. Since swidden farming systems are the basis for the livelihoods of most Amazon smallholders, good farming practices elaborated by swidden farmers are important for sustainable small-scale family farming systems in the Amazon.     

改进的实数遗传算法在求解组合预测模型中的应用

在现有文献的基础上,对实数遗传算法进行了改进,并将改进后的实数遗传算法应用到求解组合预测模型权重问题中。改进后的实数遗传算法模型预测精度有所提高,从而证明其能够较好地解决组合预测模型的权重求解问题。     

格群中的正合序列(Ⅰ)

本文将介绍格群中的正合序列概念，并研究这种结构的一些性质     

Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests

In an edaphically heterogeneous area in the Peruvian Amazon, clay soils and nutrient-poor white sands each harbor distinctive plant communities. To determine whether a trade-off between growth and antiherbivore defense enforces habitat specialization on these two soil types, we conducted a reciprocal transplant study of seedlings of 20 species from six genera of phylogenetically independent pairs of edaphic specialist trees and manipulated the presence of herbivores. Clay specialist species grew significantly faster than white-sand specialists in both soil types when protected from herbivores. However, when unprotected, white-sand specialists dominated in white-sand forests and clay specialists dominated in clay forests. Therefore, habitat specialization in this system results from an interaction of herbivore pressure with soil type.     

Aztec arithmetic: positional notation and area calculation

Texcocan-Aztec peoples in the Valley of Mexico used both picture symbols and lines and dots for numerical notation. Decipherment and analysis of mid-16th-century native pictorial land documents from the Texcocan region indicate that the line-and-dot system incorporated a symbol for zero and used position to ascribe values. Positional line-and-dot notation was used to record areas of agricultural fields, and analysis of the documentary data suggests that areas were calculated arithmetically. These findings demonstrate that neither positional notation nor the zero were unique to the Maya area, and they imply an equally sophisticated mathematical development among the Aztecs.     

Dispersal,environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests

The distribution of plant species, the species compositions of different sites, and the factors that affect them in tropical rain forests are not well understood. The main hypotheses are that species composition is either (i) uniform over large areas, (ii) random but spatially autocorrelated because of dispersal limitation, or (iii) patchy and environmentally determined. Here we test these hypotheses, using a large data set from western Amazonia. The uniformity hypothesis gains no support, but the other hypotheses do. Environmental determinism explains a larger proportion of the variation in floristic differences between sites than does dispersal limitation; together, these processes explain 70 to 75% of the variation. Consequently, it is important that management planning for conservation and resource use take into account both habitat heterogeneity and biogeographic differences.     

稻田福寿螺发生为害的特点及综合防治技术

福寿螺对水稻的为害十分严重。文章介绍福寿螺的特征特性及发生规律,并在调查试验的基础上,总结出一套农业防治和药物防治相结合的综合防治福寿螺的办法。     

CDMA中盲自适应多用户检测算法的研究与分析

在传统的自适应检测方法改进的基础上,总结了最新的LMS,RLS,Kalman算法在CDMA多用户检测上的应用。文中给出了三种算法原理及方法,并用Matlab工具进行仿真。在比较三种检测方法的平均信干比和加不同干扰条件下误码率的基础上,得出三种算法的抗干扰性能较好,而Kalman算法表现了最优的性能。     

格群中的正合序列(Ⅱ)

本文是［3］的继续，利用格群中正合序列的性质，得到格群中同态基本定理和同构定理也成立．     

Specificity for aminoacylation of an RNA helix: an unpaired, exocyclic amino group in the minor groove

An acceptor stem G3.U70 base pair is a major determinant of the identity of an alanine transfer RNA. Hairpin helices and RNA duplexes consisting of complementary single strands are aminoacylated with alanine if they contain G3.U70. Chemical synthesis of RNA duplexes enabled the introduction of base analogs that tested the role of specific functional groups in the major and minor grooves of the RNA helix. The results of these experiments indicate that an unpaired guanine 2-amino group at a specific position in the minor groove of an RNA helix marks a molecule for aminoacylation with alanine.     

Evaluation of intrinsic binding energy from a hydrogen bonding group in an enzyme inhibitor

This and two accompanying reports describe the intrinsic binding energy derived from a single hydrogen bond between an inhibitor and an enzyme. The results were obtained by comparing matched pairs of inhibitors of the zinc endopeptidase thermolysin that bind to the enzyme in an essentially identical manner but differ in the presence or absence of a specific hydrogen bond. This report describes five phosphorus-containing analogs of the peptides carbobenzoxy-Gly-Leu-X, in which the Gly-Leu peptide linkage is replaced with a phosphonate ester (-PO2(-)-O-). Values for the inhibition constants of these inhibitors show a direct relation with those of the corresponding phosphonamidate analogs (-PO2(-)-NH- in place of the Gly-Leu peptide moiety), which have been characterized previously as transition state analogs. However, each phosphonate ester is bound about 840 times more weakly than the analogous phosphonamidate, reflecting the loss of 4.0 +/- 0.1 kilocalories per mole in binding energy. From these results and the crystallographic analysis in the next report, it can be inferred that the value of 4.0 kilocalories per mole represents the intrinsic binding energy arising from a highly specific hydrogen binding interaction.     

3种养殖方式下刺参营养成分和功能成分的研究

对大连地区圈养、浅海和深海3种养殖方式下平均体质量分别为67.11、96.15、258.40 g刺参Apostichopus japonicus的营养成分(灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、氨基酸、脂肪酸)、功能成分(多糖、胶原蛋白)进行比较分析。结果表明:圈养刺参的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物含量最高,灰分含量最低;圈养刺参的多糖含量最高,且含有较高的氨基糖和糖醛酸,而深海刺参的胶原蛋白含量最高;3种养殖方式下,刺参的脂肪酸含量均以多不饱和脂肪酸为主,其中,深海刺参所含的多不饱和脂肪酸最高,尤其是EPA;3种养殖方式下,刺参的谷氨酸含量均最多,圈养刺参的必需氨基酸含量最高。研究表明,不同养殖方式下,刺参的营养成分和功能成分有明显差异,本研究结果可为生产者加工和消费者购买刺参提供参考。     

生态足迹理论的微观分析-成分法的算法及应用

随着可持续发展研究不断深入,生态足迹理论逐渐成为国内外可持续发展量化研究的热点。成分法作为生态足迹分析模型中应用于微观单位的一种算法,能够较为简便形象地估算微观单位对各种资源的消耗程度,为制订可持续发展战略提供理论依据。该文对该算法的基本思想、分类方法、计算方法和优势缺陷等进行了介绍。同时,利用成分法进行生态足迹分析尚需根据国情进一步完善和加强,在我国应用生态足迹的成分法分析模型的主要困难是数据的收集和均衡因子的取得,但根据我国可持续发展的战略性需求,成分法分析模型必将得到广泛应用。     

2维梁有限变形的精确理论和近似理论

提出了用以判别梁的有限变形精确理论与近似理论的3条准则,在李明瑞的2维梁有限变形精确理论的基础上推导出几种合理的简化理论,将Reissuer-Simo理论补充成为完整的近似理论,通过算例对各种理论作了比较。