Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas(in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning ...     

Spatiotemporal variations and driving factors of habitat quality in the loess hilly area of the Yellow River Basin: A case study of Lanzhou City,China

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to the most serious habitat degradation in China, especially in the loess hilly area of the Yellow River Basin, where the ecological environment is relatively fragile. The contradiction between economic development and ecological environment protection has aroused widespread concern. In this study, we used the habitat quality of Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST-HQ) model at different scales to evaluate the dynamic evolution characteristics of habitat quality in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province of China. The spatiotemporal variations of habitat quality were analyzed by spatial autocorrelation. A Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model was used to explore the driving factors that influencing the spatial differentiation of habitat quality, including natural factors, socio-economic factors, and ecological protection factors. The results showed that the habitat quality index of Lanzhou City decreased from 0.4638 to 0.4548 during 2000-2018. The areas with reduced the habitat quality index were mainly located in the Yellow River Basin and Qinwangchuan Basin, where are the main urban areas and the new economic development areas, respectively. The spatial distribution of habitat quality presented a trend of high in the surrounding areas and low in the middle, and showed a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. With the increase of study scale, the spatial distribution of habitat quality changed from concentrated to dispersed. The spatial differentiation of habitat quality in the study area was the result of multiple factors. Among them, topographic relief and slope were the key factors. The synergistic enhancement among these driving factors intensified the spatial differentiation of habitat quality. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for land resources utilization and ecosystem restoration in the arid and semi-arid land.     

Attribution analysis and multi-scenario prediction of NDVI drivers in the Xilin Gol grassland,China

Grassland degradation is influenced by climate change and human activities, and has become a major obstacle for the development of arid and semi-arid areas, posing a series of environmental and socio-economic problems. An in-depth understanding of the inner relations among grassland vegetation dynamics, climate change, and human activities is therefore greatly significant for understanding the variation in regional environmental conditions and predicting future developmental trends. Based on MOD...     

基于自然植被的延河流域农田生态系统土壤固碳潜力评估

以延河流域自然植被土壤有机碳为对照,对该区现有农田生态系统土壤固碳潜力进行评估。结果表明:影响自然植被土壤有机碳密度空间分布的环境因子有年均降雨季节变化、坡度和年均温度季节变化;而影响农田生态系统土壤有机碳密度分布的环境因素则包括年均蒸发量、年均最高温度与坡向;有机碳空间分布规律方面,延河流域南部土壤有机碳密度要明显高于北部,并且呈由北向南逐渐递增的趋势;情景模拟分析表明,延河流域坡度25°以上、15°~25°以及15°以下不同类型的耕地退耕后分别可以实现的固碳效益为90.41×104t、58.52×104t、57.55×104t,而整个延河流域的农田生态系统如果全部实行退耕还林(草),其固碳潜力在206.48×104t左右。可以看出,以土地利用调整为核心的区域固碳策略对环境改善具有重要意义。     

Spatiotemporal variation in vegetation net primary productivity and its relationship with meteorological factors in the Tarim River Basin of China from 2001 to 2020 based on the Google Earth Engine

Vegetation growth status is an important indicator of ecological security. The Tarim River Basin is located in the inland arid region of Northwest China and has a highly fragile ecological environment. Assessing the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) of the Tarim River Basin can provide insights into the vegetation growth variations in the region. Therefore, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, we studied the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin (except for the eastern Gobi and Kumutag deserts) from 2001 to 2020 and analyzed the correlations between vegetation NPP and meteorological factors (air temperature and precipitation) using the Sen slope estimation method, coefficient of variation, and rescaled range analysis method. In terms of temporal characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed an overall fluctuating upward trend from 2001 to 2020, with the smallest value of 118.99 g C/(m²?a) in 2001 and the largest value of 155.07 g C/(m²?a) in 2017. Regarding the spatial characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed a downward trend from northwest to southeast along the outer edge of the study area. The annual average value of vegetation NPP was 133.35 g C/(m²?a), and the area with annual average vegetation NPP values greater than 100.00 g C/(m²?a) was 82,638.75 km², accounting for 57.76% of the basin. The future trend of vegetation NPP was dominated by anti-continuity characteristic; the percentage of the area with anti-continuity characteristic was 63.57%. The area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and air temperature accounted for 53.74% of the regions that passed the significance test, while the area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and precipitation occupied 98.68% of the regions that passed the significance test. Hence, the effect of precipitation on vegetation NPP was greater than that of air temperature. The results of this study improve the understanding on the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin and the impact of meteorological factors on vegetation NPP.     

