Identification of zeinoxanthin in orange juices

The monohydroxycarotenoid fraction of orange juice has been isolated by TLC and studied to determine whether the carotenoid accompanying beta-cryptoxanthin was alpha-cryptoxanthin or zeinoxanthin. The provitamin A carotenoid alpha-cryptoxanthin has been widely reported in orange juice, although its identification has been carried out mainly on the basis of its spectral features, which are virtually identical with those of its non-provitamin A isomer, zeinoxanthin. As a result of a study of the UV-vis and mass spectra of the monohydroxycarotenoid fraction and of the methylation test, it was concluded that the carotenoid accompanying beta-cryptoxanthin was the non-provitamin A carotenoid zeinoxanthin.     

Identification of sulfur volatiles in canned orange juices lacking orange flavor

The purpose of this study was to understand why some canned orange juices are not perceived as orange juice. Sensory flavor profile data indicated that the primary odor (orthonasal) attributes were tropical fruit/grapefruit, cooked/caramel, musty, and medicine. By comparison fresh-squeezed juice lacked these odor attributes. GC-O analysis found 43 odor-active components in canned juices. Eight of these aroma volatiles were sulfur based. Four of the 12 most intense aroma peaks were sulfur compounds that included methanethiol, 1-p-menth-1-ene-8-thiol, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, and dimethyl trisulfide. The other most intense odorants included 7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene (myrcene), octanal, 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (homofuraneol), (E)-non-2-enal, (E,E)-deca-2,4-dienal, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin), and alpha-sinensal. Odorants probably responsible for the undesirable sensory attributes included grapefruit (1-p-menth-1-ene-8-thiol), cooked [2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (Furaneol), and 3-(methylthio)propanal (methional)], musty [7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene and (E)-non-2-enal], and medicine (2-methoxyphenol). The canned juices also lacked several aldehydes and esters normally found in fresh orange juice.     

低温贮藏对桃果实冷害和能量水平的影响

为探索桃果实低温贮藏时冷害发生与能量水平的关系,该研究将桃果实分别置于0、5、10℃下贮藏,定期测定果实褐变指数、硬度和出汁率等冷害指标以及H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)等线粒体呼吸代谢相关酶活性及能量相关物质三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、磷酸腺苷(AMP)含量和能荷变化。结果表明,桃果实在不同贮藏温度下冷害发生程度不同,5℃贮藏的桃果实褐变指数最高,冷害最严重,0℃贮藏次之,10℃贮藏无冷害发生。同时发现5℃贮藏果实的ATP和ADP含量、能荷水平、H+-ATPase、SDH和CCO活性最低。这些结果表明,桃果实冷害发生可能与能量供应不足有关。     

Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices

Quantitative analysis of anthocyanins was performed on a series of blood orange juices according to various spectrophotometric and HPLC methods, and the causes for different concentration resulting from the application of such procedures were investigated. Spectrophotometric methods utilizing aqueous ethanol as a solvent provided an anthocyanin content higher than that determined by HPLC. Discrepancies were ascribed to the use of impure standards and/or unsuitable calibration lines. The most consistent results with the HPLC findings were obtained by a method utilizing water as a solvent and cyanidin-3-glucoside as a standard. Actual concentration of anthocyanins in blood orange juice was remarkably lower than that currently determined by procedures used in the juice producing factories.     

反光膜对桃树光合特性及根际温度的影响

为研究地面铺反光膜对桃树光合特性及根际温度变化的影响,以"浅间白桃"结果树为材料,于果实成熟期间进行地面铺反光膜的田间试验,测定了果树叶片的光合特性及不同土层根际温度的变化.结果表明,处理树叶净光合速率(Pn)、光能利用率(LUE)明显高于对照树.随着光强增加,处理和对照叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)均增加,且处理叶WUE明显高于对照.气孔限制值(Ls)和水蒸气压差(VpdL)与光强呈正相关,处理树叶片Ls显著高于对照,但VpdL和胞间CO2(Ci)却明显低于对照.处理树前期(7月22日～8月10日)不同深度土壤温度变化呈双峰曲线,土层越浅土壤温度越高且变化幅度越大;8月9日根际土壤温度值为20 cm＞15 cm＞10 cm＞5 cm;之后又恢复到前期水平.对照树前期(7月22日～8月12日)根际温度的变化与处理树相似,但8月15日后不同深度土壤温度值为10 cm＞20 cm＞15 cm＞5 cm.     

