油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下黑麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的生理调控作用

本研究探讨了2, 4-表油菜素内酯(2, 4-epibrassinolide, EBR)对盐胁迫下黑麦草(Lolium perenne)种子萌发及幼苗生长相关生理方面的影响。结果表明,在种子萌发过程中,盐胁迫下外源0.01μmol·L~(-1)的EBR处理,提高了黑麦草种子的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、株高、鲜重和根系活力,并增强了萌发过程中黑麦草种子的α-淀粉酶活性。在幼苗生长期,盐胁迫下外源0.1μmol·L~(-1)的EBR处理,使得黑麦草幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)活性显著提高(P 0.05),而丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量显著降低,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量显著升高(P 0.05)。综上所述,外源0.01μmol·L~(-1)的EBR处理可以缓解100和150 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫对黑麦草种子萌发的抑制效果,外源0.1μmol·L~(-1)的EBR处理可以缓解250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的伤害程度。本研究结果为盐碱地黑麦草的生产和种植提供了一定的理论依据。     

外源2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下燕麦种子萌发抑制的缓解效应

以加燕2号和青引2号燕麦(Avena sativa)种子为材料,在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,添加0.01μmol·L^-1外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR),研究外源油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,BRs)对盐胁迫下燕麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及萌发过程中渗透调节能力、幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性、活性氧水平和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的影响,旨在明确外源BRs调控盐胁迫下燕麦种子萌发的生理机制。结果表明:1)100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,加燕2号和青引2号燕麦种子萌发过程中的渗透调节能力和幼苗体内抗氧化酶SOD(superoxide dismutase)、APX(ascorbate peroxidase)和GPX(guaiacol peroxidase)活性显著降低,活性氧(·O2^–、·OH、H2O2)水平和MDA含量显著增加,种子萌发和幼苗生长显著受到抑制。2)添加0.01μmol·L^-1 EBR能够显著缓解100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫对燕麦种子萌发的抑制效应。和NaCl胁迫相比较,NaCl+EBR处理下加燕2号和青引2号燕麦种子萌发过程中的蛋白水解酶活性显著降低,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,幼苗体内抗氧化酶SOD、APX、GPX和CAT(catalase)活性显著提高,活性氧(·O2^-、·OH、H2O2)水平和MDA含量显著下降,种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数显著提高,幼苗苗高、根长、干重和根系活力显著增加。说明外源BRs能够提高盐胁迫下燕麦种子萌发过程中的渗透调节能力和幼苗体内抗氧化系统活性,抑制活性氧和膜脂过氧化产物的积累,促进燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,提高燕麦种子萌发期的耐盐性。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassinolide,EBR)对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗伤害的缓解作用,以中苜3号和陇中苜蓿为材料,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究不同浓度EBR处理对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)150mmol/L NaCl胁迫显著抑制了苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力,降低了幼苗的地上、地下生物量;(2)外源EBR可有效的缓解NaCl胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力的抑制作用,并具有明显的浓度效应;(3)综合发芽试验、幼苗生长试验,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,10-1μmol/L EBR处理显著地提高了苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚芽长、胚根长、萌发期幼苗干重,并显著增加了苜蓿幼苗的叶片数、茎粗、株高、主根长、侧根数和地上、地下生物量,提高了苜蓿萌发期、幼苗期的根系活力水平,对盐胁迫下苜蓿幼苗的缓解效果最好。说明外源EBR能够促进NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子的萌发及幼苗的生长发育,EBR在诱导植物抗盐性上具有积极作用。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

本研究以沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)种子为材料,硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)为外源NO供体,测定不同浓度(30、60、90、120、150、200、300μmol·L~(-1))SNP处理盐胁迫(0.3%)下沙打旺的种子萌发和幼苗生长,以此探讨NaCl胁迫下外源NO在沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长过程中的生理调节功能。结果表明,沙打旺种子和幼苗经SNP处理后,除300μmol·L~(-1) SNP处理对盐胁迫下沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长起到一定的抑制作用外,其余SNP处理组均能不同程度地减缓盐胁迫造成的损伤;60μmol·L~(-1)SNP能显著降低盐胁迫对沙打旺种子造成的伤害(P0.05),该处理下沙打旺种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长较单盐对照分别提高了54.5%、22.6%、58.2%、112.0%、43.7%,并且接近或略高于空白对照;120μmol·L~(-1)SNP明显减轻了盐对沙打旺幼苗的胁迫(P0.05),沙打旺幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性分别较单盐对照提高了208.91%、117.565%、40.24%和89.95%,丙二醛含量降低了32.55%。综上所述,适宜浓度的外源NO能够提高盐胁迫下沙打旺种子的萌发,促进幼苗叶绿素的合成,降低丙二醛含量,减少膜脂过氧化产物,保护叶绿体膜的完整性,提高SOD、CAT和POD活性,抑制过氧化物和自由基的积累,加快幼苗生长,从而缓解盐胁迫对沙打旺幼苗的伤害。     

