Specificity of humic substances extracted from fissures and genetic horizons of peat-podzolic soil

A comparative characterization of humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs) isolated from the material of fissures and genetic horizons of peat-podzolic soil is presented. It is shown that HAs from separate soil horizons differ sharply in their composition and properties, and the portion of hydrophilic fractions in their composition decreases with depth. This suggests the absence (or very slow) frontal migration of HAs in the soil profile. On the contrary, HAs isolated from the material filling the fissures are very homogeneous and resemble HAs isolated from the A1E horizon in their composition and properties. This confirms the probability of downward humus migration along the fissures from the upper soil horizons in the form of suspensions or colloidal solutions. An increase in the portion of hydrophilic HAs in the deep parts of fissure zones also supports this conclusion.     

Morphology,Radiocarbon Age,and Genesis of Vertisols of the Eisk Peninsula (the Kuban–Azov Lowland)

Data on the morphology and radiocarbon ages of humus of dark vertic quasigley nonsaline clayey soils with alternating bowl-shaped (Pellic Vertisols (Humic, Stagnic)) and diapiric (Haplic Vertisols (Stagnic, Protocalcic)) structures are discussed, and the genetic concept for these soils is suggested. The studied soils develop on loesslike medium clay in the bottom of a large closed depression on the Eisk Peninsula in the lowest western part of the Kuban–Azov Lowland. The lateral and vertical distribution of humus in the studied gilgai catena displays a lateral transition of a relatively short humus profile of the accumulative type with a maximum near the surface and with a sharp increase in ¹⁴C dates of humus in the deeper layers within the diapiric structure to the extremely deep humus profile with a maximum at the depth of 40–80 cm, with similar mean residence time of carbon within this maximum, and with a three times slower increase in ¹⁴C dates of humus down the profile within the bowl-shaped structure. The development of the gilgai soil combination is specified by the joint action of the lateral–upward squeezing of the material of the lower horizons from the nodes with an increased horizontal stress toward the zones a decreased horizontal stress, local erosional loss of soil material from the microhighs and its accumulation in the adjacent microlows, leaching of carbonates from the humus horizons in the microlows, and the vertical and lateral ascending capillary migration of the soil solutions with precipitation of calcium carbonates in the soils of microhighs.     

Palygorskitreicher Vertisol im ariden Bereich NO-Somalias

Palygorskite rich Vertisol in the arid part of NE-Somalia In the arid part of NE-Somalia on a large plane in the central part of the Darror Valley Vertisols rich in palygorskite are found. The investigated Vertisol is very poor on smectite and vermiculite. The parent material of the soil consists of Pleistocenic fluvial sediment, which originated from Tertiary stones. In the field, slicken sides in 92 to 140 cm depth and cracks reaching a depth of 100 cm were observed in the soil. The cracks were partly filled with topsoil material. Because of the fresh appearance of gilgai microrelief and the cracks, which are partly empty, peloturbation must be active under the present climatic conditions. The high content of palygorskite in the investigated Vertisol seems to be lithogenic and originating from Tertiary sediments found in the surrounding area.     

Anthropogenic evolution of dark gray forest-steppe soils in the southern part of the Central Russian Upland

A sequence of dark gray forest soils developing under a virgin broadleaved forest and under croplands used for 100 and 150 years was studied in the southern part of the forest-steppe zone on the Central Russian Upland. The application of multiple study methods for these objects made it possible to trace the evolutionary changes in the soil properties during the 150-year-long period of regular plowing. Several important trends in the soil development under the impact of the cultivation were revealed: (a) an increase in the thickness of the humus layer (according to the measurements at 20 points for each of the objects), (b) an increase in the amount of mole tunnels, (c) a decrease in the coefficient of the textural differentiation of the soil profile (with respect to the clay content), (d) an increase in the contents and reserves of the major nutrients upon a stable pool of humus in the upper meter, and (e) some alkalization and carbonization of the profile. Powdery accumulations of carbonates and whitish calcareous coatings on the faces of prismatic peds appeared at a depth of more than 130 cm. The plowed soils contained thin deep fissures, the surface of which was covered by dark-colored clayey-humus coatings at the depth of 50–110 cm. The radiocarbon age of the humus in these coatings was 500–1000 years younger than the age of the humus in the soil mass between the fissures. This set of features attests to the evolution of the plowed dark gray forest soils into chernozems under the impact of plowing.     