声热联合杀菌对NFC橙汁低温贮藏营养和感官品质的影响

为了探究声热联合杀菌（thermosonication,TS）对非浓缩还原（not from concentrate, NFC）橙汁品质的影响,研究比较了传统巴氏杀菌（70 ℃,15 min）和TS（600 W,60 ℃,13 min）对贮藏期间NFC橙汁的微生物、色泽、柠檬苦素、诺米林、维生素C (vitamin C, Vc)、总酚、总黄酮含量,以及抗氧化活性的影响,并采用GC-MS分析评价2种杀菌方式对NFC橙汁风味的影响。结果表明,在贮藏期间,2种杀菌方式下NFC橙汁中菌落总数以及霉菌和酵母菌均符合国家标准,糖酸成分稳定,TS处理不影响NFC橙汁的酸甜口感。与传统巴氏杀菌处理NFC橙汁相比,TS处理提高了NFC橙汁的浊度稳定性和色泽,褐变指数降低了12.50% ～16.67%,Vc的损失率减少了10.52%,总酚和总黄酮含量是传统巴氏杀菌组的1.00～1.06倍,柠檬苦素含量和诺米林含量分别降低了17.37%～56.62%和9.32%～63.85%,DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力分别是巴氏杀菌的1.09～1.21倍和1.11～1.70倍。通过GC-MS分析共鉴定出49种挥发性风味物质。NFC橙汁经传统巴氏杀菌处理后产生1-辛烯-3-醇、2-辛炔-1-醇、丁酸乙酯、反-2-辛烯醛、反-2-壬烯醛、反-2-庚烯醛、水芹醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮以及丁酸9种挥发性成分,导致NFC橙汁产生热异味;而TS处理能够有效抑制NFC橙汁产生这些成分,从而避免NFC橙汁产生热异味。因此,声热联合杀菌是一种优于或可代替NFC橙汁传统巴氏杀菌的杀菌方式,该研究为声热联合杀菌技术在NFC橙汁的应用提供理论依据和技术参数。     

Application of tristimulus colorimetry to estimate the carotenoids content in ultrafrozen orange juices

Tristimulus Colorimetry was applied to characterize the color of Valencia late orange juices. Color measurements were made against white background and black background. The profile of the main carotenoids related to the color of the juices was determined by HPLC. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between b*, Cab* and h(ab) and the content of beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin and beta-carotene were found. The correlations between the color parameters L*, a*, b*, Cab* and h(ab) and the carotenoids content were also explored by partial least squares. The results obtained have shown that it is possible to obtain equations, by means of multiple regression models, which allow the determination of the individual carotenoid levels from the CIELAB color parameters, with R2 values always over 0.9. In this sense, equations have been proposed to calculate the retinol equivalents (1 RE = 1 microgram retinol = 12 micrograms beta-carotene = 24 micrograms alpha-carotene = 24 micrograms beta-cryptoxanthin) of the orange juice analyzed as a function of the color parameters calculated from measurement made against white and black backgrounds. The average RE per liter of juice obtained by HPLC was 51.07 +/- 18.89, whereas employing these equations, average RE values obtained were 51.16 +/- 1.36 and 51.21 +/- 1.70 for white background and black background, respectively.     

