马鬃山陆生野生脊椎动物多样性及地理区系

经2013年12月、2014年4月、7-8月及11月三次近80天的实地调查,掌握了马鬃山地区陆生野生脊椎动物的种类、数量、分布及受胁情况。结果表明:马鬃山地区陆生野生脊椎动物分属3纲16目35科68属80种。其中爬行类7种,鸟类48种,兽类25种;分属广布种、古北界两种区系;分布型以中亚型为主。对各类群进行G-F指数分析,结果表明:鸟类G-F指数明显高于兽类,爬行类G-F指数为负。     

三江源国家级自然保护区森林型大型真菌物种多样性研究

利用随机踩踏法采集三江源国家级自然保护区森林型大型真菌标本700余份,结合形态学和分子生物学的方法对该保护区内大型真菌资源进行鉴定.结果表明:该保护区内大型真菌共计2门5纲13 目45科74属124种,其中子囊菌门3纲4目6科9属14种,担子菌门2纲9目39科65属110种;优势科3个,共35种,优势属3个,共25种;...     

新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区大型地衣多样性及区系研究

为了解并有效保护新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区地衣资源,通过实地调查探究大型地衣种类组成和区系特征,从物种多样性、科属种类数量统计、区系成分等方面对保护区大型地衣进行研究。结果表明,截至目前该保护区共有大型地衣6目12科29属78种。其中,茶渍目、黄枝衣目和地卷目地衣占优势,共计9科25属71种,分别占该地区大型区系科属种总数的75%、86.2%和91%。优势科为梅衣科、蜈蚣衣科、地卷科、石蕊科、胶衣科和树花衣科,其种数占大型地衣种总数的82.1%。优势属为地卷属、石蕊属、黑蜈蚣衣属、树花属、胶衣属和黄梅属,其种数占大型地衣种总数的48.7%。保护区内大型地衣区系成分共分9种：世界广布成分、环北极成分、温带成分、泛热带成分、东亚成分、中亚成分、地中海-西亚-中亚成分、北欧-喜马拉雅-北美成分和中国特有成分。托木尔峰国家级自然保护区大型地衣区系中环北极和温带成分占优势,有少量的泛热带成分,区系具有复杂性和古老性特征。     

瓜州塘墩湖自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

瓜州塘墩湖自然保护区(以下简称保护区)是以国家重点保护鸟类和各种生境类型为主要保护对象的自然保护区。笔者于2017年8月-2018年8月,对该保护区鸟类的种类、数量、分布和生境等进行了实地调查,共记录到鸟类15目33科112种(资料记载28种和实地调查84种),包括留鸟36种,夏候鸟51种,冬候鸟9种,旅鸟16种,其中国家级重点保护鸟类27种。鸟类区系以广布种为主,占鸟类总数的56.25%。文中对鸟类群落结构及多样性进行了分析讨论,并提出了相应的保护建议。     

祁连山森林昆虫的多样性及保护利用

祁连山自然保护区已记录的森林昆虫16目175科1 609种,目数占世界昆虫33目的48.5%,占甘肃森林昆虫23目的69.6%;种数约占世界昆虫总种数的0.17%,约占中国昆虫总种数的3.15%,占甘肃森林昆虫种数的31.92%。记录世界范围仅在祁连山区分布昆虫20种,目前国内只在祁连山区有分布的鳞翅目昆虫118种。甘肃省内只在祁连山林区有分布的有366种,占甘肃省森林昆虫总数的7.5%,占祁连山保护区森林昆虫总数的22.7%。保护区分布有珍稀蝴蝶17种,其中凤蝶科2种,绢蝶科10种。分析了祁连山区昆虫生物多样性受威胁的状况和害虫发生原因,提出了昆虫多样性保护策略。     

