不同加工粗饲料对牦牛舍饲育肥的效果

[目的]通过试验研究筛选适合合作地区牦牛舍饲育肥的来源广泛、适口性好、价格低廉的粗饲料类型。[方法]通过将甘南州现有的燕麦草、青稞草和毗邻地区临夏州的玉米秸秆通过不同方式的加工处理,对阉牦牛进行舍饲育肥。[结果]经过60d的舍饲育肥,微贮青稞草组增重42.75kg,日增重712.5g;青贮燕麦组增重37kg,日增重616.67g;微贮玉米秸秆组增重32.2kg,日增重536.67g。[结论]试验结果表明,从营养价值、对牦牛的适口性、饲料成本、牦牛增重效果五方面综合分析,对冷季在合作市进行牦牛舍饲育肥而言,微贮青稞草优于青贮燕麦优于微贮玉米秸秆。但燕麦在甘南州相对匮乏,大量青贮后用于育肥不太现实。因此,微贮青稞草和微贮玉米秸秆应作为牦牛育肥的首选粗饲料。     

裹包青贮燕麦育肥牦牛错峰效益分析

[目的]本文旨在研究青贮燕麦和干燕麦舍饲育肥牦牛的错峰经济效益,从而为提高燕麦的利用率和牦牛错峰育肥出栏提供试验依据。[方法]在同等精料水平条件下,试验组粗饲料用裹包青贮燕麦草和青稞草,对照组用干燕麦草和青稞草,舍饲育肥60d。[结果]试验组比对照组平均每头多增重6.21kg,增重率提高50.16%。每增重1kg试验组比对照组节约饲料成本39.98元。通过60天的保膘育肥,除去饲料成本试验组和对照组的错峰效益分别为1 309.45元/头和1 094.01元/头。[结论]燕麦青贮育肥牦牛效果远远高于干燕麦,牦牛低成本舍饲育肥,必须从错峰出栏上获取较高的经济效益。     

三种不同日粮育肥肉牛试验

[目的]为了获得当地更为实用可行的肉牛育肥饲料。[方法]试验分3个组,试验Ⅰ组,是榆阳区当地养牛户传统的喂牛饲料;试验Ⅱ组,饲料以干玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料+精料补充料;试验Ⅲ组,饲料以玉米青贮饲料为主要粗饲料+精料补充料。试验对3种不同类型饲料育肥西门塔尔肉牛的日增重、料重比和增重成本进行比较。[结果]Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的日增重分别为(1.24±0.26) kg、(1.26±0.14) kg和(1.32±0.19) kg,Ⅲ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅰ组,三组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);料重比分别为7.53、7.46和6.99,Ⅰ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅲ组;增重成本分别为17.17元/kg、18.28元/kg和19.42元/kg,Ⅲ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅰ组。[结论]青贮日粮组(Ⅲ组)的增重效率最高;传统日粮组(Ⅰ组)的成本最低。     

全株玉米秸秆拉伸膜裹包青贮对肉牛育肥效果试验

本试验旨在研究在相同舍饲条件下,不同青贮饲料对两组体重、年龄相近的"平凉红牛"育肥牛增重效果。对照组选用青贮池玉米秸秆,试验组选用拉伸膜裹包青贮玉米秸秸秆,进行80 d短期育肥试验,并统计分析。结果表明:试验组头均日增重1.48 kg,对照组头均日增重1.29 kg,试验组平均日增重高于对照组14.73%。综上所述,全株玉米秸杆拉伸膜裹包青贮饲喂肉牛,饲草利用率高,经济效益较好。     

饲用型甜高粱秸秆青贮与玉米秸秆青贮喂羊对比试验

利用饲用型甜高粱秸秆青贮与玉米秸秆青贮喂羊对比试验,通过日采食量、日增重的测定对比,进一步探讨了饲用型甜高粱和玉米秸秆青贮饲料对羊生产性能的影响。结果表明:在饲养管理和基础日粮相同的前提下,日采食量Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别为1.73kg、1.44kg,Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组相对提高20.14%。日增重Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别为145.11g、103.33g,比Ⅱ组相对提高40.43%,每增重1kg体重,精饲料Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组降低消耗29.92%,粗饲料Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组降低消耗18.77%。因此,青贮饲用型甜高粱秸秆育肥肉羊,增重快、饲料转化利用率高、育肥效果明显。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究不同粗蛋白水平饲粮对冷季舍饲集中育肥牦牛生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响。试验选取体况良好、体重（180.00±11.67） kg的公牦牛30头,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。设计3个粗蛋白水平分别为12.5%（Ⅰ组）、15.5%（Ⅱ组）和18.5%（Ⅲ组）的全混合饲粮（TMR）。预试期30 d,正式试验期90 d。结果显示,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组牦牛的总增重、平均日增重显著高于Ⅲ组（P<0.05）;Ⅲ组牦牛的料重比显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组牦牛的粗灰分表观消化率显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。Ⅲ组牦牛血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活性显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）;Ⅲ组尿素氮（BUN）含量显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。研究表明,中蛋白质水平饲粮在牦牛育肥过程所呈现的育肥效果较好,冷季集中育肥牦牛推荐饲粮蛋白质水平为15.5%。     