Subsoiling in some heavy clay soils of Egypt

Four soil profiles were selected to represent the heavy clay soils of alluvial and lacustrine origin. The locations studied had been subsoiled at least once during the year before the investigation. Field observations and laboratory analyses were carried out to ascertain the subsoiling effect on the soil profile properties. For further confirmation, soil penetration tests were performed on material from all the sites studied. The data revealed that subsoiling is not to be recommended in the Vertisols or the heavy clay soils adjacent to the northern Delta lakes of Egypt because these soils develop abundant natural cracks of 3–5 cm in width and 50–70 cm in depth. There are no impervious layers in the top 60 cm of the soils in the study area, and there is no evidence of soil compaction throughout the top 70 cm in all the sites studied.     

东北典型黑土耕层颗粒组成与腐殖质层厚度的关系

土壤颗粒组成是影响土壤肥力的主要物理性质之一.为了了解东北黑土腐殖质层厚度与土壤颗粒组成的关系,通过在东北典型黑土区选择典型坡面,调查不同地貌部位土壤腐殖质层厚度,测定耕层土壤的颗粒组成,分析腐殖质层厚度和耕层土壤颗粒组成随地貌部位的变化趋势,以及土壤颗粒组成与腐殖质层厚度的关系.结果表明:土壤腐殖质层厚度由上坡至坡脚...     

Radiometric Study of Soil Profiles in the Infrared Band

The applicability of radiometric survey of soil profiles in the infrared range for the analysis of soil physical properties was studied. Radiometric data were obtained for different dates of the growing season for a number of soil profiles. The specificity of temperature profiles of texture-differentiated soils (Luvisols and Retisols) as related to weather conditions of the growing season was examined. The correlation analysis showed a close relationship between the air and surface soil temperatures and between the radiometric and thermodynamic soil temperatures in the upper 10 cm. In the studied profiles, the gradient of radiometric temperatures reached 0.5–0.8°C/cm in the humus horizons and sharply decreased at the depth of more than 15–20 cm. The gradient analysis of radiometric images made it possible to outline the boundaries of soil horizons. For the texture-differentiated soils, the most distinct boundaries were established between the gray-humus AY horizon and the underlying eluvial EL horizon in podzolic soils and between the AY horizon and the underlying humus-eluvial AEL horizon in gray soils.     

高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响

在田间耕作条件下黑土3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60cm)添加4%和8%高量玉米秸秆于尼龙袋中原位培养近4年后,研究不同层次土壤秸秆转化与有机碳积累特征,以及腐殖质各组分和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,添加4%的秸秆量0~20、20~40和40~60cm土层有机碳分别增加31.8%、96.4%和171.1%,8%秸秆添加量分别增加了86.2%、193.5%和265.9%,增加秸秆还田深度有利于土壤有机碳的积累。0~20 cm土层在无秸秆还田情况下有机碳下降了29.3%,而20~40 cm土层仅下降了1.8%。土壤有机碳含量和酶活性均随秸秆添加量的增加而提高,腐殖质胡敏酸/富里酸(HA/FA)比值发生较大变化,改善了腐殖质品质。各处理腐殖酸碳(HS-C)和胡敏酸碳(HA-C)的大小为20~40 cm土层0~20 cm土层40~60 cm土层,而40~60 cm土层则更有利于富里酸碳(FA-C)的积累。土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别与HA-C、FA-C含量呈极显著正相关、显著正相关。研究结果为深层秸秆还田促进土壤有机质的积累提供了理论依据。     

