荒漠草原地区不同载畜率对功能群特征及其多样性的影响

采用随机区组试验研究了内蒙古高原荒漠草原亚带短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原群落不同载畜率对草原功能群特征及其多样性的影响,结果表明:不同载畜率水平下,功能群组成结构没有改变,功能群内物种组成及其群落学特征随着载畜率的增加发生了相应的变化。灌木类和多年生禾草特性比较稳定,多年生杂类草随着载畜率的增加物种组成下降幅度较大,使得群落结构和组成随载畜率的增加趋于简单化。丰富度指数和多样性指数重牧区最低,均匀度变化有所不同,因为中度放牧提高草地群落的植物多样性,更主要地是通过改变群落物种均匀性来实现的。     

放牧与刈割对科尔沁草甸植被演替的影响

本文研究了放牧与刈割两种草地利用方式对科尔沁草甸植被演替的影响。结果表明:1)在自由放牧干扰下,优势度最大的前五个种为虎尾草(27.8)、蒲公英(3.52)、狼毒(3.42)、野韭菜(3.03)、鹅绒委陵菜(2.67);在秋季割草干扰下,优势度最大的前五个种为大油芒(9.57)、狗尾草(7.36)、野古草(6.36)、洽草(4.85)、芦苇(4.74)等五种禾本科植物;2)在自由放牧干扰下,一年生植物在群落中占据重要地位,其优势度为35.0,小于多年生植物的优势度55.9;在割草干扰下,多年生植物在群落中占据绝对优势,其优势度为82.9,大于一年生植物优势度10.6;3)在放牧扰动下,草地群落物种替代表现在不同植物生活型之间,主要是多年生草本为一年生草本和灌木所替代;表现在同一生活型不同物种之间,主要是多年生优质牧草为多年生劣质牧草或有毒有害杂草替代。     

基于主成分分析的内蒙古草原刈割与放牧退化演替比较研究

基于多年的野外调查和控制实验数据,采用主成分分析的方法,对内蒙古羊草草原刈割退化演替系列,放牧退化演替系列,退化群落恢复演替系列进行比较研究,研究放牧和刈割影响下群落功能群组成的替变规律。结果表明:PCA排序很好地指示了放牧与刈割演替方向的变化,在功能群的替变上,共同点是根茎禾草减少,不同点是刈割导致小禾草增加,而放牧导致小禾草和小半灌木均增加。PCA排序验证了前人关于8月份刈割对羊草草原群落影响最大的结果。PCA排序显示放牧退化空间梯度系列与退化群落恢复演替时间梯度系列的逆过程一致,表明退化演替研究中时空替代的方法可行。     

民勤荒漠区主要植物的物候特性与牧草利用

通过设置样方、样点和运用物候观测,对退化荒漠植物群落进行轻度放牧利用分析,即运用植被状况与降水量的关系,分析限制植物生长的因素;运用不同稳定性沙丘的植被状况和土壤种子库资料,分析荒漠草地的可利用性和可利用程度;运用物候资料分析民勤荒漠区(灌木和草本植物)牧草利用的主要季节。结果表明:民勤荒漠草地土壤种子库中植物种子丰富,影响当地植物密度和植被盖度的关键因素是降水,可进行轻度放牧。轻度放牧时,要依据牧草展叶盛期的开始序列和果熟期的开始序列选择植物群落,实行小规模、间歇式轮牧。展叶盛期为一年中牧草的第1个利用季节,果熟期为一年中的第2个利用季节。     

新疆蒿类半灌木牧草资源分布及其饲用价值

蒿类半灌木是指以菊科的蒿属(Artemisia L.)和绢蒿属(Seriphidum Poljak)半灌木为主,并包括在生态地理分布和饲用价值上相近的一些其它半灌木,如菊科的亚菊属(Ajania Poljak)中的一些种类、藜科的地肤属(Kochia Roth)、驼绒藜属(Ceratoides Gag-nebin)植物。它们是半灌木类群里牧草饲用价值最高的一类,在新疆各类草地中共有7类、27组、151型,是草原和荒漠草地的重要组成。在其营养成分组成中,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量较高,适口性好,耐牧性强,是各类牲畜优良冷季放牧草地中的植物类群。应加强对蒿类半灌木植物的研究、开发、品种驯化及种子的批量生产;适当控制载畜量,有计划地对草地进行封育或轮牧,将有利于新疆草地资源的保护和可持续发展。     

科尔沁沙地典型草地植物功能性状及其相互关系

以科尔沁沙地长期封育草地的19种植物为对象,分别测定植物高度(Height)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶片干物质含量(LDMC)、碳含量(LNC)、氮含量(LNN)5个植物功能性状,比较不同生活型(一二年生植物、多年生植物)和功能型(C3植物、C4植物)植物功能性状的差异性,探讨沙地内典型草地不同植物功能性状的内在联系及其对环境的适应性。结果表明:多年生植物的LDMC极显著大于一二年生植物,且C3植物的高度显著大于C4植物;对于一二年生植物而言,C3植物的LNC显著大于C4植物;对于C4植物而言,多年生植物的LDMC和LNC显著大于一二年生植物。植物功能性状相关分析表明,SLA与LDMC极显著负相关,LNC与LNN极显著正相关。科尔沁沙地长期封育草地植物不同生活型、功能型的功能性状存在明显差异,多年生C4植物具有较强的生态适应能力。     

