防火生土带改建米老排防火林带的林木生长与地力维持效果

对防火生土带改建米老排防火林带后的林木生长与地力维持效果研究表明，米老排适应性强，在原防火生土带较差的土壤条件下，能迅速郁闭并很快成林，11a生米老排的平均树高达9.06m，平均胸径10.30cm地上部林分生物量达42.55t/hm^2，显示出较强的速生性和防火性能。同时，米老排防火林带与防火生土带相比，能明显改善土壤微生物数量与组成、土壤酶活性、土壤理化性状以及水源涵养功能等，具有较强的地力维持功效且经济效益显著。该防火林带是闽南丘陵区较理想的防火林带，可进一步推广营造。     

生物防火工程抗林火测试总结报告

以生土带防火线和生物防火林带组成的生物防火工程,用以阻止和阻隔地表火蔓延和林冠火(飞火)的飞窜入侵,生物防火林带经7年管护后,平均树高4.45m,郁闭度0.90时,实地抗林火测试表明,以木荷为主体的防火林带在生土带的共同作用下,具有较好的阻隔林火功能。参试木荷受损率6.67%～13.39%且无重度受损。     

木荷防火林带研究进展

简述了木荷防火林带在森林防火中应用历史背景、发展历程和重要意义。通过长期调查、监测木荷防火林带林分因子，分析防火林带经济效益和局限性，提出建设多功能防火林带的思路，为新时期森林防火工作提供决策参考。     

皖南地区苦槠防火林带营造技术

建立防火阻隔系统是杜绝和减少森林火灾的一项重要预防措施,包括设置防火线、生土带、防火沟、营造阔叶树防火林带、开设林区道路等.营造木荷、苦槠等阔叶树生物防火林带不仅合理利用土地,而且变消费性的防火线为生产性的防火线.木荷适生于低山丘陵的肥沃酸性土壤,而苦槠适生范围较广,海拔1000米以下的深厚湿润中性、酸性土壤和干燥瘠薄地均能生长.皖南林区山体陡峭,防火林带多沿山脊线开设,立地条件差,土壤瘠薄,特别适宜营造苦槠生物防火林带.     

木荷防火林带效益初探

广东营造生物防火林带（木荷为主）有较长的历史，上世纪50年代末在肇庆市一些国营林场就开始种植木荷防火林带，到目前为止，这些地方的生物防火林带已发挥了很大的作用。但长期以来，对木荷林带的效益评估未进行系统地总结研究，通过对木荷林带效益的监测研究表明．营造木荷防火林带具有较强的防火效能，经济、社会和生态效益显著。     

木荷防火林带营造技术

木荷是营造防火林带较为理想的树种 ,营造木荷防火林带是控制森林火灾有效措施之一 ;同时 ,对防火林带的类型和布局、规格等进行了探讨。着重介绍了木荷防火林带的营造技术 ,分析总结了营造木荷防火林带的效益 ,提出了推广营造木荷防火林带的意义     

丰顺县木荷防火林带抗火效能及其营造技术

介绍了木荷的的抗火性、耐火性、难燃性,萌芽力强,恢复生机快,生长快、寿命长等特点。分析了木荷防火林带可以阻隔地表火和林冠火的蔓延,提高森林自身抗御火灾的能力,起到森林防火的作用。阐述了木荷防火林带的营造技术包括地带的处理,树种的选择、栽种,林带的抚育等,及其改善林地环境,防止水土流失等显著的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。     

生土带防火线改建生物防火林带初报

生土带炎线在防止森林火灾方面虽有些作用，但收效甚微。在生土带上栽种１０－１５ｍ宽的耐火树种，形成生物防火林带，防火功能更好，而且经济效益显著。     

木荷生物防火林带与针叶林易燃物数量比较研究

对开化县木荷生物防火林带和杉木、马尾松针叶林的生长情况、林下植被、易燃物数量、表层土壤含水率等进行了调查测定.结果表明:1h和10h时滞易燃物干重木荷林带内地表分别为462.3、656.8 g/m.,杉木林地为874.6、1282.8g/m2,马尾松林分别为1137.2、1107.1g/m2,木荷林内易燃物仅为针叶林的一半左右,木荷林带比针叶林具更强的抗地表火的能力;16年生木荷林地表1h时滞易燃物干重,比11年生木荷林小,表明16年生木荷林带的防火性能较11年生时有所增强;此外,从山脚、中坡、山脊不同坡位的木荷林带比较来看,立地条件较好的山脚木荷林分生长旺盛,易燃物相对较少,防火性能高于山脊木荷林分,因此,应重视和加强低林龄及山脊部木荷生物防火林带的抚育管理,促进其生长旺盛,增强其对林火的抵抗能力.     

闽北防火林带中的木荷生长规律

木荷是南方防火林带应用最广的优良树种,营造木荷生物防火林带是我省控制森林火灾、阻隔火源、保护森林资源的有效措施之一。本文通过对不同年龄木荷的生长指标进行研究,探索木荷防火林带的生长规律,为木荷防火林带多目标经营及防火林带建设提供参考。     

Assessing fire risk using Monte Carlo simulations of fire spread

Understanding the spatial pattern of fire is essential for Mediterranean vegetation management. Fire-risk maps are typically constructed at coarse resolutions using vegetation maps with limited capacity for prescribing prevention activities. This paper describes and evaluates a novel approach for fire risk assessment that may produce a decision support system for actual fire management at fine scales. FARSITE, a two-dimensional fire growth and behavior model was activated, using ArcView VBA code, to generate Monte Carlo simulations of fire spread. The study area was 300 km² of Mt. Carmel, Israel. FARSITE fuel models were adjusted for Mediterranean conditions. The simulation session consisted of 500 runs. For each simulation run, a calendar date, fire length, ignition location, climatic data and other parameters were selected randomly from known distributions of these parameters. Distance from road served as a proxy for the probability of ignition. The resulting 500 maps of fire distribution (the entire area burnt in a specific fire) were overlaid to produce a map of ‘hotspots’ and ‘cold spots’ of fire frequency. The results revealed a clear pattern of fires, with high frequency areas concentrated in the northwestern part. The spatial pattern of the fire frequency map bears partial resemblance to the fuel map, but seems to be affected by several other factors as well, including the location of urban areas, microclimate, topography and the distribution of ignition locations (which is affected by road pattern). These results demonstrate the complexities of fire behavior, showing a very clear pattern of risk level even at fine scales, where neighboring areas have different risk levels due to combinations of vegetation cover, topography, microclimate and other factors.     

METHODS OF EVALUATING FOREST FIRE HISTORY

Forest fire history can be reconstructed over past centuries across a widevariety of forest types.Fire scars on living tress,and age classes of forest stands,are thetwo sources of information for these reconstructions.Point and area frequencies are usedto reconstruct fire history.Point frequencies are useful in forest types that burn withfrequent,low intensity fire so that many fire-scarred residual trees exist.A true point isa single tree,but more often point estimates are made by combining fire scar records fromseveral adjacent trees.Area frequences are applied where fires are infrequent but ofmoderate to high intensity,so that stand ages are used across wide areas to estimate firereturn interals.Proper selection and application of fire history methods are essential toderiving useful ecological implications from fire history studies.This review evaluates the common methods of determining fire history:what thetechniques are,where they are best applied,and how to interpret them in an ecologicalcontext.E     

The role of fire in forest dynamics in Daxinganling region

Recent fire statistics and preliminary fire history data suggest that fire has been historically responsible for maintaining the vegetative communities up to present in Daxinganling region. Forest types, and even tree species, arc dependent on the degree of fire intensity, fire size, depth of burn and fire frequency. Selected samples of larch, pine, birch and spruce forest were studied in terms of species composition as determined by fire frequency which mainly depends on topography and site conditions. Intervals between fires range between 6 and 170 years.     

卫星遥感技术在林火管理与研究中的应用(英文)

卫星遥感已经成为森林火险等级预测、可燃物和火烧区制图、林火监测和火生态研究的一个主要数据来源。本文综述了这些研究领域的研究成果,分析了未来林火管理中采用的卫星遥感技术的发展趋势。根据卫星遥感数据制取的可燃物分布图可以满足林火管理在空间和时间尺度上的需要。单独采用遥感数据或结合地面气象数据可以生成一些火险指数,用于森林火险的预报。目前NOAA 和MODIS 卫星由于有高的时间分辨率已被广泛用于林火探测和监测,这些监测结果可以在许多林火网站上见到,这为世界各地的林火管理和研究提供了重要的参考资料。作为低成本的有效工具, 卫星遥感技术在确定火烧面积和过火区制图上发挥了重要作用。遥感技术的发展也可以用来推断火烧时间和估计火烧程度。卫星遥感也非常适合用来估计生物燃烧面积,这是估计全球或区域生物燃烧排放量和理解火对全球变化的影响的基础。本文还讨论了林火研究中采用的卫星类型。文章最后建议中国需要在卫星遥感技术的应用上进一步发展,提高我国的林火管理水平。参71。     