不同施肥措施对白土腐殖质组成的影响

以白土稻区4年大田定位试验为基础,设置2种翻耕深度(10 cm、20 cm,分别标记为T10、T20)和4种施肥措施(单施化肥、化肥+畜禽粪肥、化肥+秸秆还田、化肥+绿肥,分别标记为F、F+M、F+S、F+G),通过腐殖质组成修改法分别提取表层土壤水溶性物质、胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素,研究不同施肥措施对白土腐殖质各组分碳含量的影响。结果表明:单施化肥措施下,翻耕20 cm处理(T20+F)土壤总有机碳和腐殖质各组分碳含量均低于翻耕10 cm处理(T10+F),但差异未达显著水平。在翻耕20 cm的基础上增施有机肥能显著提高土壤总有机碳和腐殖质各组分碳含量,增施畜禽粪(T20+F+M)、秸秆还田(T20+F+S)和增施绿肥(T20+F+G)3处理的土壤总有机碳、胡敏酸、富里酸和水溶性物质碳含量较T20+F处理分别提高14.57%~30.64%、10.36%~30.57%、0.74%~12.31%和14.25%~26.80%。增施有机肥显著提高胡敏素碳含量,T20+F+M、T20+F+S和T20+F+G处理较T20+F处理提高18.87%~35.78%。4年不同翻耕与施肥措施对白土腐殖质性质未产生显著影响。增施有机肥能一定程度上提高土壤PQ值、胡富比、E4/E6值和色调系数。相关性分析表明,胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸碳含量与总有机碳含量间均存在显著或极显著正相关,与水溶性物质碳含量间无明显相关性。     

Composition and stability of soil aggregates in Fluvisols under forest,meadows, and 100 years of conventional tillage

Conversion of meadow and forest ecosystems to agricultural land generally leads to changes in soil structure. This comparative study presents the composition and stability of structural aggregates in humus horizons (0–30 cm) of noncarbonate silty‐clay Fluvisols in the Kolubara River Valley, W Serbia. Aggregates collected from under a native forest were compared to aggregates from meadows and arable fields which underwent crop rotation for > 100 y. The results show that size distribution and stability of structural aggregates in the humus horizons of arable soil are significantly impaired due to long‐term anthropogenization. In the humus horizons, the content of the agronomically most valuable aggregates (0.25–10 mm) decreased by a factor of ≈ 2, from 68%–74% to 37%–39%, while the percentage of cloddy aggregates (>10 mm) increased by a factor of ≈ 2, from 23%–31% to 48%–62%, compared to forest aggregates. The long‐term‐arable soil had significantly (p < 0.05) lower aggregate stability, determined by wet sieving, than meadow and forest soils. The lowest aggregate stability was found in aggregates > 3 mm. Their content is ≈ 2.5–3 times lower in arable soil (13%–16%) than in forest soil (32%–42%) at a depth of 0–20 cm. The largest mean weight diameters of dry aggregates (dMWD) with a range between 12.6 and 14.7 mm were found in arable soil, vs. 9.5–9.9 mm in meadow and 6.5–8.3 mm in forest. The arable soil had significantly lower mean weight diameters of wet‐stable aggregates (wMWD) and a lower structure coefficient (Ks) than forest and meadow soils. The dispersion ratio (DR) of arable soil was significantly higher than that of forest and meadow soils. Forest and meadow showed a significantly higher soil organic‐matter content (SOM) by 74% and 39%, respectively, compared with arable soil, while meadow uses decreased the SOM content by 57% compared with forest at a depth of 0–10 cm. In conclusion, the results showed that long‐term conventional tillage of soils from natural forest and meadow in the lowland ecosystems of W Serbia degraded soil aggregate–size distribution and stability and reduced SOM content, probably resulting in lower productivity and reduced crop yields.     