干旱半干旱区肉牛育肥典型日粮筛选试验

[目的]为筛选原料来源广泛、价廉物美的原材料进行育肥肉牛日粮配制。[方法]选择年龄18~24月龄、体重250~300kg健康的西门达尔杂种肉牛30头,随机分为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组15头;试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组粗饲料分别为青贮玉米秸秆、氨化麦秸,自由采食。试验Ⅰ组随机分为A、B、C三个组,试验Ⅱ组随机分为D、E、F三个组,每组平均5头,依次分别饲喂混合精料配方1、配方2和配方3,育肥牛在同舍以组为单位分栏饲喂90天后。[结果]显示:试验Ⅰ组日增重比试验Ⅱ组高13.98%(P0.05)、饲料报酬高9.55%;其中试验Ⅰ组中B组的日增重1.34kg,分别比A、C、D、E、F组提高13.56%(P0.05)、16.52%(P0.0541.05%(P0.01)、11.67%(P0.05)和25.23%(P0.01),饲料报酬3.77:1,分别比C、D、E、F组提高9.16%、9.59%、5.28%和11.29%。试验Ⅱ组中E组的平均日增重为1.20kg、饲料报酬为3.98:1,同组育肥效果最好;头均纯收入试验Ⅰ组高于试验Ⅱ组295.2元,试验Ⅰ组B组效益最好,试验Ⅱ组E组效益最好。[结论]肉牛育肥生产中,在日粮精料相同情况下,日粮中饲喂青贮玉米秸秆育肥效果显著好于饲喂氨化麦秸;但选用青贮玉米秸秆为粗饲料时,选用B组混合精料配方育肥效果最好;选用氨化麦秸为粗饲料时,选用E组混合精料配方育肥效果最好。两个粮配方在定西及类似地区均有取材方便、价格较低的特点,值得在肉牛育肥中推广。     

青贮黄玉米秸秆对育肥羔羊的增重效果试验

为了比较黄玉米秸秆青贮和未青贮秸秆之间的差异、检验青贮黄玉米秸秆对羔羊育肥的增重效果,在舍饲环境一致、精饲料相同的条件下,对随机分组的2组羔羊(试验组粗饲料为青贮黄玉米秸秆、对照组粗饲料为未经青贮只是被切碎了的普通玉米秸秆)进行育肥增重试验。结果表明,青贮黄玉米秸秆组羔羊的增重效果较对照组明显提高,经济效益显著。     

青贮甜高粱与玉米秸秆饲喂肉牛效果研究

[目的]饲喂青贮甜高粱与玉米秸秆对肉牛增重的效果研究,选择11月龄、体重280Kg 的西门塔尔公牛20头进行饲喂效果对比试验。[结果]显示：对照组、试验组平均每头日增重为0.98 kg、1.45 kg。试验组比对照组平均日多增重0.47 kg,提高47.96%;净收益每头每天比对照组多9.78元。[结论]表明：青贮甜高粱饲喂育肥肉牛增重效果明显,经济效益较好。     

添加复合酶制剂的青贮玉米秸秆育肥肉牛试验

[目的]为降低饲养成本,提高经济效益,指导肉牛养殖户科学合理利用玉米秸秆。[方法]选择10月龄年龄和体重相近健康的西杂牛18头,随机分为三组,每组6头,试验前经检验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。在精饲料喂量相等的情况下,Ⅰ组饲喂复合酶发酵玉米秸秆;Ⅱ组饲喂复合酶发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆各占50%;Ⅲ组饲喂青贮玉米秸秆。经60d试验,三个试验组相互对比分析。[结果]表明:用复合酶发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆各占50%饲喂肉牛,育肥效果较单纯饲喂复合酶发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆高,但经方差分析,差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组日采食玉米秸秆分别比Ⅰ、Ⅲ组高120g和170g;Ⅱ组日增重分别比Ⅰ、Ⅲ组高20g和40g;每千克日增重Ⅱ组分别比Ⅰ、Ⅲ组降低饲料成本0.22元和0.19元。[结论]用复合酶处理玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆搭配可以在肉牛育肥方面推广应用。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.