高寒地区6种禾本科牧草对低温胁迫的生理响应及耐寒性评价

为筛选出耐寒性强的禾本科牧草品种,研究了青牧一号老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus ‘Qingmu No.1’)、同德老芒麦(E. sibiricus ‘Tongde’)、同德短芒披碱草(E. breviaristatus ‘Tongde’)、青海冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila ‘Qinghai’)、青海扁茎早熟禾(P. pratensis var. anceps Gaud ‘Qinghai’)和青海中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis ‘Qinghai’)幼苗生理特性对低温胁迫的响应,并通过隶属函数法对其耐寒性进行了综合评价。结果表明:1)低温胁迫对6种禾本科牧草的生长产生不同程度的抑制,其中,青海冷地早熟禾鲜重降幅最小,青牧一号老芒麦的干重降幅最小。2)低温胁迫下,6种禾本科牧草叶绿素含量较对照有不同程度的下降,而超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehydem, MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量均呈现不同程度的增加趋势。3)运用隶属函数法的综合评价表明,6种禾本科牧草耐寒性强弱依次为青牧一号老芒麦青海中华羊茅青海冷地早熟禾青海扁茎早熟禾同德短芒披碱草同德老芒麦。综上可见,青牧一号老芒麦为上述六种禾本科牧草中耐寒性最强的牧草。     

大通河上游16种多年生禾草引种试验研究

为筛选出适宜在青海祁连山大通河上游地区种植的多年生牧草,以丰富人工草地的建植、快速恢复黑土滩退化草地,于2012年引进了适于青藏高原栽培的16种禾本科牧草,采用随机区组试验,对不同品种在该地区的适应性、生产性能及营养价值进行了研究与综合评价。3年的研究结果表明:虉草不能越冬,其余15个牧草品种能安全越冬;青牧1号老芒麦、同德老芒麦、川草2号老芒麦无法完成生育期,其余12个牧草品种能完成生育期。2013-2014年青牧1号老芒麦地上植物量最高,为479.13 g/m²,阿坝披碱草次之。阿坝披碱草种子产量最高,为98.30 g/m²。梭罗草营养价值显著高于其他牧草品种。将高度、地上植物量、地下植物量、草籽产量、粗蛋白含量用模糊数学隶属函数综合评价,结果为:阿坝披碱草、垂穗披碱草、青海扁茎早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾、青海中华羊茅、同德短芒披碱草综合价值高,适宜在青海祁连山区推广种植。     

环青海湖地区四个老芒麦品种比较试验

为了丰富环青海湖地区优良牧草品种,引进川草1号老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.cv.Qingmu No.1)和川草2号老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.cv.Qingmu No.1)2个牧草品种,并选用青牧1号老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.cv.Qingmu No.1)和同德老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.cv.Tongde)2个牧草品种进行品种比较试验,结果表明,青牧1号老芒麦和同德老芒麦2个牧草品种的鲜草产量明显高于川草1号老芒麦和川草2号老芒麦,这说明川草1号老芒麦和川草2号老芒麦2个牧草品种无明显的优异表现,无需在环青海湖地区推广利用。     

5种禾草种子萌发及幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应和抗旱性评价

为了解5种多年生禾草种子萌发期的抗旱性,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱,分别以0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.49 MPa PEG-6000溶液作渗透介质,研究了干旱胁迫对同德老芒麦、同德短芒披碱草、青海冷地早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾、青海中华羊茅5种禾草品种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及幼苗苗高、根长和干重等6个指标的影响。结果表明,随着PEG溶液渗透势降低,5种禾草种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及幼苗苗高和干重均呈现降低趋势,但各草种的不同指标响应不一致,未发现高渗透势介质对发芽有促进作用,但一定范围的渗透势对青海冷地早熟禾和青海中华羊茅幼苗根的生长有促进作用,而对其他3种禾草幼苗的根则有抑制作用。采用隶属函数法对5种禾草萌发期抗旱性综合评价的结果是同德老芒麦>青海草地早熟禾>短芒披碱草>青海冷地早熟禾>青海中华羊茅。     

丛枝菌根真菌对高寒草地6种禾本科牧草生长的影响

为了解丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌对退化高寒草地恢复中常用的多年生禾本科牧草生长的影响,本研究测定了根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)2种AM真菌对扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、‘青牧1号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus‘Qingmu No.1’)、寒生羊茅(Festuca kryloviana)、冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)、‘川草2号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus‘Chuancao No 2’)和‘阿坝’垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans‘Aba’)株高、生物量和根系发育的影响。结果表明：GI和GM均能侵染6种禾本科牧草;接种AM真菌对6种禾本科牧草株高的影响不显著,却能显著增加地上和地下生物量(P<0.05);除了寒生羊茅和冷地早熟禾外,总根长均是GI和GM显著高于CK(P<0.05);GI和GM对总根表面积、总根体积、总根尖数和分枝数均有一定的促进作用,对根平均直径无显著影响。综上所述,接种A...     

