Geochronology,geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopes of Early Carboniferous magmatism in southern West Junggar,northwestern China: Implications for Junggar oceanic plate subduction

West Junggar is a key area for understanding intra-oceanic plate subduction and the final closure of the Junggar Ocean. Knowledge of the Carboniferous tectonic evolution of the Junggar Ocean region is required for understanding the tectonic framework and accretionary processes in West Junggar, Central Asian Orogenic Belt. A series of Early Carboniferous volcanic and intrusive rocks, namely, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and diorite, occur in the Mayile area of southern West Junggar, northwestern China. Our new LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb geochronological data reveal that diorite intruded at 334 (±1) Ma, and that basaltic andesite was erupted at 334 (±4) Ma. These intrusive and volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline, display moderate MgO (1.62%-4.18%) contents and Mg# values (40-59), and low Cr (14.5×10^-6-47.2×10^-6) and Ni (7.5×10^-6-34.6×10^-6) contents, and are characterized by enrichment in light rare-earth elements and large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in heavy rare-earth elements and high-field-strength elements, meaning that they belong to typical subduction-zone island-arc magma. The samples show low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (range of 0.703649-0.705008), positive ε_Nd(t) values (range of 4.8-6.2 and mean of 5.4), and young T_DM Nd model ages ranging from 1016 to 616 Ma, indicating a magmatic origin from depleted mantle involving partial melting of 10%-25% garnet and spinel lherzolite. Combining our results with those of previous studies, we suggest that these rocks were formed as a result of northwestward subduction of the Junggar oceanic plate, which caused partial melting of sub-arc mantle. We conclude that intra-oceanic arc magmatism was extensive in West Junggar during the Early Carboniferous.     

亚洲中部干旱区绿洲水热匹配与生物、农业技术适应性分析

亚洲中部干旱区"中亚天山北坡-新疆天山北坡-甘肃祁连山北坡"山前平原,在古丝绸之路和现代丝绸之路经济带时期均为社会、经济、文化最繁荣的重要地区。而一个地区某生物的生长发育除与降水、气温有关外,还与当地的水热匹配特征密切相关。中亚天山北坡区段水热不同步-新疆天山北坡区段水热较同步-甘肃祁连山北坡河西走廊区段水热同步的生态环境,深刻地影响着当地的天然动植物种类及其生长发育,使某些生物在研究区内各区段间形成了发生中心区、扩散区及无发生区的规律性分布;不同区段多项绿洲农业技术的差异性也反映出其对当地水热匹配特征的适应性。     

亚洲中部高山降水稳定同位素空间分布特征

为了揭示中亚高山地区大气降水稳定同位素的时空分布特征,开展不同尺度下干旱区水文循环的研究,分析了亚洲中部天山、昆仑山、祁连山地区18个站点的降水氢氧稳定同位素资料。结果表明:天山、昆仑山和祁连山地区降水稳定同位素季节变化较为明显,表现出夏半年高、冬半年低的变化趋势。3个地区降水稳定同位素的空间分布也呈现出显著的季节差异。除昆仑山外,天山和祁连山大气降水线方程的斜率均低于全球大气降水线,说明这些地区的降水受到较强的蒸发影响。研究区各站点降水稳定同位素均呈显著的温度效应,区域内降水量效应不明显。春、夏季昆仑山地区3站点的降水δ^18O高程效应较明显,降水δ^18O随海拔上升而降低,其余地区没有明显的高程效应。除昆仑山地区西合休外,亚洲高山地区氘盈余(d值)总体表现出冬半年高,夏半年低的变化趋势。     

基于CRU资料的中亚地区气候特征

基于中亚地区1971-2000年的CRU资料,利用一元线性回归法,分析中亚地区30 a的气候变化特征。结果表明：土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的沙漠地区是中亚最为干旱的地区,也是气温最高的地区。塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦冬季和春季降水多,夏季和秋季降水少,气温变化幅度相对较小。哈萨克斯坦的降水呈现西多东少,且主要集中在夏季,气温变化幅度较大,且西暖东冷。中亚地区气温年较差较小。新疆与中亚五国的气候有明显差异,新疆降水主要集中在夏季的天山山区,气温增暖明显,最高和最低气温与中亚西部的变化趋势相反。     

夏季北极涛动与亚洲中部干湿状况关系研究

利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料和NOAA北极涛动指数资料,采用相关分析、谱分析、小波分析等,对北极涛动(AO)与亚洲中部干旱区(ACA)的干湿变化关系进行分析.研究认为:夏季北极涛动指数和ACA相对湿度场存在显著反相关,尤其表现在年代际尺度上;两者都于20世纪70年代初发生显著突变,2年准周期贯穿过去50年,但5年左右的周期在70年代中期以后表现显著.结果表明:AO突变前后,ACA海平面高度场、对流低层风场都具有显著变化,但ACA东半部和西半部受作用的亚系统并不一致,认为夏季ACA干湿状况突变及其周期特点转变的主要原因之一是AO突变引起环流场变化所致.     