不同利用方式下草地生态系统的多功能性与物种多样性

运用平均值法计算多功能性指数,对阿勒泰禁牧草地、春秋季节放牧草地、弃耕放牧草地、天然放牧草地进行了多功能性评价,并探讨了多功能性与物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明：所运用的方法和目前主流方法评价得出的多功能性指数在样方(R²=0.950, P<0.05)和样地尺度（R²=0.909, P<0.01）上都有极高的相关性。弃耕放牧草地物种多样性水平最低（0.219）,绝大多数土壤功能指标较差,总体表现出退化特征（-0.241）,天然放牧草地土壤功能指标也表现出同样的特征（-0.406）;春秋季节放牧草地有较高的物种多样性水平（0.910）和较好的土壤功能指标（0.343）;4种草地群落的多功能性指数为春秋季节放牧草地(0.343)>禁牧草地(0.222)>弃耕放牧草地(-0.241)>天然放牧草地(-0.406)。植物主要沿水肥梯度分布;多样性指数中,丰富度指数和均匀度指数对多功能性的影响最大,均为样地尺度（R²=0.980, P<0.05;R²=0.455, P>0.05）大于样方尺度（R²=0.078, P>0.05;R²=0.116, P>0.05）,有尺度依赖性,但均匀度指数表现的并不明显。（4）物种丰富度对多功能性的影响最大（R²=0.980, P=0.01）,表现为极显著正相关关系,而物种均匀度与之呈不显著的单峰曲线关系（P>0.05）。综上,相对于禁牧草地、天然放牧草地和弃耕放牧草地,春秋季节放牧草地更有利于维持该地区生态系统的多功能性;物种丰富度高且物种均匀度分布适中的生态系统可能有更高的多功能性。     

禾草内生真菌与丛枝菌根互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病的影响

为明确禾草内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne生长发育及叶斑病的影响,设置禾草内生真菌处理(由带有和不带禾草内生真菌种子建立)、AMF(幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum和根内球囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices)单独接种和混合接种处理及不接菌处理(对照),并在植物生长6周后接种或不接种多年生黑麦草叶斑病病原菌根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,测定各处理多年生黑麦草的发病率、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、AMF侵染率、P含量和生物量。结果表明:接种病原菌2周后,多年生黑麦草叶斑病的发病率为25.00%～38.75%,禾草内生真菌和幼套球囊霉均在一定程度上降低了多年生黑麦草的发病率,二者共同作用时发病率显著降低了35.48%。禾草内生真菌与AMF互作能在一定程度上提高植物叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,并促进P吸收和植物生长,二者的互作效应因禾草内生真菌与AMF组合而异,但均优于二者单独使用时的效应,其中禾草内生真菌与幼套球囊霉互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病防治的效果最好。     

呼伦贝尔退化草地植被演替特征研究

由于气候环境条件的变化和人类长期不合理的草地利用方式,致使呼伦贝尔草原退化、沙漠化趋势加剧,草地的退化严重威胁着当地的生态环境,制约着畜牧业的发展。对草甸草原、典型草原和沙地植被三种草地类型的植被退化演替特征研究结果表明:随着草地退化(沙化)程度加大,群落结构与多样性逐渐丧失,草层高度、植被盖度、株丛密度、地上部生物量等,都呈现不同程度的递减趋势,草地退化过程中,群落物种组成逐渐单一,数量逐渐减少,物种组成发生显著的变化。未退化草地以禾本科植物占主导地位,随着退化程度的加大,退化指示类的菊科植物的重要地位得到提升,中度退化阶段蔷薇科植物不断增加,并占据优势地位,重度退化阶段,多以耐践踏的蔷薇科植物和小型禾草为优势种,其中重度沙化草地,多年生植物几乎全部消失,而被一年生植物替代。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的主要植物群落类型和饲用植物

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘.具有中亚西部——哈萨克斯坦荒漠的典型气候特征,水平地带性植被是小半乔木、半灌木和小半灌木荒漠,盐生植物群落也有广泛发育。根据生态生物学特性和饲用价值,可作为家畜采食的饲用植物可分为小半乔木、沙旱生灌木、盐中生灌木、盐柴类半灌木和小半灌木、多汁盐柴类半灌木和小半灌木、蒿类、短命和类短命植物、多年生草类和一年生盐柴类植物等生态经济类群。从土地的利用角度出发,该区的植被及其饲用植物资源宜作为骆驼、山羊和三北羊等家畜的春秋和冬季放牧利用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.