Light Gray Surface-Gleyed Loamy Sandy Soils of the Northern Part of Tambov Plain: Agroecology,Properties, and Diagnostics

Light gray soils of Tambov oblast mainly develop from sandy and loamy sandy parent materials; these are the least studied soils in this region. Despite their coarse texture, these soils are subjected to surface waterlogging. They are stronger affected by the agrogenic degradation in comparison with chernozems and dark gray soils. Morphology, major elements of water regime, physical properties, and productivity of loamy sandy light gray soils with different degrees of gleyzation have been studied in the northern part of Tambov Plain in order to substantiate the appropriate methods of their management. The texture of these soils changes at the depth of 70–100 cm. The upper part is enriched in silt particles (16–30%); in the lower part, the sand content reaches 80–85%. In the nongleyed variants, middle-profile horizons contain thin iron-cemented lamellae (pseudofibers); in surface-gleyed variants, iron nodules are present in the humus horizon. The removal of clay from the humus horizon and its accumulation at the lithological contact and in pseudofibers promote surface subsidence and formation of microlows in the years with moderate and intense winter precipitation. The low range of active moisture favors desiccation of the upper horizons to the wilting point in dry years. The yield of cereal crops reaches 3.5–4.5 t/ha in the years with high and moderate summer precipitation on nongleyed and slightly gleyed light gray soils and decreases by 20–50% on strongly gleyed light gray soils. On light gray soils without irrigation, crop yields are unstable, and productivity of pastures is low. High yields of cereals and vegetables can be obtained on irrigated soils. In this case, local drainage measures should be applied to microlows; liming can be recommended to improve soil productivity.     

Effects of Lime and Fertilizer Application on Soil Solution Composition in an Acid Sandy Forest Soil

In a 40 year old pine stand, soil solution was collected continuously with suction cups from 50 and 200 cm depth over a 42-month period following the surface application of lime and K/Mg-fertilizer. K and Mg showed a much higher mobility than Ca, which hardly increased in 200 cm depth even after 42 months. After an initial nitrate peak, concentrations decreased but remained elevated throughout the entire study period. In 200 cm, Al-, Mn, and Cd-concentrations increased due to exchange processes in the top-soil. Continuously elevated sulfate concentrations in 200 cm indicate S-mineralisation from humus decomposition.     

Regionalization of Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements Based on a Multiple Regression Approach

The article presents results of a case study in northeastern Germany, where magnetic susceptibility assessment was carried out at grid-wise field measurements. The measurements were clustered into three different depth levels, which represent the humus layer, the transition zone between humus layer and mineral horizon, and the mineral horizon. Taking these three depth levels, a multiple regression-based regionalization approach was applied, testing and using additional environmental parameters derived from geology, topography, and stand type with the aim to develop a comprehensive model for spatial variability of magnetic susceptibility. Spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility was predicted with a high precision by the multiple linear regression models. A slightly differing set of model parameters was selected for the single depth levels. In tendency, magnetic susceptibility values in depth level 6–10 cm were best explained by the distance to Bitterfeld and by soil properties. In depth level 11–15 cm, variables which describe the orographic conditions and stand properties gain in importance. In depth level 21–25 cm, variables indicating soil and site properties disappear completely. Here, aspect and land surface characteristics play a major role together with stand properties. A spatial stratification of the model for a distance of up to 25 km to the former emitters provided a further improvement of the model quality considering the prediction of small-scale variations of magnetic susceptibility.     

The influence of cryogenic mass exchange on the distribution of viable microfauna in cryozems

The role of cryogenic mass exchange in the distribution of the viable microfauna (ciliates, heterotrophic flagellates, and nematodes) in the profiles of cryoturbated cryogenic soils and in the upper layers of permafrost was revealed. The material for microbiological investigations was collected from the main horizons of cryozem profiles, including the zones with morphologically manifested processes of cryogenic mass exchange (the development of barren spots, cryoturbation, and suprapermafrost accumulation) and the zones affected by solifluction. The radiocarbon dating of the soil samples showed that the age of the organic cryogenic material and material buried in the course of solifluction varied from 2100 to 4500 years. Some zones with specific ecological conditions promoting the preservation of species diversity of the microfauna were found to develop in the cryozem profiles. A considerable part of the community (38% of ciliates, 58% of flagellates, and 50% of nematodes) maintained its viability in the dormant state, and in some cases, it could pass to the state of long-term cryobiosis in the upper layer of permafrost.     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响

以潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土为研究对象 ,探讨了长期施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响。结果表明 ,长期施用 NPK化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质、腐殖质和活性腐殖质含量 ,其中胡敏酸、富里酸也相应地增加 ,但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施还能提高土壤腐殖质的胡 /富比值。施肥对土壤有机质的影响不仅局限于土壤耕层 (0～ 2 0 m) ,而且影响耕层以下层次 ,但以 0～ 6 0 cm土层的效果显著 ,且以潮土的效果明显     

基于地下水埋深的江汉平原冬小麦防涝渍排水指标确定

2014—2015年在测坑(筒)分别开展孕穗期、灌浆期冬小麦遭受浅地下水埋深和先涝后渍胁迫试验,研究江汉平原冬小麦关键生育期适宜的地下水埋深。同时,构建不同排水标准计算方法,量化作物相对产量,提出先涝后渍胁迫下的排水指标。结果表明,孕穗期0、20和40 cm地下水位(持续受渍18 d)分别使小麦减产44.78%、17.31%和10.44%,而灌浆期相应减产67.72%、33.70%和10.34%。导致小麦减产的主要原因可能是穗粒数减少和千粒质量降低,建议江汉平原小麦田孕穗期和灌浆期地下水位维持在50 cm左右。先涝后渍过程中涝害使小麦减产幅度大于渍害,可以考虑以受涝历时和降渍历时为控制指标的排水模型、按时间划分涝害和渍害的排水模型,以及涝渍综合水深指标作为江汉平原小麦花后排除涝渍的排水模型。若允许小麦减产15%(即相对产量为85%)作为排水控制标准,建议小麦花后涝渍综合水深指标控制在275.6~283.6 cm·d。     

水分胁迫下新造地施磷深度对苦荞生长及根系分布的影响

  【目的】  根系构型影响作物的抗旱能力,研究磷肥施用深度调节苦荞根系分布的可行性,为贫瘠干旱地区苦荞的生长提供科学养分管理措施。  【方法】  以‘黑丰1号’苦荞 (Fagopyrum tataricum L.) 为试验材料,进行根管土柱 (直径25 cm、高50 cm) 栽培试验,设置田间持水量65%～75% (W1)、45%～55% (W2) 和35%～45% (W3) 3种土壤水分条件,磷肥施用深度分别设置距离地表10 cm (P10)、20 cm (P20)、30 cm (P30) 以及3层均匀施用 (P-all) 4种方式,共有12个处理。在苦荞幼苗三叶一心期进行处理,生长22天后取样,测定根系构型,并记录生物量。  【结果】  干旱胁迫抑制了苦荞植株生长、干物质量的积累以及根系发育,其中W3水分条件抑制作用最为明显,导致苦荞株高、茎粗和叶面积较W1水分条件分别下降17.20%、18.03%和23.17%;根长、根表面积和根体积分别下降16.97%、20.39%和17.39%;地上部干物质量和根系干物质量分别下降39.16%、28.60%。干旱胁迫促进根系下扎,增加深层土壤中的根系分布。与W1水分条件相比,W2、W3水分条件下0—10和10—20 cm土层平均根长分别下降30.18%和27.55%、41.83%和41.02%,根系干物质量分别下降36.62%和33.61%、49.72%和48.11%;而20—30和30—45 cm土层中的苦荞平均根长则分别增加33.53%和42.52%、31.74%和50.95%,根系干物质量分别增加13.70%和26.84%、5.85%和28.64%。深层施磷促进施磷层土壤根系生长,与P-all处理相比,P10处理10—20 cm土层根长平均增加18.96%,P20处理20—30 cm土层平均增加32.39%,P30处理30—45 cm土层平均增加28.73%,根系干物质量依次分别增加26.62%、30.74%和24.65%。方差分析结果表明,各水分处理条件下,0—10和10—20 cm土层根系干物质量均表现为P10处理显著高于其他施磷处理,且其他处理间差异也达显著水平;而20—30、30—45 cm土层根系干物质量则表现为P20、P30施磷处理显著高于其他处理。  【结论】  水分和施磷深度对苦荞苗期植株生长以及根系分布均有显著影响。在干旱胁迫下,增加磷肥的施用深度可促进苦荞根系在20—45 cm深土壤中的分布,显著扩大根系对土壤养分和水分的获取空间,并最终促进苦荞的生长。本试验条件下,采样仅限于苦荞苗期,在水分胁迫条件下磷肥以10 cm的施肥深度效果最佳。     