亚洲中部干旱区降水异常的大气环流特征

亚洲中部干旱区(中亚五国和新疆)是地中海气候与东亚季风气候的过渡带,区域天气气候与欧洲和东亚季风区迥异,具有世界独特的干旱区生态气候模式,即山地森林草原—盆地平原绿洲寓于荒漠,并与荒漠共存的生态气候地理格局。天气气候受高、中、低纬环流的共同影响,区域内部差异很大,形成多背景、多因子、多尺度影响下的极具代表性的气象灾害孕育和成灾环境。亚洲中部干旱区光热资源丰富、蒸发量大、气温变化剧烈,而降水稀少,且分布极不均匀,天山山脉的中西段是降水高值区,近百年来整体表现为增暖、增湿趋势。高、中、低纬系统和中亚低值系统的活跃,共同造就了中亚东部(新疆)降水年代际和年际异常增多。西亚西风急流是联系高、中、低纬环流系统相互作用的纽带。目前,该区域气象综合观测网建设不能满足应对气候变化的需求,同时对区域特有的环流系统、灾害性天气气候发生规律和形成机理、高分辨率区域数值模式、地—气相互作用对区域天气气候的影响、气候变化预估等方面的研究也较薄弱,开展上述研究对"丝绸之路经济带"可持续发展具有重要科学意义和战略价值。     

Projection of hydrothermal condition in Central Asia under four SSP-RCP scenarios

Hydrothermal condition is mismatched in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in Central Asia (including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan), resulting many environmental limitations. In this study, we projected hydrothermal condition in Central Asia based on bias-corrected multi-model ensembles (MMEs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathway and Representative Concentration Pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios (SSP126 (SSP1-RCP2.6), SSP245 (SSP2-RCP4.5), SSP460 (SSP4-RCP6.0), and SSP585 (SSP5-RCP8.5)) during 2015-2100. The bias correction and spatial disaggregation, water-thermal product index, and sensitivity analysis were used in this study. The results showed that the hydrothermal condition is mismatched in the central and southern deserts, whereas the region of Pamir Mountains and Tianshan Mountains as well as the northern plains of Kazakhstan showed a matched hydrothermal condition. Compared with the historical period, the matched degree of hydrothermal condition improves during 2046-2075, but degenerates during 2015-2044 and 2076-2100. The change of hydrothermal condition is sensitive to precipitation in the northern regions and the maximum temperatures in the southern regions. The result suggests that the optimal scenario in Central Asia is SSP126 scenario, while SSP585 scenario brings further hydrothermal contradictions. This study provides scientific information for the development and sustainable utilization of hydrothermal resources in arid and semi-arid regions under climate change.     

Spatiotemporal changes in water,land use,and ecosystem services in Central Asia considering climate changes and human activities

Central Asia is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, comprising Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan; over 93.00% of the total area is dryland. Temperature rise and human activities have severe impacts on the fragile ecosystems. Since the 1970s, nearly half the great lakes in Central Asia have shrunk and rivers are drying rapidly owing to climate changes and human activities. Water shortage and ecological crisis have attracted extensive international attention. In general, ecosystem services in Central Asia are declining, particularly with respect to biodiversity, water, and soil conservation. Furthermore, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in Central Asia increased by 0.30°C/decade and 6.9 mm/decade in recent decades, respectively. Temperature rise significantly affected glacier retreat in the Tianshan Mountains and Pamir Mountains, which may intensify water shortage in the 21^st century. The increase in precipitation cannot counterbalance the aggravation of water shortage caused by the temperature rise and human activities in Central Asia. The population of Central Asia is growing gradually, and its economy is increasing steadily. Moreover, the agricultural land has not been expended in the last two decades. Thus, water and ecological crises, such as the Aral Sea shrinkage in the 21^st century, cannot be attributed to agriculture extension any longer. Unbalanced regional development and water interception/transfer have led to the irrational exploitation of water resources in some watersheds, inducing downstream water shortage and ecological degradation. In addition, accelerated industrialization and urbanization have intensified this process. Therefore, all Central Asian countries must urgently reach a consensus and adopt common measures for water and ecological protection.     

近51年新疆S干旱指数变化特征分析

利用新疆地区52个气象站1960-2010年月降水量和无雨日数资料,定义了S干旱指数,采用EOF、REOF、Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall分析、分布函数等方法,分析了近51年来新疆干旱指数的时空分布特征。结果表明:EOF分解得出,新疆干旱指数存在三种主要的空间分布,即全区一致变化型、南北反向变化型和东西反向变化型;根据REOF前四个旋转荷载向量场高载荷区分布,将新疆干旱指数分成四个区,即新疆北部地区、新疆南部地区、天山中西部地区和天山东部地区;新疆北部地区、天山中西部地区和天山东部地区干旱指数有增大的总趋势,新疆南部地区干旱指数有减小的总趋势。     

托木尔峰地区神奇峰冰川3950m处物质平衡与气象要素关系分析

2008年夏季,中国科学院天山冰川观测试验站科研人员对天山托木尔峰地区神奇峰冰川(也称青冰滩72号冰川)进行了大规模综合性的野外科考活动,获得了2008年7月30日至8月31日期间的冰川海拔3950m处的实测气象资料,包括气温、降水等。文中将这些气象资料与物质平衡数据相结合,对它们的关系进行了分析。2008年夏季青冰滩72号冰川野外观测资料分析结果表明:研究时段内,冰川日平均气温在0℃以上的天数达到了96%,冰川基本上处于消融状态;降水前后伴随的气温变化幅度大;基于观测数据,对气温和物质平衡进行了回归分析,回归系数为0.631;并利用灰熵关联度分析了降水和物质平衡之间的关系,它们之间的关联度系数为0.497。     

小麦秆锈菌新小种Ug99及其对我国的影响分析

Ug99(TTKS)是1999年在乌干达首次发现的对最重要小麦抗秆锈病基因Sr31有强毒力的秆锈菌新小种。大量证据显示:该小种不仅具有极其特殊的毒力组合而且传播十分迅速,除在中非乌干达、东非肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、苏丹流行外,Ug99现已越过红海、传到了阿拉伯国家也门,以及巴基斯坦的沿海地区,越来越逼近我国。Ug99堪称我国的超毒小种,我国最典型的秆锈菌小种只能分别克服或Sr5或Sr9 e或Sr11单基因抗性,而Ug99不仅具有Sr5、Sr9 e、Sr11的联合毒力,而且还具有Sr21、Sr31、Sr38的联合毒力,而我国从未有小种能克服后者的抗性。1B/1L(含Sr31)易位系曾是我国使用的重要秆锈抗源,必对Ug99高度脆弱,我国118份小麦品种在KARI的测定结果表明,高感品种频率98.3%。一旦Ug99入侵我国,其他流行条件也完全具备。因此,充分作好防范Ug99流行的准备十分必要。     

Characteristics and hazards of different snow avalanche types in a continental snow climate region in the Central Tianshan Mountains

Snow avalanches are a common natural hazard in many countries with seasonally snow-covered mountains.The avalanche hazard varies with snow avalanche type in different snow climate regions and at different times.The ability to understand the characteristics of avalanche activity and hazards of different snow avalanche types is a prerequisite for improving avalanche disaster management in the mid-altitude region of the Central Tianshan Mountains.In this study,we collected data related to avalanche,snowpack,and meteorology during four snow seasons(from 2015 to 2019),and analysed the characteristics and hazards of different types of avalanches.The snow climate of the mid-altitude region of the Central Tianshan Mountains was examined using a snow climate classification scheme,and the results showed that the mountain range has a continental snow climate.To quantify the hazards of different types of avalanches and describe their situation over time in the continental snow climate region,this study used the avalanche hazard degree to assess the hazards of four types of avalanches,i.e.,full-depth dry snow avalanches,full-depth wet snow avalanches,surface-layer dry snow avalanches,and surface-layer wet snow avalanches.The results indicated that surface-layer dry snow avalanches were characterized by large sizes and high release frequencies,which made them having the highest avalanche hazard degree in the Central Tianshan Mountains with a continental snow climate.The overall avalanche hazard showed a single peak pattern over time during the snow season,and the greatest hazard occurred in the second half of February when the snowpack was deep and the temperature increased.This study can help the disaster and emergency management departments rationally arrange avalanche relief resources and develop avalanche prevention strategies.     

Spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees in a narrow valley in the western Tianshan Mountains,China

Malus sieversii (wild apple tree), only distributed in the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, is a tertiary relic species and an ancestral species of cultivated apples. However, existing natural populations of wild apple trees have been declining. To date, spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees and influencing factors in the narrow valley areas in the Tianshan Mountains remain unclear. In this study, field investigation and sampling were carried out in three years (2016-2018) at four elevations (1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 m) in the Qiaolakesai Valley (a typical longitudinal narrow valley in the Yili River Valley) of the western Tianshan Mountains in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Projective coverage, dead branch percentage, and 18 twig traits (these 20 parameters were collectively referred to as plant traits) were determined to comprehensively reflect the growth status of declining wild apple trees. The values of dead branch percentage ranged from 36% to 59%, with a mean of 40%. Year generally showed higher impact on plant traits than elevation. In 2017 and 2018, projective coverage, leaf size, leaf nitrogen concentration, and nitrogen to phosphorous ratio were markedly higher than those in 2016. However, dead branch percentage and leaf and stem phosphorous concentrations showed the opposite trend. Most of the topological parameters of plant trait networks differed in the three years, but the strength of trait-trait association increased year by year. The mean difference between day and night temperatures (MDT), annual accumulative precipitation, soil electrical conductivity, and soil pH had the greatest impact on the plant trait matrix. The growth status of declining wild apple trees was directly and positively affected by MDT and leaf size. In conclusion, the growth of declining wild apple trees distributed in the narrow valley areas was more sensitive to interannual environmental changes than elevation changes. The results are of great significance for further revealing the decline mechanism of wild apple trees in the Tianshan Mountains.     

Climate change,water resources and sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid lands of Central Asia in the past 30 years

The countries of Central Asia are collectively known as the five "-stans": Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. In recent times, the Central Asian region has been affected by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea, widespread desertification, soil salinization, biodiversity loss, frequent sand storms, and many other ecological disasters. This paper is a review article based upon the collection, identification and collation of previous studies of environmental changes and regional developments in Central Asia in the past 30 years. Most recent studies have reached a consensus that the temperature rise in Central Asia is occurring faster than the global average. This warming trend will not only result in a higher evaporation in the basin oases, but also to a significant retreat of glaciers in the mountainous areas. Water is the key to sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid regions in Central Asia. The uneven distribution, over consumption, and pollution of water resources in Central Asia have caused severe water supply problems, which have been affecting regional harmony and development for the past 30 years. The widespread and significant land use changes in the 1990 s could be used to improve our understanding of natural variability and human interaction in the region. There has been a positive trend of trans-border cooperation among the Central Asian countries in recent years. International attention has grown and research projects have been initiated to provide water and ecosystem protection in Central Asia. However, the agreements that have been reached might not be able to deliver practical action in time to prevent severe ecological disasters. Water management should be based on hydrographic borders and ministries should be able to make timely decisions without political intervention. Fully integrated management of water resources, land use and industrial development is essential in Central Asia. The ecological crisis should provide sufficient motivation to reach a consensus on unified water management throughout the region.     

积雪中不溶微粒与Mg~（2＋）的沉积特征和相互关系

为了探究不溶微粒和Mg2＋在雪冰沉积过程中的相关性,对采自乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川海拔4 130 m处的雪冰样品进行不溶微粒和Mg2＋浓度的分析。表层雪中不溶微粒和Mg2＋浓度的季节变化具有较好的一致性,在6～8月的降水频发期和局地风盛行时,两者都达到一年中的最大值。粗微粒（直径大于10μm）和Mg2＋浓度在雪层剖面中的垂...     

WRF模式在天山地区模拟能力的敏感性评估

为探寻天山地区气候模拟WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式中最优参数化方案组合,针对云微物理方案(MIC)、积云对流方案(CS)、行星边界层/近地面层方案(PBL/SLS)、陆面过程方案(LSM)以及长短波辐射方案(LSW)设计了6组季节尺度物理参数化方案敏感性试验,模拟时间设为2014-11-28-2015-12-01。利用地面气象站观测数据和GPM(global precipitation measurement)卫星降水数据(R≥0.6),对模式模拟的日最高、最低气温及降水进行验证。结果表明:WRF模式对气温的模拟效果较好,且对日最高气温(0.8相似文献   