不同温度对杏鲍菇减压贮藏品质的影响

为了研究减压贮藏条件下杏鲍菇的适宜贮藏温度,以杏鲍菇为试材,采用0.07 mm厚的低密度聚乙烯袋抽真空至0.06 MPa减压包装后,分别置于0、2、4、6和8℃下贮藏,研究了不同贮藏温度对减压贮藏条件下杏鲍菇的生理生化及品质的影响。结果表明:2、4℃较好地保持了杏鲍菇超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)(P0.01)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性(P0.05),有效抑制了丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的上升(P0.01),降低了呼吸强度(P0.01),延缓了杏鲍菇子实体的衰老进程,较好地保持了杏鲍菇的硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性;降低了杏鲍菇的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性(P0.01),有效抑制了杏鲍菇的褐变,较好地保持了杏鲍菇的色泽(P0.01)。因此,2~4℃为杏鲍菇减压贮藏条件下的适宜贮藏温度,有效延缓了杏鲍菇的后熟衰老进程,延长了杏鲍菇的贮藏期,从而为杏鲍菇的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据和技术方法。     

锥栗贮藏温度对淀粉降解速率的影响

研究了3个不同锥栗品种在1，5，10℃等不同温度下贮藏120 d，并研究了贮藏过程淀粉含量的变化和淀粉降解速率，将降解速率与贮藏温度、品质变化和贮藏时间相关联，建立了锥栗贮藏方程。根据该方程，淀粉的含量随贮藏时间和贮藏温度的提高而降低，在试验范围内，低温度效果比高温度效果好。锥栗的品质与贮藏时间、贮藏温度和品种有关。     

施加外源乙烯时机对MA贮藏桃果实品质的影响

为了改善桃果实低温贮藏期间品质降低情况,探讨了大久保桃果实在低温条件下自发气调（MA）贮藏期间,不同时间（0、15和30 d）加入外源乙烯处理（50～80 μL/L）的效果,测定在贮藏期间及20℃下回温3 d后果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量（SSC）、腐烂指数、可滴定酸（TA）、总糖、维生素C（Vc）的含量。结果表明,在0℃下MA贮藏15、30 d加入外源乙烯处理能较好地保持果实的质地、可溶性固形物含量,降低桃果实的腐烂率。同时15 d时加入外源乙烯处理还能较好地保持总糖和Vc含量,但对可滴定酸的影响与其他MA处理差异不显著。研究表明,MA贮藏大久保桃果实在第15天进行外源乙烯处理效果最好。     

Phloroglucinol from phlorin hydrolysis for testing quality of commercial orange juices and beverages

The European Association of Juices and Nectars Producers (AIJN) is evaluating the opportunity to introduce the content of phlorin (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside), a peel marker for oranges, as a parameter for testing the quality of orange juices. Because of the lack of a commercial standard of phlorin and its laborious isolation procedures, in this contribution is developed a simple and reliable method for measuring the phlorin level as the corresponding aglycon phloroglucinol, obtained after a total enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample. The method was applied to the quantification of phloroglucinol in several industrial and commercial blond and pigmented orange juices and beverages based on 12% orange juice. Under the same extraction procedure, the phloroglucinol content in the pigmented juices was higher than in the blond ones. No significant difference was obtained between not from concentrate juices and reconstituted from concentrate juices. The marker amount increases in the highly processed orange fruits and in the byproducts of citrus processing due to the contact of the juice with the albedo, which is the major source of phlorin. In orange-based beverages the phloroglucinol content revealed a large heterogeneity and a poor quality of the raw juices used.     

冷锻炼处理减轻低温贮藏桃果实冷害的能量代谢机理

为探讨通过维持低温贮藏桃果实能量代谢水平而减轻冷害的有效方法,以‘大久保’桃为试材,分别以24、5、0℃贮藏为对照,研究冷锻炼处理(8℃冷锻炼5d后转入0℃冷藏,CAT)对维持冷藏及其货架期间桃果实线粒体呼吸代谢相关酶及三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量的影响。结果表明:24℃贮藏模式下桃果实的H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)活性在贮藏过程中2～3d出现了活性高峰,之后随着果实的软化衰老而显著下降。5℃贮藏桃果实贮藏期间的H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、SDH、CCO活性和ATP含量最低,且下降速度也最快;0℃贮藏次之,而CAT贮藏可有效抑制桃果实H+-ATPase、SDH和CCO活性的下降,保持较高的ATP含量。随着贮藏时间的延长,货架期期间H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、SDH、CCO活性和ATP含量均降低,但CAT处理明显高于5、0℃冷藏处理。这表明冷锻炼处理可通过调节线粒体呼吸代谢酶活性,维持果实较高的能量水平,有利于减轻果实冷害的发生并延长贮藏期。     

Effect of storage temperature and pyruvate on kinetics of anthocyanin degradation, vitisin A derivative formation, and color characteristics of model solutions

The formation of vitisin A, an anthocyanin formed naturally in small quantities in maturing port wines, was studied in model wine solutions at several storage temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 32 degrees C). Vitisin A was formed through the interaction between malvidin 3-glucoside and pyruvic acid, Acylated forms of vitisin A, having the 6-position of the sugar acylated with acetic acid (3-acetylvitisin A) and p-coumaric acid (3-p-coumarylvitisin A), were also formed through the interaction between pyruvic acid and malvidin 3-acetylglucoside and malvidin 3-p-coumarylglucoside, respectively. A maximum degradation of the anthocyanins was obtained at higher temperatures, and it followed a first-order kinetics both with and without pyruvic acid in the solution. Whereas at low temperatures (10 and 15 degrees C) the presence of pyruvic acid accelerated the kinetic reaction, at higher temperatures (20 and 32 degrees C) it decreased it. The activation energy values for the degradation of the three anthocyanins in model solutions without and with pyruvic acid were not significantly different from each other. At low temperatures the highest concentrations of vitisin A compounds were obtained. All solutions showed a decrease in L value, indicating that all solutions became darker. This change increased with increasing temperature. All model solutions increased in the hue angle, indicating that the solutions changed from a bluish-red to an orange-red or even brownish-red color. Samples without pyruvic acid remained lighter and became browner than those with pyruvic acid. A good correlation between the amount of vitisin A in the solution and hue angle was found, indicating that vitisin A may contribute the orange-red of solutions, compared to the browner control.     

Effect of biobed composition, moisture, and temperature on the degradation of pesticides

Biobeds retain and degrade pesticides through the presence of a biobed mixture consisting of straw, peat, and soil. The effects of biobed composition, moisture content, and temperature on pesticide degradation were investigated in laboratory studies. Straw produced the main microbial activity in the biobed mixtures as strong positive correlations were observed between straw, respiration, and phenoloxidase content. Most pesticides investigated were dissipated by cometabolic processes, and their dissipation was correlated with respiration and/ or phenoloxidase content. More pesticides were more dissipated at biobed moisture levels of 60% water holding capacity (WHC) than at 30% and 90% WHC, while 20 degrees C gave higher dissipation rates than 2 and 10 degrees C. A straw:peat:soil ratio of 50:25:25% v/v is recommended in field biobeds since this produces high microbial activity and low pH, favorable for lignin-degrading fungi and phenoloxidase activity.     

Potential of semiconductor sensor arrays for the origin authentication of pure Valencia orange juices.

Sensor array is a new method used in aroma analysis. This technique was employed for the differentiation of 49 pure Valencia orange juices from 5 different origins representative of the main culture areas of citrus according to their volatile organic fractions. An experimental design was used to set analytical factors, which control the generation of the static headspace; therefore, the preliminary optimization of analytical conditions allows the evaluation of the potential of such an apparatus in this kind of survey. Results obtained were then statistically treated by multivariate analyses such as principal component analysis and factorial discriminant analysis. Sensor arrays performed a good discrimination of the whole juices in classing them according to the origin of Valencia oranges used. A calibration of the sensors was then performed to build a database aiming to classify the juices according to the origin of oranges involved. New supplementary samples were then analyzed to assess the efficiency of the database. This technique coupled with other ones such as high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography may be a new tool for the investigation of adulteration detection due to the authentication of the origin of raw materials employed in the orange juice processes.     

离子溅射Pt对光催化降解冷藏环境中乙烯的影响

为了了解纳米铂（Pt）对以活性碳纤维（ACF）为载体所负载TiO₂的复合材料（TiO₂/ACF）光催化降解冷藏环境中乙烯的影响。该文采用真空离子溅射仪制备纳米Pt沉积的TiO₂/ACF光催化材料（TiO₂/ACF-Pt）,在模拟园艺产品冷藏环境中,进行了两种不同溅射方案制备TiO₂/ACF-Pt的光催化降解乙烯反应速率影响研究,并利用环境扫描电镜（ESEM）、场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对制备材料进行观察与分析。结果表明：在模拟园艺产品冷藏环境中,TiO₂ /ACF-Pt光催化降解乙烯的动力学可用表观一级速率方程来描述;ACF表面先溅射沉积Pt,再进行TiO₂附着方案,能提高降解乙烯的能力,当溅射时间为60 s（Pt/Ti原子浓度比为0.112）时,表观一级速率常数是未溅射Pt的1.16倍;TiO₂/ACF-Pt的制备方法,对ACF形貌结构没有破坏,并能得到有利于对微量乙烯的吸附的多孔结构。     

Effect of temperature and moisture on the degradation and sorption of florasulam and 5-hydroxyflorasulam in soil

The degradation rate and sorption characteristics of the triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide herbicide florasulam and its principal degradation product 5-hydroxyflorasulam (5-OH-florasulam) were determined as a function of temperature and moisture in three different soils. The half-life for degradation of florasulam ranged from 1.0 to 8.5 days at 20-25 degrees C and from 6.4 to 85 days at 5 degrees C. The half-life for degradation of 5-OH-florasulam ranged from 8 to 36 days at 20-25 degrees C and from 43 to 78 days at 5 degrees C. The degradation rate of both compounds was strongly influenced by temperature, with activation energies ranging from 57 to 95 kJ/mol for florasulam and from 27 to 74 kJ/mol for 5-OH florasulam. Soil moisture content had negligible impact on the degradation rate. Apparent (nonequilibrium) sorption coefficients for florasulam and 5-OH-florasulam at 0 days after treatment (DAT) were 0.1-0.6 L/kg and increased linearly with time for both florasulam and 5-OH-florasulam (r(2) > 0.90) to levels as high as 12-23 L/kg. Heats of adsorption were calculated on one soil as a function of time. Heat of adsorption values for both florasulam and 5-OH-florasulam increased as incubation time increased and the amount of each compound decreased; values were near 0 kJ/mol initially and increased to a maximum of 91 and 66 kJ/mol for florasulam and 5-OH-florasulam, respectively.     

Seasonal changes of carotenoid pigments and color in Hamlin, Earlygold, and budd blood orange juices

The developmental patterns of carotenoids in Hamlin, Earlygold (an early-maturing selection), and Budd Blood sweet orange juices were studied during the September to mid-January period of the 1996-97 and 1997-98 seasons. The carotenoid concentration of Earlygold increased by as much as 4.9 times during the color development compared to 3.9 times in Hamlin and 4.5 times in Budd Blood juice in the same period. For the profiles of carotenoid pigment, dramatic changes occurred among the pigments that were present in high concentrations at the beginning of the season, with lutein and violaxanthin noted as the predominant pigments in Hamlin fruit. A marked increase in the percentage of beta-cryptoxanthin allowed it to become a major pigment in the late stage of maturation. The color development in the new cultivar Earlygold was especially notable, reaching the 36 color number, which is grade A, by late October to mid-November whereas Hamlin juice did not reach this grade A color number until January. Budd Blood juice was similar in carotenoid pigment content and seasonal changes to Hamlin juice, but also, the development of red anthocyanin pigment in January significantly increased juice color.