土壤厚度对天然草地植被盖度和生物量的影响

土壤厚度是土壤肥力存在和植物生长的重要物质基础.本文调查了内蒙古东部地区多伦、锡林浩特和巴林左旗3个长期保护天然草地的土壤厚度和植被盖度等植物生长状况.结果表明,天然草地植被盖度、地上生物量和高度随土壤厚度的增加而增大.当土壤厚度小于20 cm时,植被盖度和地上生物量随土壤厚度的降低急剧减小,当土壤厚度小于10 cm时,植被类型为非地带性植被,盖度小于30%,地上生物量小于150 g/m2;当土壤厚度大于20 cm后,植被盖度一般大于80%,地上生物量接近或大于200 g/m2,而且土壤厚度大于20 cm后植被盖度和地上生物量随土壤厚度的继续增大变化平缓.研究区地带性天然草地植被正常生长的最低土壤厚度为20 cm左右.     

越冬期埋土防寒层厚度对贺兰山东麓葡萄园土壤温度的影响

2019/2020年和2020/2021年冬季于贺兰山东麓葡萄园开展不同埋土防寒层厚度试验,结合不同深度土壤温度监测结果,研究越冬期葡萄园埋土防寒层覆盖下根区土壤温度变化规律,明确不同埋土防寒层厚度对根区土壤温度和葡萄越冬冻害的影响,为葡萄越冬冻害监测、评估及葡萄园冬季埋土管理提供参考。结果表明：（1）酿酒葡萄越冬期（12月−翌年2月）土壤温度呈先下降后上升的趋势;土壤温度随土层深度的增加而增加,波动随深度增加而缩小,埋土防寒层的覆盖,进一步减少了土壤温度的波动。（2）土壤温度随着埋土防寒层厚度的增加而增加,与不埋土处理（H0）相比,埋土防寒层厚度60cm（H60）处理, 20cm日最低土壤温度冬季可提高0.2～2.7℃,冬季平均可提高1.1℃;40cm土壤温度冬季可提高0.1～1.3℃,冬季平均可提高0.6℃。（3）0cm、20cm、40cm土壤温度日较差随着埋土防寒层厚度增加而减小,且极值出现时间依次滞后,60cm土壤温度几乎恒定。（4）20cm土壤温度,根干（C0）处显著高于距根干50cm（C50）、距根干100cm（ C100）和距根干150cm（C150）(P<0.05),距离根干越远土壤温度越低。土壤温度最低日,埋土防寒层厚度30cm、40cm、50cm三个处理根干（C0）处20cm土层温度较C50、C100和C150分别提高1.7～2.2℃、1.7～3.3℃、2.4～3.4℃。可见,根系受冻风险随土壤深度增加而降低,增加埋土防寒层厚度可提高土壤温度,减少土壤温度的波动,最低温度出现的时间随着埋土防寒层厚度增加而出现滞后。越冬冻害发生程度随埋土厚度增加而减少,其中副根受冻率高于主根。     

Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.