近期天山北坡经济带土地利用变化时空特征分析

土地利用 /土地覆盖变化是区域生态环境演化的一个重要因素。近年来 ,经济发展、人口增长和城镇化速度的加快 ,对天山北坡经济带内土地资源的利用方式产生了深远的影响。本文应用 RS和 GIS技术 ,对经济带 2 0 0 0年和 2 0 0 2年 Landsat TM卫星影像进行解析 ,分析经济带土地利用现状及土地利用动态变化特征 ,并探讨土地利用变化的驱动因素。结合野外调查验证 ,文章还指出该区域由于土地利用方式的变化所引起的生态环境问题 ,并提出了相应的对策建议     

Assessment of ecological quality in Northwest China (2000-2020) using the Google Earth Engine platform: Climate factors and land use/land cover contribute to ecological quality

The ecological quality of inland areas is an important aspect of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). The ecological environment of Northwest China is vulnerable to changes in climate and land use/land cover, and the changes in ecological quality in this arid region over the last two decades are not well understood. This makes it more difficult to advance the UN SDGs and develop appropriate measures at the regional level. In this study, we used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products to generate remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to examine the relationship between ecological quality and environment in Xinjiang during the last two decades (from 2000 to 2020). We analyzed a 21-year time series of the trends and spatial characteristics of ecological quality. We further assessed the importance of different environmental factors affecting ecological quality through the random forest algorithm using data from statistical yearbooks and land use products. Our results show that the RSEI constructed using the GEE platform can accurately reflect the ecological quality information in Xinjiang because the contribution of the first principal component was higher than 90.00%. The ecological quality in Xinjiang has increased significantly over the last two decades, with the northern part of this region having a better ecological quality than the southern part. The areas with slightly improved ecological quality accounted for 31.26% of the total land area of Xinjiang, whereas only 3.55% of the land area was classified as having a slightly worsen (3.16%) or worsen (0.39%) ecological quality. The vast majority of the deterioration in ecological quality mainly occurred in the barren areas Temperature, precipitation, closed shrublands, grasslands and savannas were the top five environmental factors affecting the changes in RSEI. Environmental factors were allocated different weights for different RSEI categories. In general, the recovery of ecological quality in Xinjiang has been controlled by climate and land use/land cover during the last two decades and policy-driven ecological restoration is therefore crucial. Rapid monitoring of inland ecological quality using the GEE platform is projected to aid in the advancement of the comprehensive assessment of the UN SDGs.     

近15 a秦岭林区水源涵养量变化特征

秦岭是陕西省乃至全国最主要的水源涵养区之一,也是"南水北调"中线工程的重要水源涵养区。研究秦岭地区水源涵养能力的空间分布,以及随时间的时空演化规律,对于寻找影响水源涵养能力变化的自然因素与人为因素都具有重要意义。在地表能量平衡原理和水均衡原理的基础上,利用2000—2014年降雨量和蒸发量数据对秦岭地区的水源涵养量进行定量评估,探讨近15 a来秦岭水源涵养量的时空演化特征,结果表明:在降雨量和陆地蒸散等多种因素的共同作用下,秦岭地区年水源涵养量在8.22~441.4 mm之间波动,整体呈现出波动增加的趋势,其中2011年最大,为441.4 mm,2002年最小,仅为8.22 mm;年水源涵养量安康市最高,宝鸡市最低;近15 a来,秦岭地区水源涵养能力的结构有所改善,0 mm和0~300 mm所占比例呈下降趋势,占总面积的比例由84.48%下降至76.95%;300~600 mm和600 mm所占比例呈现出波动上升的趋势,占总面积比例由15.52%上升至23.01%。秦岭地区年水源涵养量线性变化趋势以增加为主,增加的面积占总面积近9成,其中微弱增加占主导;增加最显著的地区主要集中在汉江中段。该研究结果可以为秦岭地区水资源保护提供科学的参考。     

遥感和GIS支持下县域退耕还林还草空间决策分析--以呼和浩特市武川县为例

退耕还林还草是当前生态环境建设和保护的重要途径 ,在遥感和GIS技术支持下将武川县的土壤类型数据与地形坡度数据叠加分析同时参考土壤侵蚀、降水量和温度等方面的资料 ,进行土地适宜性评价 ,对TM影像目视解译得到土地利用现状数据 ,并与土地适宜性数据进行叠加分析 ,确定退耕还林还草地的数量及其空间分布。可为决策部门提供决策依据。此研究方法和技术路线作为一种技术模式 ,可进行推广 ,对西部大开发中退耕还林还草工程项目的顺利进行有重要意义[1 ] 。     

Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of habitat quality in Hohhot City of China based on the InVEST and CA-Markov models

With the acceleration of urbanization, changes in the urban ecological environment and landscape pattern have led to a series of prominent ecological environmental problems. In order to better coordinate the balanced relationship between city and ecological environment, we selected land use change data to evaluate the habitat quality in Hohhot City of China, which is of great practical significance for regional urban and economic development. Thus, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) and Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) models were used to analyze, predict, and explore the Spatiotemporal evolution path and characteristics of urban land use, and forecast the typical evolution pattern of land use in 2030. The results showed that the land use types in Hohhot City changed significantly from 2000 to 2020, and the biggest change took place in cultivated land, grassland, shrub, and artificial surface. The decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of artificial surface area were the main impact trend of land use change. The average value of habitat quality had been decreasing continuously from 2000 to 2020, and the values of habitat degradation were 0.2605, 0.2494, and 0.2934 in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively, showing a decreasing trend. The decrease of habitat quality was caused by the needs of economic development and urban construction, as well as the impact of land occupation. During this evolution, many cultivated land and urban grassland had been converted into construction land. The simulated land use changes in 2030 are basically the same as those during 2000-2020, and the habitat quality will still be declining. The regional changes are influenced by the urban rapid development and industrial layout. These results can provide decision-making reference for regional urban planning and management as well as habitat quality evaluation.     

绿洲地物类型动态变化的生态响应分析——以白杨河为例

应用RS和GIS技术,结合数学模型、空间差值、空间统计分析方法以新疆昌吉州境内白杨河流域分析了土地类型变化对干旱区生态环境的影响。研究数据主要有2000和2005年的遥感影像,区域内的水文水质数据。研究结果表明:近五年来耕地增加了35.6km2,城乡工矿建筑用地增加10.2 km2,未利用地减少47km2,土地利用强度显著提高;冲洪积扇绿洲区上部地下水位年均下降60cm,地下水溢出带水位年均下降90多cm,冲积平原下游地下水位有缓慢升高趋势,北部荒漠区水位比较稳定;绿洲矿化度显著增加,由2000年的300-900mg/L增加到300-1500mg/L;平均植被指数减少1.3,生物量减少,植被呈现退化趋势;经分析证实了白杨河流域生态环境对土地开发的响应。     

基于温度植被干旱指数的松辽平原干旱时空特征

利用MODIS产品数据,采用[WTBX]TVDI[WTBZ]方法,分析基于生态地理区的松辽平原干旱时空分布变化特征,探讨不同土地利用类型与干旱程度关系,结果显示：利用[WTBX]TVDI[WTBZ]获取干旱情况与实际相符合,是进行干旱监测一种有效手段。反演结果与郑度等对此区域生态地理区划分一致：干旱年际变化差异较大,分布差异明显, 2009年干旱分布面积最广,而2004年干旱面积最小;从干旱统计来看,2005年比2004年更湿润。研究区总体呈湿润趋势,湿润面积占总面积的84.95%,主要集中在耕地、林地和草地。水体类型不能利用[WTBX]TVDI[WTBZ]方法进行干旱监测。     

玛纳斯河流域生态环境质量时空分异评价

利用3S空间分析和地学统计分析方法,选取植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤等归一化生态指数,采用生态要素及功能叠加的转移矩阵模型,研究了新疆玛纳斯河流域生态要素及环境质量时空分异规律。研究得出:①总体上玛纳斯河流域仍保持山地、绿洲、荒漠的空间分异格局,生态环境整体质量较差,但转好趋势明显,城乡建设格局变化决定着局地环境动态演变。②人工绿洲、山前缓冲区生态质量最好但变化较快,农田内部的盐渍化虽然得到很好控制,但大量盐分被排入下游及周边,对自然绿洲造成新的危害。中山林草带植被覆盖、土壤恢复、水土保持较好。③2000-2008年流域生态环境质量缓慢好转,其中以生态环境质量由差转中为主,集中在古尔班通古特沙漠,虽然绿洲-荒漠过渡带生态恢复明显,但高山冰雪带不断萎缩;2008-2016年流域生态环境质量明显转好,其中以生态环境质量由中变良为主,集中在山前缓冲区,虽然山地-绿洲过渡带生态改善进程加快,但高山冰雪带仍持续退缩。     

2005-2015年石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异

生态系统服务研究是目前生态学领域的热点和前沿。以石羊河流域为研究区,借助GIS技术和方法,对流域2005、2010年和2015年的水源涵养、土壤保持、水质净化、碳储存、生物多样性、食品供给6项服务进行定量评估,并对不同地类的服务变化规律及生态系统功能分区进行探索与研究。结果表明：① 各服务类型在空间上表现出差异性规律：水源涵养、生物多样性、碳储存在空间上呈现西南高东北低,高值沿河流及周围带状分布的空间格局;水质净化高值区分布较为零碎;武威、永昌和民勤盆地等地为食品供给服务的高值区。② 在不同土地利用类型中,草地和耕地是承担生态系统供给服务的关键角色。③ 研究区划分为3项生态功能区,即祁连山生态保育区、流域绿洲生态功能区、荒漠生态功能区。通过对石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异特征进行深入分析,以期为相关研究提供数据和方法支持,并为相关流域生态保护与建设目标提供科学参考。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲景观生态脆弱性时空分异

以2000年、2005年和2014年3期Landsat TM影像为基础数据,运用景观敏感度和景观适应度指数构建景观生态脆弱度评价模型,采用空间分析方法和统计学方法研究其时空分异特征以及空间关联格局,结果表明:(1)2000—2014年,耕地、建设用地和未利用地增加、林地减少较快,水域和草地缓慢减少,流域景观生态脆弱性呈上升趋势。其中,2005年以后脆弱性上升明显,结构性因素对景观格局变化的影响逐渐增大,但非结构性因素始终居于主要地位。(2)流域景观生态脆弱性具有高度的空间自相关性,表现为明显的空间关联性和空间依赖性,呈高-高集聚和低-低集聚、趋同空间正相关格局。(3)脆弱性空间分异较为显著。2000年以较低和中等脆弱区为主,两者所占面积比例为57.36%,较高和高脆弱区分布在西北部;2005年大部分地区处于较低和中等脆弱区,流域中下游较高脆弱区向东部延伸;2014年脆弱度水平明显增大,高脆弱区所占面积比例为10.9%,较高和高脆弱区向中游以及中上游扩张,城市空间扩张和建设用地扩大是导致脆弱度增大的主要动因。(4)中上游脆弱性空间扩张强度、方向、趋势与中下游脆弱性变化密切相关,说明人工绿洲建设进入高强度集聚规模和大规模生态外部性的空间发展阶段,应加强全流域统筹、全要素规划、全过程管理的生态建设与重构。     

陕北长城沿线地区土地利用驱动力分析

本文以陕北长城沿线风沙过渡区为研究范围,分析了土地利用变化现状、特点以及对其驱动力作了定量分析,结果表明:耕地、水域和未利用土地呈减少趋势,其它土地都有所增加,其中园地和交通用地的增长幅度最大。本区未利用土地所占面积较大,其中以沙地为主,土地沙化现象存在,并且有向东南呈条带状推进的趋势。退耕还林还草政策的实施,大量耕地转为林地和牧草地,同时,由于经济利益的驱动,耕地转变为园地,在近10年有12518.98hm2耕地转换为园地;建设用地占去一定的耕地、林地和牧草地;各类土地利用类型都有不同程度的沙化现象,尤其是牧草地沙化最为明显。国家对该地区的政策是耕地变化的主要驱动力,同时人口因素也是一个重要的驱动因素;未利用土地的变化是在自然环境背景下,深受经济和政策因素的影响,在自然因素中,风对未利用土地的影响是一个客观条件,但在尊重客观规律的前提下,通过政策宣传和经济鼓励等措施,以植树造林、退耕还林还牧为措施,加大地表覆盖度减少扬尘、风沙等危害,最终达到改善生态环境,实现区域可持续发展的目标。     

Development of a large-scale remote sensing ecological index in arid areas and its application in the Aral Sea Basin

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia is an important geographical environment unit in the center of Eurasia.It is of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of Central Asia to carry out dynamic monitoring and effective evaluation of the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.In this study,the arid remote sensing ecological index(ARSEI)for large-scale arid areas was developed,which coupled the information of the greenness index,the salinity index,the humidity index,the heat index,and the land degradation index of arid areas.The ARSEI was used to monitor and evaluate the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2019.The results show that the greenness index,the humidity index and the land degradation index had a positive impact on the quality of the ecological environment in the Aral Sea Basin,while the salinity index and the heat index exerted a negative impact on the quality of the ecological environment.The eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin demonstrated a trend of initial improvement,followed by deterioration,and finally further improvement.The spatial variation of these changes was significant.From 2000 to 2019,grassland and wasteland(saline alkali land and sandy land)in the central and western parts of the basin had the worst ecological environment quality.The areas with poor ecological environment quality are mainly distributed in rivers,wetlands,and cultivated land around lakes.During the period from 2000 to 2019,except for the surrounding areas of the Aral Sea,the ecological environment quality in other areas of the Aral Sea Basin has been improved in general.The correlation coefficients between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the heat index and between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the humidity index were–0.593 and 0.524,respectively.Climate conditions and human activities have led to different combinations of heat and humidity changes in the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.However,human activities had a greater impact.The ARSEI can quantitatively and intuitively reflect the scale and causes of large-scale and long-time period changes of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas;it is very suitable for the study of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas.     