盐胁迫对石竹种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过对不同浓度盐胁迫下石竹种子萌发特性、幼苗生长和生理特性等指标的测定，研究盐胁迫对石竹种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：50 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫对石竹种子萌发无显著影响，100、150、200和250 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫显著抑制石竹种子发芽，且浓度增加抑制作用变强。50、100和150 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫对植株幼苗茎粗有显著促进作用，200 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫对茎粗影响不显著，250 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫显著抑制茎粗生长；叶长、叶宽、根长和单株干重在50 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下正常生长，在其余胁迫处理下被显著抑制。幼苗游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛的含量随盐胁迫浓度的增加而升高，可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性随盐胁迫浓度的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势，可溶性糖含量在100 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下含量达到最高，过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性在150 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下活性最大，盐胁迫显著抑制超氧化物歧化酶活性。石竹有一定的抗盐胁迫能力，可在50 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下正常萌发生长，高浓度盐胁迫下石竹种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制。     

亚精胺对PEG渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发及幼苗抗旱效应的影响

以‘拉丁诺’白三叶(Trifolium repens cv.Ladino)为试材,研究不同浓度PEG-6000(聚乙二醇-6000)渗透胁迫下亚精胺(spermidine,Spd)对白三叶种子萌发和幼苗抗旱的影响。结果表明,20μmol·L-1 Spd浸种能够显著(P0.05)提高10%和15%PEG-6000渗透胁迫下白三叶种子的萌发率和萌发指数,显著促进15%PEG-6000渗透胁迫下胚根的伸长生长和幼苗的单株鲜重,但对单株干重影响很小;20%PEG-6000渗透胁迫下,外源添加20μmol·L-1 Spd能不同程度地提高白三叶幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性,降低电解质渗透率(EL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,有效缓解叶片相对含水量(RWC)下降。表明渗透胁迫下Spd能有效促进白三叶种子的萌发,增强幼苗抗氧化能力,从而减轻渗透胁迫对白三叶幼苗的过氧化伤害,提高植株的耐旱性。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下老化燕麦种子萌发及幼苗的影响

以老化饲用燕麦种子为对象,探讨外源褪黑素对NaCl胁迫下老化燕麦种子萌发和幼苗相关形态和生理特性的影响。结果表明:在无胁迫时添加褪黑素可以提高老化燕麦种子的发芽率,并能增加幼苗游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量且增强过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量;不同浓度的外源褪黑素(100μmol/L、300μmol/L、500μmol/L、800μmol/L、1000μmol/L)处理均能显著提高NaCl(浓度150mmol/L)胁迫下老化燕麦种子的发芽率、苗高、根长、苗鲜重、过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸含量,显著降低幼苗根冠比和丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。加权隶属函数分析表明,提高老化燕麦种子NaCl胁迫下活力的最佳褪黑素浓度为500μmol/L,此时相对于NaCl胁迫,种子发芽率、苗鲜重、过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量分别提高了245.61%、325.55%、52.28%、121.27%。     

外源脯氨酸缓解玉米幼苗盐胁迫的效应

为探讨施用外源脯氨酸(Pro)对不同耐性玉米(Zea mays)幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应,以耐盐自交系8723和盐敏感自交系P138为试材,在苗期以180?mmol·L?1?NaCl为胁迫条件,施加浓度为250?μmol·L?1的外源Pro,研究了盐胁迫下外源Pro对玉米幼苗生长以及相关生理指标的影响.结果表明,外源Pro...     

外源GABA对NaCl胁迫下垂穗披碱草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

本研究以垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为研究对象,探究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)对NaCl胁迫下垂穗披碱草种子的萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响,对盐碱地的开发利用和盐渍化草地的生态修复具有重要意义。研究结果表明,100 mmol·L^-1NaCl盐胁迫抑制了垂穗披碱草种子的萌发和幼苗生长,外源添加0.05～2 mmol·L^-1GABA可促进NaCl胁迫下垂穗披碱草种子的萌发和幼苗生长。与NaCl胁迫处理相比,垂穗披碱草种子发芽势和发芽率在不同浓度GABA处理下的平均增幅分别为109.77%和19.48%。外源添加0.05～2 mmol·L^-1GABA处理能够显著提高NaCl胁迫下垂穗披碱草幼苗可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,从而有效降低NaCl胁迫导致的氧化损伤,提高垂穗披碱草种子萌发过程的耐盐性。采用隶属函数综合评价得出：添加0.5 mmol·L^-1外源GABA对促进NaCl胁迫下垂穗披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长效果最佳,...     

盐胁迫下黑果枸杞幼苗对外源独脚金内酯的生理响应

为探究盐胁迫下黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)幼苗生理特性对外源独脚金内酯(SLs)的响应，本研究以黑果枸杞为试验材料，采用浓度为50,100,150,200和250 mmol·L^-1的NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫处理，并对幼苗根部灌施0.4,1,5,10μmol·L^-1的SLs,测定并分析黑果枸杞幼苗的生理指标。结果表明：在轻度盐胁迫(50,100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)下施加1,5,10μmol·L^-1外源SLs处理、中度盐胁迫(150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)以及重度盐胁迫(200,250 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)下施加5,10μmol·L^-1外源SLs,测得幼苗中叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量增加，SOD,POD,CAT,GSH,ASA活性上升，MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。因此，施加外源SLs能够增强黑果枸杞幼苗的抗盐性，且最佳使用浓度为5μmol·L^-1,本研究...     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.