铁棒锤和土壤水浸提液对5种禾草的潜在化感效应

为探讨铁棒锤和不同土壤对同德老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、青海草地早熟禾、青海冷地早熟禾和青海中华羊茅的化感效应,通过室内生物学实验研究了铁棒锤整株和粉末浸提液,以及铁棒锤根际、退化天然草甸、未退化天然草甸、退化人工草地和未退化人工草地土壤浸提液对5种禾草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:铁棒锤整株浸提液对同德老芒麦种子的发芽有促进作用;铁棒锤整株和粉末浸提液对青海冷地早熟禾、青海中华羊茅、垂穗披碱草以及青海草地早熟禾种子发芽均有抑制作用,且粉末浸提液对禾草种子发芽的抑制作用比整株浸提液的抑制作用显著。几种土壤浸提液对青海中华羊茅种子的发芽均有显著的抑制作用。铁棒锤粉末浸提液对同德老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、青海草地早熟禾和青海冷地早熟禾的根长具有显著的抑制作用。铁棒锤和不同土壤水浸提液对5种禾草的综合化感效应表现为:铁棒锤整株浸提液对青海中华羊茅的化感效应最强,对同德老芒麦则最弱,而粉末浸提液对青海冷地早熟禾的化感效应最强,对同德老芒麦最弱;不同土壤浸提液对青海中华羊茅的化感效应最强,对垂穗披碱草最弱。铁棒锤和不同土壤浸提液对5种禾草种子发芽和幼苗生长均有不同程度的化感潜力。     

黄河上游高寒地区建植人工草地引种试验

对8种多年生禾本科牧草品种在黄河上游高寒草地进行人工草地引种试验.结果表明:当年均出苗且生长良好,但种子不能成熟,只能达到拔节期;第2年越冬率达90%以上,无芒雀麦Bromus inermis,垂穗披碱草Elymus mutans,多叶老芒麦E.exceisns,老芒麦E.sibiricus青干草产量均达3 000 kg/hm2以上,冷地早熟禾Poa crymphila,草地早熟禾P.pratensis青干草产量在1 500 kg/hm2左右;种子成熟好的有冷地早熟禾、多叶老芒麦、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草,说明供试的8种多年生禾本科牧草品种在青海省黄河上游海拔3 400 m左右的地区推广种植,效果良好.     

高海拔地区6个披碱草属牧草品种比较试验

为了研究6个披碱草属牧草品种(野生披碱草、同德老芒麦优良株系、红原老芒麦、青牧1号老芒麦、同德短芒披碱草、同德老芒麦)在高海拔地区的适应性,在青海省海晏县对这6个披碱草属牧草品种进行了试种,并对其植株高度、产草量、干鲜比、茎叶比进行了研究。结果表明,同德老芒麦、红原老芒麦的初花期株高、鲜草产量表现较好,这说明同德老芒麦明显优于其他品种;红原老芒麦鲜草产量指标表现优异,待进一步区域试验后可推广利用。     

黄河首曲高寒草甸退化草地(黑土滩)恢复重建优良适宜牧草筛选试验

筛选优良适宜的牧草品种是黄河首曲高寒草地退化草地生态恢复与重建、"黑土滩"治理的基础和关键环节。引种筛选适合当地生态环境的、具有快速恢复高寒草地退化草地功能、有较高的放牧利用及生态价值的优良牧草品种,是高寒地区退化草地生态恢复与重建的关键环节,也是草地畜牧业可持续发展的重要物质基础。结果:参试的6种牧草出苗排序是:无芒雀麦、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾、中华羊茅;参试的6种牧草越冬率高于50%的冷地早熟禾、垂穗披碱草、草地早熟禾和中华羊茅在次年能完成生育期,无芒雀麦和老芒麦第二年不能完成生殖生长,均处于抽穗期和开花期;通过综合评价,两种早熟禾植株低矮,耐践踏,而且地下茎发达,能固结表土,有保持水土,防止雨水冲刷的作用,可增加植被盖度,减少风蚀和水蚀的危害。垂穗披碱草、老芒麦、中华羊茅根系较发达,抗旱、耐寒性强,种子产量较高,可以用作种子扩繁生产,为"黑土滩"治理和草地恢复重建提供种子储备;参试草种中首选两种早熟禾,其次是垂穗披碱草,第三是老芒麦和中华羊茅,最后是无芒雀麦。     

4龄多年生混播人工草地冠层光辐射分布特征

在青藏高原青海湖东地区,对栽培4龄(2020年)的青牧1号老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.cv.Qingmu No.1)、青海扁茎早熟禾(Poa pratensis var.anceps Gaud.cv.Qinghai)和青海中华羊茅(Festuca Sinensis Keng cv Qing-hai)混...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …