食用木薯饮料加工工艺优化

以华南9号食用木薯为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法对制备食用木薯饮料的酶解条件、调配配方及稳定性等工艺条件进行优化研究。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺条件为:耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量80 U/g,酶解温度85℃,酶解时间120 min;最优调配配方组合为:8%白砂糖+0.2%植脂末+0.04%柠檬酸;复合稳定剂最佳添加量为:蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.04%,分子蒸馏单甘酯0.04%,微晶纤维素0.02%和卡拉胶0.04%。经该工艺生产的食用木薯饮料风味独特,口感细腻,稳定性良好。     

浑浊型南瓜汁饮料的原料配方和稳定剂优选试验研究

介绍以南瓜为原料,经切分、预煮、打浆、过滤、调配、胶磨均质和杀菌等工序生产浑浊型南瓜汁饮料的工艺。采用正交试验对浑浊型南瓜汁饮料主要原料的配方和稳定剂进行优选。结果表明,主要原料的最佳配方为南瓜肉与水的质量比为1∶2,蔗糖添加量为12%,柠檬酸添加量为0.25%;稳定剂以X.C、PGA和瓜尔豆胶复合为佳,复合稳定剂的最佳配方为:PGA含量为0.05%,X.C含量为0.05%,瓜尔豆胶含量为0.05%。使用该复合稳定剂和按上述配方制得的浑浊型南瓜汁饮料,不但爽口,酸甜适宜,风味较佳,而且在室温下静置保存60d稳定性良好。     

核桃饮料加工工艺优化

以广西本地核桃为材料,采用单因素和正交试验对核桃饮料去皮、打浆、调配及稳定性等加工工艺条件进行研究。结果表明,最佳去皮工艺条件为:NaOH浓度0.4%,热烫温度90℃,热烫时间3 min;最优打浆方案为:料液比1∶20(g/g),打浆温度80℃,打浆时间6 min;最佳调配配方为:5%白砂糖+0.2%植脂末;最佳复合稳定剂添加量为:0.06%复配增稠剂(果胶∶CMC-Na∶黄原胶=4∶1∶0.8)+0.10%复配乳化剂(蔗糖脂肪酸酯∶单甘酯=3∶1)+0.15%微晶纤维素。在该工艺条件下生产的核桃饮料为乳白色,核桃风味浓郁,口感爽滑,稳定性良好。     

软枣猕猴桃饮料工艺的研究

以软枣猕猴桃为主要原料,添加适量糖、柠檬酸及其他辅料,研制出口感优良、风味独特的软枣猕猴桃饮料。试验结果显示,酶的添加量为0.08%,酶解时间为8h的出汁率最高。采用正交实验确定了饮料最佳配方,即果汁15%,糖12%,柠檬酸0.1%,稳定剂0.05%。     

藜麦番茄复合饮料的工艺研究

以番茄和藜麦为主要原料,对藜麦番茄复合饮料的加工工艺进行了研究。结果表明,藜麦番茄复合饮料最佳的工艺配方为藜麦浆添加量35%,番茄汁添加量25%,白砂糖添加量5%;复配稳定剂的最佳配比为单硬脂酸甘油酯添加量0.12%,黄原胶添加量0.08%,蔗糖脂肪酸酯添加量0.10%,卡拉胶添加量0.05%。     

和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料加工工艺研究

以新疆和田玉枣为原料,研究和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料加工工艺,结果表明和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料复合稳定剂最优组合为黄原胶0.08%、CMC-Na0.08%、PGA0.08%;复合甜味剂(蛋白糖与改良甜菊糖的比例为6∶4)添加量为0.2%;最佳均质条件为温度60℃、压力20MPa、均质2次;杀菌条件以85℃、10min为最佳。     

红树莓菇娘果复合饮料的配方优化研究

为探究红树莓菇娘果复合饮料的最佳配方,以红树莓、菇娘果两种果实的汁液为原料,辅以白砂糖、复合稳定剂进行复配试验。以感官评分为考察指标,设计单因素试验,确定红树莓汁、菇娘果汁、白砂糖和复合稳定剂（魔芋胶+黄原胶）的最佳添加量。在单因素试验的基础上,设计L9(34)正交试验,优化饮料原、辅材料的配比,得到最优配方为：以水的质量为基础质量,稳定剂添加量0.18%,白砂糖添加量6%,菇娘果汁添加量60%,红树莓汁添加量50%。采用最优工艺制作的复合饮料产品色泽清亮,稳定均匀,酸甜适中,融合了红树莓和菇娘果的风味,且其理化性质及微生物指标均符合国家质量标准要求。     

发酵大樱桃复合果蔬汁饮料的开发

以大樱桃、苹果为主要原料,经过制浆、发酵、调配、均质、杀菌制得发酵果蔬汁饮料。通过正交试验确定最佳发酵工艺为发酵时间24 h,发酵温度36℃,菌种接种量5%;最佳配料为大樱桃、苹果的配比4∶1,白砂糖添加量7%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%;最佳稳定剂配方为羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.08%,黄原胶添加量0.08%,海藻酸钠添加量0.03%,瓜尔胶添加量0.03%。     

甜杏仁蛋白饮料的工艺优化及其稳定性研究

以甜杏仁为主要原料,研究甜杏仁蛋白饮料的制作工艺,并着重研究影响甜杏仁蛋白饮料稳定性的几个重要因素。确定饮料最佳的工艺参数:风味的配比是蔗糖6%,脱脂奶粉4%;复合稳定剂的最佳配比是黄原胶0.05%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.06%,蔗糖酯0.15%,单甘酯0.15%;最佳均质条件是均质温度60℃,均质压力35 MPa,二次均质。制得的产品口感细腻且稳定性好。     

甜杏仁蛋白饮料的工艺优化及其稳定性研究

以甜杏仁为主要原料,研究甜杏仁蛋白饮料的制作工艺,并着重研究影响甜杏仁蛋白饮料稳定性的几个重要因素。确定饮料最佳的工艺参数:风味的配比是蔗糖6%,脱脂奶粉4%;复合稳定剂的最佳配比是黄原胶0.05%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.06%,蔗糖酯0.15%,单甘酯0.15%;最佳均质条件是均质温度60℃,均质压力35 MPa,二次均质。制得的产品口感细腻且稳定性好。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.