Livestock induces strong spatial heterogeneity of soil CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 emissions within a semi-arid sylvo-pastoral landscape in West Africa

Greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions from the surface soils and surface water receiving animal excreta may be important components of the GHG balance of terrestrial ecosystems, but the associated processes are poorly documented in tropical environments, especially in tropical arid and semi-arid areas. A typical sylvo-pastoral landscape in the semi-arid zone of Senegal, West Africa, was investigated in this study. The study area(706 km2 of managed pastoral land) was a circular zone with a radius of 15 km centered on a borehole used to water livestock. The landscape supports a stocking rate ranging from 0.11 to 0.39 tropical livestock units per hectare depending on the seasonal movements of the livestock. Six landscape units were investigated(land in the vicinity of the borehole, natural ponds, natural rangelands, forest plantations, settlements, and enclosed plots). Carbon dioxide(CO_2), nitrous oxide(N_2O) and methane(CH_4) fluxes were measured with static chambers set up at 13 sites covering the six landscape units, and the 13 sites are assumed to be representative of the spatial heterogeneity of the emissions. A total of 216 fluxes were measured during the one-year study period(May 2014 to April 2015). At the landscape level, soils and surface water emitted an average 19.8 t C-CO_2 eq/(hm2·a)(CO_2: 82%, N_2O: 15%, and CH_4: 3%), but detailed results revealed notable spatial heterogeneity of GHG emissions. CO_2 fluxes ranged from 1148.2(±91.6) mg/(m2·d) in rangelands to 97,980.2(±14,861.7) mg/(m2·d) in surface water in the vicinity of the borehole. N_2O fluxes ranged from 0.6(±0.1) mg/(m2·d) in forest plantations to 22.6(±10.8) mg/(m2·d) in the vicinity of the borehole. CH_4 fluxes ranged from –3.2(±0.3) mg/(m2·d) in forest plantations to 8788.5(±2295.9) mg/(m2·d) from surface water in the vicinity of the borehole. This study identified GHG emission "hot spots" in the landscape. Emissions from the surface soils were significantly higher in the landscape units most frequently used by the animals, i.e., in the vicinity of the borehole and settlements; and emissions measured from surface water in the vicinity of the borehole and from natural ponds were on average about 10 times higher than soil emissions.     

1982-2006年华北植被指数时空变化特征

利用1982-2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,研究华北近25 a来植被指数在时间和空间上的变化。结果表明:①植被指数的年内变化呈单峰型,最大值出现在夏季,其中北京市NDVI最大,森林NDVI比农田和草地NDVI大;②华北年平均NDVI呈增加趋势,河北省植被指数增加最快,北京市次之,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田NDVI增加最快,草地次之,森林最小;③空间趋势分析结果显示,华北植被指数改善的面积占整个地区面积的15.96%,退化面积占11.86%,其中,河北省改善面积最大,内蒙古退化较明显,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田植被改善最明显;④基于华北近年暖干化发展趋势下,人类活动对该区域NDVI变化起到了重要作用。     

延河流域土地利用格局时空变化与驱动因子分析

利用GIS技术和景观生态学的方法,对延河流域1985~2000年的土地利用格局特征及其动态变化的驱动因子进行了分析,得出以下结论:1)从1985年至2000年,耕地、草地仍占据明显的优势,二者始终占流域总面积的88%以上。中、低覆盖度草地之间转化比例较大,草场退化严重。2)延河流域15年间平均斑块面积在增加,斑块密度增大,景观趋于破碎化。景观多样性减小,优势度增加,景观异质性程度在降低。3)耕地面积有所增加,毁林(草)开荒与退耕还林(草)并存,人为开荒活动仍在加剧;建设用地面积大幅度增加,主要来自于农村住宅和开发油田等工矿建设用地的扩张。4)土地利用格局变化的驱动因子主要包括:水土流失、水资源短缺的自然因素及人口压力、宏观政策等人文因素。