Climate change in the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains based on GCM simulation ensemble with Bayesian model averaging

Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21~(st) century for the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains(TKM) based on the general circulation model(GCM) simulation ensemble from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5(CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) lower emission scenario RCP4.5 and higher emission scenario RCP8.5 using the Bayesian model averaging(BMA) technique. Results show that(1) BMA significantly outperformed the simple ensemble analysis and BMA mean matches all the three observed climate variables;(2) at the end of the 21~(st) century(2070–2099) under RCP8.5, compared to the control period(1976–2005), annual mean temperature and mean annual precipitation will rise considerably by 4.8°C and 5.2%, respectively, while mean annual snowfall will dramatically decrease by 26.5%;(3) precipitation will increase in the northern Tianshan region while decrease in the Amu Darya Basin. Snowfall will significantly decrease in the western TKM. Mean annual snowfall fraction will also decrease from 0.56 of 1976–2005 to 0.42 of 2070–2099 under RCP8.5; and(4) snowfall shows a high sensitivity to temperature in autumn and spring while a low sensitivity in winter, with the highest sensitivity values occurring at the edge areas of TKM. The projections mean that flood risk will increase and solid water storage will decrease.     

天山山区及周边地区水汽含量的计算与特征分析

利用1976-2009年天山山区周边伊宁、库车和乌鲁木齐3个探空站实测资料,计算逐月平均水汽含量,并建立了与地面水汽压的关系式;利用这个关系式计算了天山山区及周边地区1961-2009年44个站水汽含量,分析了水汽的时空分布特征及其与降水量的关系。结果表明：①天山山区及周边地区水汽含量有3个高值区,主要分布在天山北麓的河谷平原地带和吐鲁番盆地,水汽含量在12~21 mm;南天山及东部的阿克苏地区、库尔勒地区和东天山南部的哈密地区是水汽含量的次高值区,水汽含量在5~13 mm;而中天山和东天山是水汽的低值中心,水汽含量在4~8 mm。② 水汽含量的月际变化呈单峰型,夏季最大,冬季最小,季节变化非常明显;其中2-7月为增长期,3月增长率最大,7月最小,增长率分别为65.8%和17.6%,而8月到次年1月为递减期,12月减少率最大,8月最小,分别为38.5%和7.8%。 天山山区内部月均水汽（7.83 mm）低于全区平均水平(10.51 mm),其中西天山月均和夏季水汽含量均最高,分别为9.88 mm和18.94 mm。③ 49 a间水汽含量年代际变化较小,1986年以后变化波动大且上升趋势明显。④ 水汽和降水量并不具有很好的对应关系,而呈现区域差异。
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我国西部边境的跨国旅游合作研究——以中国新疆与中亚五国旅游合作为例

中国与中亚国家的边境旅游经过多年的培育,已取得了长足的发展,并形成了一定的规模。然而,日益激烈的旅游市场竞争态势下,进一步推动边境旅游业的发展还依靠有关国家和地区的跨国旅游合作来实现的。本文基于新疆边境旅游现状以及中亚国家旅游业概况,从旅游合作的意义出发,分析了中国新疆与中亚国家之间旅游合作的优势条件,并提出了推动中国新疆与中亚地区旅游合作的模式和对策。     

天山云杉倒木的持水特性

倒木在森林生态系统尤其是山地森林生态系统的水文功能和水土保育功能等方面具有重要的作用。为了解天山云杉（Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica）倒木的持水特性和其对天山林区水文功能的影响,沿天山山脉由西至东选取跨越9个经度的5个地区（昭苏、新源、呼图壁、天池和奇台）分别进行取样,运用浸泡模拟法测定天山云杉倒木的吸水过程和持水能力。结果表明：① 天山云杉倒木的吸水过程在5个地区随着浸泡时间的推移,其持水量、持水率和持水能力均随着腐解等级的升高而增加。在浸泡吸水过程中天山云杉倒木的持水量(Q)随着浸泡时间(t)的增加而增加,两者的关系可用Q=aln t+b来拟合。② 浸泡过程中天山云杉倒木吸水速率(V)随着浸泡时间(t)的增加而呈下降的趋势,两者的关系可用V=c t^-d来拟合。③ 天山云杉倒木持水能力(Q′)与腐解等级(x)的关系可用方程Q′=ex²+fx+g来拟合。天山林区5个地区的天山云杉倒木的持水特性存在明显的差异,该成果为进一步开展天山林区水文功能性研究奠定了基础。