Hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) poisoning in a calf

Cynoglossum officinale was believed to be responsible for the death of one calf and possibly 5 other calves in a group of 9 calves being fed chopped hay contaminated by this plant. The plant, commonly known as hound's tongue, contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and has been determined to be toxic to horses fed contaminated hay, but was fed to cattle at the same time with no effect.     

天祝天然草地3种有毒植物提取物对粘虫的生物活性

测定了3种有毒植物露蕊乌头,铁棒槌和马先蒿的4种溶剂的提取物对粘虫的杀虫活性。结果表明：露蕊乌头甲醇、乙醇提取物对粘虫均具有一定的触杀活性,LC50分别为3．63、5．79g／L;露蕊乌头甲醇提取物,马先蒿丙酮提取物和铁棒槌甲醇提取物对粘虫的胃毒活性表现较强,杀虫活性LC50分别为2．13,2．82和3．22g／L,马先蒿和铁棒槌的石油醚提取物对粘虫无胃毒活性。3种植物的4种溶剂的提取物对粘虫均表现出一定的拒食活性,其中甲醇提取物的拒食活性都较高,露蕊乌头甲醇提取物对粘虫的拒食活性明显高于其他提取物,当质量浓度达到0．2g／mL时,拒食率为97．6％。而3种植物石油醚提取物的拒食活性均较差。     

草原毒草白喉乌头的遗传多样性与遗传结构研究

通过测定采自天山和阿尔泰山草原的17个白喉乌头居群的叶绿体DNA片段序列,调查了其遗传多样性和空间遗传结构,并计算出每个居群的遗传多样性;运用分子变异方差(AMOVA)分析计算发生在居群内和居群间的遗传变异比例;利用错配分析来检验该物种是否发生了历史居群扩张;最后,基于最大熵方法模拟其物种在不同时期的分布区。结果表明:白喉乌头具有较低水平的遗传多样性(单倍型多样性±SD=0.343 7±0.048 8),所有居群均共享一个单倍型;遗传变异大致均等分布于居群间和局群内(58.25%vs.41.75%);两个不同谱系的分化发生在第四纪冰期(1.816~2.280百万年以前)末次盛冰期时期,该物种的避难所存在于天山西部,而在未来气候变化条件下其分布区不会发生变化。研究认为白喉乌头这种空间遗传结构与其克隆繁殖、长的生活周期、异交繁殖等生活史特征,以及第四纪气候变化影响相关。     

围栏封育和挖除对有毒植物白喉乌头的影响

为从生态角度研究防除有毒植物白喉乌头Aconitum leucostomum,在2006-2007年,设置自然放牧、围栏封育2年、围栏封育2年+挖除3个处理,2008年5月,测定白喉乌头的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、每丛株数及生育期,运用方差分析方法进行比较,研究发现,围栏封育2年可以有效控制白喉乌头的生长和繁殖,在围栏封育的同时,再采取连续彻底挖除的措施更有效。     

“黑土型”退化草地毒杂草防除试验研究

用４种除草剂在“黑土型”退化草地上进行毒杂草防除试验,结果表明,混合除草剂具有良好的防除效果,药的第２年优良牧草干物质疸由９４．８ｇ／ｍ＾２提高到２２３．４ｇ／ｍ＾２,优良牧草盖度由６０％上升到９５％;毒杂草干物质产量由１３２．４ｇ／ｍ＾２下降到１８．０ｇ／ｍ＾２,盖度由９０％下降到１８％。特别是对棘豆属、马先蒿属、橐于属植物的灭效近１００％。     

青海海西草原有毒植物及其经济价值

通过长期的科学研究和经验总结,综述了干旱、寒冷、荒漠化比较严重的青海海西地区草原上分布广泛、对畜牧业经济生产危害较大的棘豆属、黄芪属、野决明属、麻黄属、铁线莲属、狼毒属、芨芨草属7个属的主要有毒植物对放牧牲畜危害的具体表现和发病原理,及其在医药学、生态保护学等方面的传统应用和最新研究成果的经济价值及利用.认为保护好干旱草原脆弱生态环境下的有限植物,是科学合理地开发利用草原有毒植物资源的前提.     

Experimental evidence that the active principle of the poisonous plant Thesium lineatum L.f. (Santalaceae) is a bufadienolide

The toxicity of Thesium lineatum is confirmed in sheep. A toxic crystalline bufadienolide, with the suggested trivial name thesiuside, has been isolated from it. This is the first cardiac glycoside to be isolated from a member of the Santalaceae. The toxin appears to have no cumulative effect and the symptoms of intoxication and pathology in sheep are similar to that expected from acute cardiac glycoside intoxication.     

Plants poisonous to horses in Europe

Poisoning of horses by plants is a relatively common veterinary problem and may occur when the fresh plant is ingested in pasture or when the plant contaminates hay, silage and feed. In Europe, horses are particularly at risk of poisoning by Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue), Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort), Taxus baccata (European yew) and Thuja occidentalis (white cedar). For each of these poisonous plants the information given in this review includes plant distribution, conditions of poisoning, toxic active principles and clinical signs.     

Livestock models of human birth defects, reviewed in relation to poisonous plants

Certain birth defects in livestock induced by poisonous plants possess clinical similarities to congenital deformities in humans. They meet some criteria as models for those corresponding human conditions. They are induced by several plants, including members of the Astragalus, Lupinus, Conium, Nicotiana and Veratrum genera. The terata expressions include effects in bone and soft tissue, particularly in the limbs, spinal cord and cephalic regions. Whether these livestock conditions become extensively used as models of human terata will be determined by how well they meet the criteria sought in good models. These prospective models have many favorable characteristics; however, being large domestic livestock, they have certain logistic disadvantages compared with small rodents as models.     

新的禾本科模式植物——二穗短柄草

水稻（Oryza sativa）是禾本科中目前唯一已完成基因组测序的模式植物,但由于它很早从冷季型禾本科中进化分离出来,故其作为禾本科其他亚科的模式植物有一定局限性,因此,需要一种新的、更适合的模式植物。二穗短柄草（Brachypodium distachyon）是一种温带禾草,归属禾本科早熟禾亚科短柄草族短柄草属,具有基因组小、株型小、自花授粉、一年生、生命周期短、有二倍体和一系列多倍体、易培植、易转化等诸多优点,尤其是与很多重要的谷类作物如小麦、大麦、燕麦、玉米、水稻、高梁等以及许多牧草与草坪草有较近的亲缘关系,因而是温带禾本科植物功能基因纽学以及生物能源作物（如柳枝稷）研究的理想模式植物,作者例举二穗短柄草之所以成为新模式植物系统的依据,并介绍其在遗传进化、基因组特点、功能基因组及形态特征等方面的研究进展。