新疆巴尔鲁克山国家级自然保护区大型地衣区系的初步研究

对新疆巴尔鲁克山国家级自然保护区大型地衣进行实地调查,并查阅相关文献资料,初步对该地区大型地衣进行分类和整理。结果表明：该地区共有大型地衣38种,隶属于5目,8科,20属,其中梅衣科、地卷科和石蕊科为优势科,有13属29种,约占大型地衣总种数的76.3%,黄烛衣科和胶衣科均仅有1属1种。该保护区大型地衣区系被划分为以下7种地理成分：世界广布成分、环北极成分、温带成分、东亚成分、中亚成分、地中海-西亚-中亚成分和中国特有种。保护区内大型地衣根据生境类型被分为树生地衣、藓丛生地衣、石生地衣和草地生地衣等4种,其中树生和藓丛生地衣种类最多,占总种数的69.1%。研究结果表明,巴尔鲁克山国家级自然保护区大型地衣区系与我国北方植物区系成分特征相似,生境类型以树生和藓丛生为主。     

连城国家级自然保护区夏季鸟类多样性调查及分析

连城国家级自然保护区(以下简称连城保护区)位于我国西北内陆,是以国家级重点保护鸟类、候鸟和以天然青杄林(P.wilsonii)、祁连圆柏林(Sabina przewalskii)和青海云杉林(Picea crassifolia)及其森林生态系统为主要对象的自然保护区。于2015年7月~9月对连城保护区夏季鸟类的种类、分布、生境等进行了第一次科学调查。获悉鸟类共80种,隶属于9目20科,包括留鸟54种、夏候鸟21种、冬候鸟2种、旅鸟3种。鸟类区系主要为古北界,占繁殖鸟种数的50.67%。文中分析了栖息地变迁、人为活动、自然因素等对鸟类种群数量和多样性的影响,以此提出保护性对策。     

车前草害虫捕食性天敌种类调查

车前草（ashatol。）野生多生于田野、路旁,其全尊皆可入药,具有利尿,止咳化痰,清热解毒,明目之功效,因它的药用价值,人工种植面积逐年增加。为了了解车前草害虫和捕食性天敌种类,笔者于1999年5月至1999年8月开展调查,发现其害虫2个纲、6个目、20个科、27种。天敌有2个纲、4个目、11个科、17种,现报道如下：l害虫种类1．1自由细INS～1．1．l悄速自ChXiIfflpoERA目虫科Qixinellidae稻红回虫MicraS如山仰卜（NM。iUs）叶甲科Ctw。melidae黄足黑守瓜彻h…侧hn‘IsiiBaly负泥虫科Crioceridae水稻负泥虫Qdel;xiOrpe（Kuwayam…     

托木尔峰国家级自然保护区岩面生苔藓植物物种多样性研究

通过采自托木尔峰国家级保护区岩面生苔藓植物进行标本鉴定,发现该保护区岩面生苔藓共有128种(含变种),隶属于32科53属。其中苔类8科8属14种;藓类植物有24科45属114种,包括新疆新记录种4个种。优势科为丛藓科、紫萼藓科、提灯藓科、青藓科等,分别占总种数的16.40%、12.68%、7.46%、6.71%;该区地理区系成分丰富并复杂,区系联系广泛,共有10种类型;该区北温带成分为主,占总数的60%。     

敦煌阳关自然保护区鸟类多样性调查及分析

敦煌阳关自然保护区地处我国西北内陆腹地,主要保护对象为湿地、候鸟和荒漠生态系统。2006年3月~2007年4月,对该保护区鸟类的种类、数量、分布和生境等进行了多次科学调查。综合文献记载,得知阳关自然保护区共有鸟类86种,隶属13目,30科,57属,其中留鸟13种,夏候鸟47种,冬候鸟5种,旅鸟21种,国家重点保护鸟类10种。鸟类区系以古北界成分为主,占繁殖鸟总数的70%,而东洋界种类仅2种。生境类型包括湿地、草原、灌丛和居民点等。近年来保护区内珍稀鸟类数量不断减少,主要影响因素是栖息地丧失,人类活动和气候变化等。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.