Determination of fire risk to assist fire management for insular areas: the case of a small Greek island

Forest fire risk estimation constitutes an essential process to prevent high-intensity fires which are associated with severe implications to the natural and cultural environment. The primary aim of this research was to determine fire risk levels based on the local features of an island,namely, the impact of fuel structures, slope, aspects, as well as the impact of the road network and inhabited regions. The contribution of all the involved factors to forest fires ignition and behavior highlight certain regions which are highly vulnerable. In addition, the influence of both natural and anthropogenic factors to forest fire phenomena is explored. In this study, natural factors play a dominant role compared to anthropogenic factors. Hence essential preventative measures must focus on specific areas and established immediately. Indicative measures may include: the optimal allocation of watchtowers as well as the spatial optimization of mobile firefighting vehicles;and, forest fuel treatments in areas characterized by extremely high fire risk. The added value of this fire prediction tool is that it is highly flexible and could be adopted elsewhere with the necessary adjustments to local characteristics.     

Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests,woodlands, shrublands,and grasslands

In the majority of US political settings wildland fire is still discussed as a negative force. Lacking from current wildfire discussions are estimates of the spatial extent of fire and their resultant emissions before the influences of Euro-American settlement and this is the focus of this work. We summarize the literature on fire history (fire rotation and fire return intervals) and past Native American burning practices to estimate past fire occurrence by vegetation type. Once past fire intervals were established they were divided into the area of each corresponding vegetation type to arrive at estimates of area burned annually. Finally, the First Order Fire Effects Model was used to estimate emissions. Approximately 1.8 million ha burned annually in California prehistorically (pre 1800). Our estimate of prehistoric annual area burned in California is 88% of the total annual wildfire area in the entire US during a decade (1994–2004) characterized as “extreme” regarding wildfires. The idea that US wildfire area of approximately two million ha annually is extreme is certainly a 20th or 21st century perspective. Skies were likely smoky much of the summer and fall in California during the prehistoric period. Increasing the spatial extent of fire in California is an important management objective. The best methods to significantly increase the area burned is to increase the use of wildland fire use (WFU) and appropriate management response (AMR) suppression fire in remote areas. Political support for increased use of WFU and AMR needs to occur at local, state, and federal levels because increasing the spatial scale of fire will increase smoke and inevitability, a few WFU or AMR fires will escape their predefined boundaries.     

Using Monte Carlo simulations to estimate relative fire ignition danger in a low-to-medium fire-prone region

A comprehensive assessment of fire ignition danger is nowadays a basic step towards the prioritization of fire management measures. In this study we propose performing a fire selectivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations to statistically estimate the relative fire ignition danger in a low-to-intermediate fire-prone region such as Canton Ticino, Switzerland. We define fire ignition danger as the likelihood that at a given place a fire will be ignited. For each 25 m × 25 m pixel of the study area, landscape characteristics that may be related to the probability of fire ignition such as vegetation type, elevation, aspect, slope, urban-forest interface were first split into 9-12 categories. The selectivity of each category with respect to fire ignition was then statistically tested by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we proposed two different approaches for calculating the ignition danger index: cumulating the scores of the Monte Carlo simulations to a final index or producing synthetic scores by performing a principal component analysis of the Monte Carlo results. The validation of the resulting fire danger indices highlights the suitability of both proposed approaches. The PCA-option allows a slightly better discrimination between ignition and non-ignition points and may be of more general application.     

防火林带树种筛选研究

防火林带树种筛选的研究是生物防火工作的重点内容之一。该文对浙江省绍兴地区木荷等18个常绿阔叶树种树叶的7个抗火性能相关指标(包括含水率、发热量、粗脂肪含量、苯-乙醇抽提物含量、燃点、粗灰分含量、叶燃烧速度)进行了测定和模糊聚类分析,认为木荷、杜英、红楠、金叶含笑和女贞等5个树种的抗火能力较强,可在浙江省绍兴地区适宜作为生物防火林带的首选树种加以推广。